Chinook Jargon
| Chinook Jargon | |
|---|---|
| Chinuk Wawa — 𛰣𛱇𛰚𛱛𛰅 𛱜𛱜 | |
'Yan asalin magana | 1 |
| |
Baƙaƙen boko da Duployan shorthand (en)  | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-2 |
chn |
| ISO 639-3 |
chn |
| Glottolog |
chin1272[1] |
Chinook Jargon (Chinuk Wawa ko Chinook Wawa, wanda aka fi sani da Chinook ko Jargon) yare ne wanda ya samo asali ne a matsayin Harshen kasuwanci na pidgin a Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific . Ya bazu a cikin karni na 19 daga ƙananan Kogin Columbia, na farko zuwa wasu yankuna a cikin Oregon da Washington na zamani, sannan zuwa British Columbia da sassa na Alaska, Arewacin California, Idaho da Montana. Wani lokaci yana ɗaukar halaye na yaren creole. Harshen hulɗa Chinook Jargon bai kamata a rikita shi da yarukan Chinookan ba.[2]
Nuna asalinsa a cikin ma'amaloli na kasuwanci na farko, kusan kashi 15 cikin dari na ƙamus ɗin ya samo asali ne daga Faransanci.[3] Jargon kuma ya sami kalmomin da aka samo daga Turanci, kuma yana da rubutun rubutu a cikin taƙaitaccen Duployan. Ana kiran rubutun "Chinuk Pipa" a cikin harshen kanta.
Kalmomi da yawa daga Chinook Jargon sun kasance ana amfani da su a Yammacin Amurka da British Columbia. An bayyana shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun al'adu da mazaunan zamani na Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific suka raba. Adadin kalmomin Jargon a cikin ƙamus da aka buga yana cikin ɗaruruwan.[4] Yana da tsarin nahawu mai sauƙi. A cikin Chinook Jargon, ma'anar /r/ ba ta da yawa. Irin waɗannan kalmomin Ingilishi da Faransanci kamar shinkafa da merci, alal misali, sun canza bayan an karbe su zuwa Jargon, zuwa lays da mahsi, bi da bi.
Sunan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin littattafan da aka rubuta a Turanci har yanzu suna amfani da kalmar Chinook Jargon, amma wasu masana harshe suna aiki tare da adana wani nau'in yaren da aka yi amfani da shi a Grand Ronde, Oregon, sun fi son kalmar 'Chinuk Wawa (tare da rubutun 'Chinuk' maimakon 'Chinook'). Masu magana da tarihi ba su yi amfani da sunan Chinook Wawa ba, amma "Chinook" ko "Chinuk".[1].
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ko Jargon ya kasance harshe ne bayan tuntuɓar ko kafin tuntuɓar ya kasance batun muhawara tsakanin malamai.[5]
Maganar kafin tuntuɓar ta yi iƙirarin cewa yaren ya ci gaba kafin zaman Turai a matsayin yaren hulɗa na 'yan asalin ƙasar a yankin da ke da alamar rarrabuwa da bambancin harsuna, kuma daga baya ne kawai a cikin juyin halitta ya sami kalmomin da aka samo daga Turai. Akwai wasu shaidu game da harshen Chinookan-Nuu-chah-nulth a cikin rubuce-rubucen John Jewitt da kuma abin da aka sani da jerin kalmomin Barclay Sound, daga yankin Ucluelet da Alberni.
Wasu malamai sun yi imanin cewa harshe na kasuwanci na yanzu ya fara "morphing" cikin sanannen Chinook Jargon a ƙarshen shekarun 1790, musamman a wani biki na abincin dare a Nootka Sound inda Cif Maquinna da ɗan'uwansa Callicum suka yi wa Capts Vancouver da Bodega da Quadra nishaɗi suna yin wasan kwaikwayo ta amfani da Kalmomin Turanci da Mutanen Espanya da kuma kwaikwayon tufafin Turai. A bayyane yake akwai Jargon da ake amfani da shi a Sarauniya Charlotte, amma wannan "Haida Jargon" ba a san shi da raba wani abu da ya dace da Chinook Jargon ko kuma Nootkan-Chinookan "proto-jargon", wanda shine babban tushe.
Tunanin bayan tuntuɓar ya yi iƙirarin cewa yaren ya samo asali ne daga Nootka Sound bayan isowar 'yan kasuwa na Rasha da Mutanen Espanya a matsayin hanyar sadarwa tsakanin su da' yan asalin ƙasar. Daga ƙarshe ya bazu zuwa kudu saboda amfani da kasuwanci.[5] Masanin harshe na Jami'ar Ottawa George Lang ya yi jayayya da wannan kammalawa.
Masanin harshe Barbara Harris ya ba da shawarar asali biyu, yana mai cewa asalin biyu tabbas suna da wasu halatta kuma cewa nau'ikan biyu sun haɗu tare.[5]
A cikin 2016, masanin harshe John Lyon ya yi nazarin jerin kalmomin da Francis Drake da ma'aikatansa suka tattara a kan tafiyar 1579 da ta kai su gabar tekun Oregon. Lyon ya kwatanta kalmomi bakwai da jimloli da aka samu a cikin jerin ƙamus na asali da Drake da mutanensa suka rubuta tare da ƙamus na harsunan asali a yammacin gabar teku (Lyon 2016).
Daga cikin kalmomi guda biyar a cikin jerin, Lyon ya gano cewa kalmar Petáh, wacce ita ce kalmar asalin ƙasar don tushen da za'a iya cinyewa ba tare da an yi shi ba ko kuma a sanya shi cikin kek da ake kira cheepe, suna nufin matakai ga kalmomin Jargon 'wapato' (tushen da ke ɗanɗano kamar dankali) da 'chaplill', kalmar don kekunan burodi da aka yi daga wannan tushen (Lyon 2016:41). Kalmar da Drake ya rubuta don 'sarki' ita ce 'hióh' (wanda aka rubuta kuma a matsayin 'hioghe'). Lyon ya yi tunanin ya dace da kalmar Wawa hi-yú, ma'ana taro, ko yawa, yalwa. Lyon bai iya kammalawa ba ko Drake ya sadu da mutanen Arewa maso Yamma.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Chinook Jargon". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ "Chinook Jargon". Yinka Dene Language Institute. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
- ↑ Zenk, Henry. "Chinook Jargon (Chinuk Wawa)". Oregon Encyclopedia. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
- ↑ Gibbs, George (1863). "Dictionary of the Chinook Language, or, Trade Language of Oregon" (PDF) (Abridged ed.). Cramoisy Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 4, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012 – via University of Washington Library.
- 1 2 3 Harris, Barbara (September 1994). "Chinook Jargon: Arguments for a Pre-Contact Origin". Pacific Coast Philology. 29 (1): 28–36. doi:10.2307/1316345. JSTOR 1316345. Cite error: Invalid
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