Christine Goodwin (mai fafutuka)

Christine Goodwin (4 Yuni 1937 - 8 Disamba 2014) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam ta Burtaniya wacce ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tilasta gwamnatin Burtaniya ta gabatar da Dokar Karrama Jima'i ta 2004. Ta kasance tsohuwar Direban bas wacce aka yi mata tiyata a shekarar 1990, a asibitin Charing Cross, London, kafin ta kalubalanci gwamnatin Burtaniya a Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai game da rashin iya samun fansho na jihar a daidai shekarun da sauran mata. A cikin Goodwin & I v United Kingdom ECHR ta yanke hukuncin cewa Burtaniya ta keta hakkokinta a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. A mayar da martani Burtaniya ta gabatar da Dokar Karɓar Jima'i ta 2004.

A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2014, Goodwin ya mutu saboda rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci. An yaba Goodwin a matsayin "mai bin diddigin haƙƙin trans" da "majagaba" ta hanyar transgender Europe.

Nuna bambanci da sauyawa

Monica Helms ce ta tsara tutar transgender a cikin 1999.

Christine Goodwin ta yi tiyata don canza jinsi a cikin 1990, a asibitin Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa. An biya aikin tiyata gaba ɗaya kuma an ba da shi gaba ɗaya ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa. An kafa Hukumar Lafiya ta Burtaniya a cikin 1948, shekaru 42 kafin aikin tiyata na Goodwin, don ba da kulawa da ake buƙata da aiki a kan iyakokin kuɗi na mutane. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta ci gaba da aiki daban-daban. Koyaya, a cikin yawancin waɗannan wuraren aiki, za a nuna mata wariya ta hanyoyi da yawa.

Bayan tiyata, an ci gaba da cin zarafin ta a wurin aiki saboda asalin ta. Kwarewar Christine Goodwin ba ta ware ba. Wani bincike a Burtaniya a shekarar 2024 ya gano cewa kashi 79% na mutanen da suka canza launin fata sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi a wurin aiki. Bayan ci gaba da cin zarafi, Goodwin ta yi ƙoƙari ta shigar da karar cin zarafin jima'i a Kotun Ma'aikata, amma ba ta yi nasara ba yayin da Kotun ta yi iƙirarin cewa har yanzu mutum ne a ƙarƙashin doka. Kotun, wadda aka kirkira don ma'aikata su sami damar samun adalci daga ma'aikatansu, ba su gamsu da Goodwin ba. Ba da daɗewa ba za a kore ta daga wannan aikin saboda abin da aka yi iƙirarin dalilai da suka shafi lafiyarta, kodayake ta yi iƙirin cewa saboda asalin jinsi ne a matsayin mai canza launin fata. Bayan wannan gogewa a matsayin mai canza launin fata a wurin aiki, ta koma wani aiki.

A wannan aikin, Goodwin ta ji tsoron cewa ma'aikatanta za su gano cewa ta sake canza launin fata. Don hana wannan, ta yi ƙoƙari ta ɓoye abubuwan da suka gabata yadda ya kamata. Koyaya, wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne ta ƙi ba da lambar inshorar ƙasa ga ma'aikatanta saboda ba a ba ta sabuntawa ba. Kowane ɗan ƙasa mai aiki a cikin Burtaniya yana buƙatar lambar inshora ta ƙasa, don haka kada a yi amfani da ɗaya ya kasance matsala mai wuya. Ta nemi Lambar Inshora ta Kasa ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jama'a, amma an hana ta. Goodwin daga ƙarshe ya ba ma'aikatarta lambar inshorar kasa. Ta yi jinkirin juya lambar Inshorar Kasa saboda gaskiyar cewa ana iya amfani da ita don ganowa ga tsoffin ma'aikatanta, waɗanda za su san cewa ta sauya kuma ta sanar da ma'aikatan ta na yanzu game da asalin ta. An ruwaito ta yi iƙirarin bayan ta gabatar da lambar NI cewa, "Abokan aiki sun daina magana da ita kuma an gaya mata cewa kowa yana magana game da ita a bayanta," bayan ta juya lambar Inshorar Kasa.

Bugu da kari, ta guji bayyana ko gabatar da takardar shaidar haihuwa a kowane hali saboda tsoron cin zarafin ta da kuma guje wa abin da ya faru da lambar inshorar kasa. Wannan tsoron gabatar da takardar shaidar haihuwarta ya haifar da jin cewa ba za ta iya bayar da rahoto ga 'yan sanda ba cewa an sace ta £ 200 daga gare ta. Har ila yau, ba ta iya samun alawus na man fetur na hunturu ba, wanda aka bayar a Burtaniya don dumama da rage farashin makamashi, don wannan kula da takardar shaidar haihuwarta. Ba tare da samun takardar shaidar haihuwa mai amfani ba, Goodwin ba ta iya karɓar rance ba, ta kara iyakance hakkokinta da 'yancinta. Ta ci gaba da biyan kuɗin inshorar mota mafi girma wanda ya dace da maza. Goodwin kuma bai iya samun fansho ba yana da shekaru 60. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, maza a baya sun sami fansho a 65 yayin da mata za su sami nasu a 60. An hana Goodwin fansho a lokacin da take da shekaru 60 saboda takardar shaidarta ta haihuwa har yanzu tana kiranta namiji, sabili da haka har yanzu namiji ce a ra'ayin gwamnati. Rashin iya gabatar da takardar shaidar haihuwarta kuma rashin samun ɗaya tare da tabbatar da jinsi a ciki ya ci gaba da haifar da matsaloli ga Goodwin.

Gwamnati ta ba Christine Goodwin wani taimako amma ba ta tabbatar da yin wani abu mai kyau ba saboda har yanzu suna jinkirin ba ta tabbacin jinsinta. Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jama'a ta ƙyale ta ta biya gudummawar Inshorar Ƙasa kai tsaye, wanda zai iya cancanci 'yan ƙasa don wasu fa'idodi da ba da fensho. Wannan ya sa ya zama don haka ma'aikatarta ba za ta san cewa jinsi na doka namiji ne ba, saboda gaskiyar cewa ma'aikata suna ba da gudummawar Inshora ta Kasa ta atomatik ga dukkan maza. Har ila yau, an yi wa fayilolin ta alama "mai hankali" wanda ke buƙatar izini mafi girma don samun damar shiga su amma kuma ya sanya shi don ta yi alƙawari na musamman a duk lokacin da take so ta yi wani abu da ya shafi shi. Duk da wannan taimako za ta ci gaba da karɓar wasiƙu da aka rubuta wa sunanta waɗanda aka ba ta lokacin haihuwa kuma har yanzu Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jama'a ta gano ta a matsayin namiji.

Shari'ar Christine Goodwin da Ƙasar Ingila

Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai a Strasbourg

Kafin shari'ar Christine Goodwin da Burtaniya, babu wani tsarin canza alamomin jinsi a cikin takaddun haihuwa. Hakazalika, an nuna jinsin halittarta a cikin Sashen Tsaron Jama'a duk da lambar tsaron lafiyarta, da lambar inshora ta ƙasa.

Duk wani yanayi da aka buƙaci ta gabatar da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwa uku na ganewa, ko kuma lokacin da suke cikin haɗarin fitowa fili, jinsinta na halitta ya bayyana. Saboda wannan, Goodwin ta ji cewa ba za ta iya samun dama ga ayyuka da yawa da ke gare ta ba. Ta yanke shawarar shigar da kara a kan gwamnatin Burtaniya a shekara ta 2001, ta hannun Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turai.

Christine Goodwin tana da shekaru 60 a lokacin karar, kuma kamfanin lauya na Bindman and Partners ne ya wakilce ta. Shari'arta ta dogara ne akan nuna bambanci da ta fuskanta saboda takardar shaidarta ta haihuwarta da ta ambaci ta a matsayin "maza". Goodwin ta yi iƙirarin cewa wannan alamar jinsi ta haifar da nuna bambanci a wurin aiki, gami da korar ta daga aikin da ya gabata, da kuma rashin iya aurenta da namiji. Har ila yau, ba ta iya samun fansho a shekarun da mata a Burtaniya suka yi ba, wanda a lokacin, ya bambanta da shekarun namiji da shekaru 5.

Shari’ar Goodwin ta dogara ne musamman kan take hakki na Labari na 8, 12, 13, da 14 na Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Turai.

Mataki na 8: Rashin Mataki da Hukunce-hukunce

Mataki na 8 ya ce, "Kowane mutum yana da damar girmama rayuwarsa ta sirri ... ...", a cewar Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam kamar yadda aka kafa a 1950. Lauyoyin Goodwin sun yi shari'ar cewa jinsi na Goodwin wani bangare ne na rayuwarta ta sirri, kuma rashin iya samun damar samun dama ga ayyuka na asali ba tare da wani bangare na rayuwarta ba ya bayyana ya keta Mataki na 8. Gwamnati ta karyata da'awar cewa canza tsarin lambobin DSS da lambobin NI ga masu canza launin fata yana ba da damar ƙarin yiwuwar zamba, kuma akwai wasu matakan shari'a da za a iya ɗauka don hana nuna bambanci da Goodwin ya fuskanta. Kotun ta bayyana;

“Damuwa da rashin jituwa da ke tasowa daga rashin jituwa tsakanin matsayi a cikin al'umma da aka ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i bayan yin jima'i da kuma matsayin da doka ta sanya wanda ya ƙi amincewa da canjin jinsi ba zai iya ba, a ra'ayin Kotun, a matsayin ƙaramin rashin jin daɗi da ke tasowa daga ka'ida. "

Don haka, Kotun ta amince da mai nema, Goodwin. Sun yi imanin an tauye hakkinta na sirri.

Mataki na 12: Rashin Mataki da Hukunce-hukunce

Mataki na 12 ya tattauna batun 'yancin yin aure. A cikin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Turai, an bayyana cewa; “Maza da matan da suka isa aure suna da ‘yancin yin aure kuma su sami iyali, kamar yadda dokokin kasa suka tanadar da wannan hakkin." Kamar yadda Goodwin ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa ana ganinta a matsayin mace, an yi mata tiyatar canza mata jinsi, kuma tana da dangantaka da namiji, amma har yanzu ba za ta iya aurensa ba bisa ka’idar da aka tsara a yanzu da kuma yadda hakan ya saba wa doka ta 12, gwamnati ta ce a bar maganar a gaban kotunan gundumomi. Sanarwar Kotun ita ce;

Yayin da yake ga Ƙasar Yarjejeniyar ta ƙayyade yanayin yanayin da mutumin da ke da'awar amincewa da doka a matsayin mai yin jima'i ya tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da canjin jinsi yadda ya kamata ko kuma a cikin abin da auren da ya gabata ya daina aiki da kuma ƙa'idodin da suka dace da auren nan gaba (ciki har da, alal misali, bayanin da za a bayar ga ma'auratan da aka yi niyya), Kotu ba ta sami wani dalili na hana yin jima'i ba. "

Saboda haka, Kotun ta amince da Goodwin, kuma ta ba ta damar jin daɗin auren jinsi.

Mataki na 13 da 14

Goodwin ta kuma yi muhawara game da rashin kula da hakkokinta kamar yadda aka bayar ta hanyar sashi na 13 da 14, wanda kotun ba ta amince da shi ba. Mataki na 13 ya tabbatar da haƙƙin samun mafita ga duk wani laifi da Yarjejeniyar ta kare. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa ta cancanci karɓar diyya a lokacin shari'ar kotu, saboda haka, ba a keta Mataki na 13 ba. Mataki na 14 ya tabbatar da cewa kowane ɗan ƙasa ya cancanci kowane haƙƙi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba bisa ga jinsi, kabilanci, da sauran halaye, wanda Goodwin ya yi jayayya da nuna bambancin da ya danganta da jinsi na halitta ya hana ta daga haƙƙinta. Kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa babu batun iyakantaccen haƙƙin da aka magance a nan wanda ba a riga an magance shi ta hanyar tabbatar da keta Mataki na 8 ba.

Hukuncin Ƙarshe

A ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2002, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukuncin cewa an keta haƙƙin Christine Goodwin don samun diyya. An ba ta damar auren wani jinsi daban, da kuma karɓar kariya daga abokan aiki da sauran mutane daga ganin jinsi na halitta akan takardun ganowa. Saboda wannan, an zartar da Dokar Gender Recognition don ba da damar hakkokinta ya zo da ita da sauran masu canza launin fata a Burtaniya. An kuma ba ta kyautar Yuro 39,000.

Dokar Karrama Jima'i

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

Dokar amincewa da jinsi wata doka ce da aka yi ta cece-kuce a kasar Birtaniya bayan da Christine Goodwin ta shigar da kara a gaban kotun Birtaniya inda suka yanke hukuncin cewa Birtaniya ta keta hakinta a kotunan Turai. Takaddar Gane Jinsi ita ce takardar hukuma wacce ke tabbatar da cewa mutum ya cika buƙatun don amincewa da doka a cikin jinsin da ya samu. "Dokar Gane Gender 2004 (GRA) ta ba da damar tsofaffin maza da mata su nemi Kwamitin Gane Gender don karɓar Takaddar Gane Gender (GRC). " Manufar aikin shine a baiwa mutanen da ke da dysphoria jinsi shaidar shaidar jinsin su ta doka. Duk wanda aka haifa a Burtaniya ko a waje tare da hukumomin Biritaniya yanzu ya cancanci samun sabuwar takardar shaidar haihuwa don sanin jinsin doka. Wannan dokar tana kare haƙƙin mutanen transgender ta hana ma'aikata ikon samun bayanai game da Dokar Gane Jinsi.

Corbett da aka yi wa Corbett

An tsara dokar ne a matsayin martani ga hukunce-hukuncen kotu daga Kotunan Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Turai Corbett v. Corbett da Goodwin v. United Kingdom. Corbett V Corbett shari'ar kisan aure ce ta iyali wacce ta faru a cikin 1970 wanda ya shafi Arthur Corbett yana neman warware aurensa da Afrilu Ashley, macen mazan jiya. Bayan da ya yi aure na kwanaki 14, Arthur ya so ya soke auren. Dalilan shari'a na Corbett na kawo karshen auren shine cewa auren ba shi da inganci idan aka yi la'akari da cewa Ashley namiji ne a ilimin halitta, kuma aure zai kasance tsakanin mace da namiji. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa dangane da aure Ashley namiji ne na halitta kuma ya kasance tun lokacin haihuwa. Saboda haka, kamar yadda "aure yake kuma a ko da yaushe an san shi a matsayin haɗin namiji da mace" aka yi aure ya ɓace. A sakamakon wannan shari'ar hanyoyin da masu canza launin fata da masu jima'i suka samu amincewar shari'a game da jinsi sun ƙare har sai da aka gabatar da Dokar Sanarwar Jima'i.

A ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2002, Kotunan Turai na ’Yancin Dan Adam ta yanke hukunci a Goodwin v. United Kingdom cewa rashin iya canza jima’i da mai yin jima’i a kan takardun doka tauye hakkinsu ne a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Turai ta ’Yancin Dan Adam. Wannan hukuncin ya kai ga kafa dokar tabbatar da jinsi, wadda aka gabatar da ita ga majalisar dattawa a shekarar 2003. A watan Fabrairun 2004, dokar ta samu kuri’u 155 da suka amince da shi, yayin da 57 suka ki amincewa, kuma ya zuwa watan Yulin 2004 ya samu kuri’u 355 da suka amince da shi, yayin da 55 suka nuna adawa. Dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2004.

Ra'ayi na Yanzu

Kungiyoyin transgender ne suka yi bikin farko a Burtaniya amma yayin da suke tabbatar da dokokin transgender da ke ci gaba a duk duniya an fara ba da fifikon matsalolin a cikin Dokar Gane Jinsi, ta mutane da dokoki. A cikin 2010s, Dokar Gane Gender ta 2004 da kuma Dokar Daidaito ta 2010 sun fuskanci bincike, kuma an sake duba su. A cikin Disamba 2019, Babban ɗakin karatu na Commons ya buga bita na Tsarin Gane Jinsi, yana mai da hankali kan gazawarsa. A cikin rahoton watan Yuni na 2020, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta rarraba hanyoyin doka don tantance jinsi a cikin ƙasashen Turai 28 zuwa rukuni biyar bisa ga matakin shingen shiga. Dokar Gane Gender ta 2004 ta kasance a matsayi na biyu mafi ƙasƙanci saboda "buƙatun likitancin sa," waɗanda ba su cika ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ba. Ko da yake an buga wannan rahoton gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yanke shawarar kiyaye doka ta yanzu kuma ba ta yin wani sauye-sauye na doka game da Dokar Gane Jinsi ta 2004.