Christopher Alexander
Christopher Wolfgang John Alexander (4 ga Oktoba 1936 - 17 ga Maris 2022) [1] [2] [3] wani masanin gine-gine ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Burtaniya ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan asalin ƙasar Austria. Farfesa ne na emeritus a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Ka'idojinsa game da yanayin ƙira mai da hankali kan ɗan adam sun shafi fannoni daban-daban fiye da gine-gine, gami da ƙirar birane, ƙirar software, da zamantakewa . [4] Alexander ya tsara kuma ya gina gine-gine sama da 100 da kansa, duka a matsayin mai ginin gine-gine da kuma babban ɗan kwangila . [5] [6]
A fannin manhajoji, ana ɗaukar Alexander a matsayin uban motsin harsunan tsari . A cewar mai ƙirƙira Ward Cunningham, wiki na farko — fasahar da ke bayan Wikipedia — ta jagoranci kai tsaye daga aikin Alexander. [7] [8] Ayyukan Alexander kuma sun yi tasiri ga ci gaban haɓaka software mai saurin aiki . [9]
A fannin gine-gine, ana amfani da ayyukan Alexander ta hanyoyi daban-daban na al'ummomin gine-gine na zamani, ciki har da ƙungiyar New Urbanist, don taimaka wa mutane su dawo da iko kan muhallin da aka gina . Duk da haka, Alexander ya kasance mai jayayya a tsakanin wasu manyan masu gine-gine da masu suka, a wani ɓangare saboda aikinsa sau da yawa yana sukar yawancin ka'idar gine-gine da ayyukan zamani. [ <span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2025) Alexander ya fi shahara da littafinsa na 1977 ''mai suna A Pattern Language ,'' wanda aka sayar da shi tsawon shekaru arba'in bayan bugawa. Da yake tunanin cewa masu amfani sun fi kula da bukatunsu fiye da yadda kowane mai zane zai iya yi, ya yi aiki tare da ɗalibansa Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein, Max Jacobson, Ingrid King, da Shlomo Angel don samar da yaren tsari wanda zai ba kowa damar tsarawa da ginawa a kowane mataki. Sauran littattafansa sun haɗa da ''Bayanan kula akan Tsarin, A City is Not a Tree'' (an fara buga shi a matsayin takarda kuma an sake buga shi a cikin littafin a cikin 2015), ''The Timeless Way of Building, A New Theory of Urban Design,'' ''The Oregon Experiment ,'' mai juzu'i huɗu ''The Nature of Order: An Essay on the Art of Building and the Nature of the Universe ,'' game da ka'idodinsa na hanyoyin "morphogenetic", da kuma ''The Battle for the Life and Beauty of the Earth'', game da aiwatar da ka'idodinsa a cikin wani babban aikin gini a Japan. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Alexander a [[Vienna]], Austria ga mahaifinsa ɗan Katolika, Ferdinand Johann Alfred Alexander, da mahaifiyarsa Bayahudiya, Lilly Edith Elizabeth ( née Deutsch) Alexander. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PatternLanguage.com |url=http://www.patternlanguage.com/ca/ca.html |website=www.patternlanguage.com}}</ref> <ref name="Green-2022" /> Tun yana ƙarami, Alexander ya yi ƙaura a kaka ta 1938 tare da iyayensa daga Austria zuwa Ingila, lokacin da aka tilasta wa iyayensa tserewa daga gwamnatin Nazi A Ingila, iyayensa sun yi aiki a matsayin malaman harshen Jamusanci. > yi yawancin lokacin ƙuruciyarsa a Chichester da Oxford, Ingila, inda ya fara karatunsa a fannin kimiyya. Ya ƙaura daga Ingila zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1958 don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts . Ya ƙaura zuwa Berkeley, California a shekarar 1963 don karɓar naɗin Farfesa na Gine-gine, matsayin da zai riƙe na tsawon kusan shekaru 40. A shekarar 2002, bayan ya yi ritaya, Alexander ya koma Arundel, Ingila, inda ya ci gaba da rubutu, koyarwa da ginawa har zuwa lokacin rashin lafiyarsa da mutuwarsa. Alexander ya auri Margaret Moore Alexander, kuma yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Sophie da Lily, ta tsohuwar matarsa Pamela Patrick. Alexander yana da 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya da Amurka. A ranar 17 ga Maris, 2022, Alexander ya mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu a gidansa da ke Binsted, Ingila. <ref name="Sustasis">{{Cite web |title=Media |url=https://www.sustasis.org/media |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=Sustasis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sustasis.org/media "Media"]. ''Sustasis''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Ilimi == Alexander ya halarci Makarantar Dragon da ke Oxford sannan ya halarci Makarantar Oundle . A shekarar 1954, an ba shi babbar tallafin karatu ga Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge, a fannin sinadarai da kimiyyar lissafi, sannan ya ci gaba da karatun lissafi. Ya sami digirin farko a fannin gine-gine da kuma digirin masters a fannin lissafi. Ya yi digirin digirgir a Harvard (na farko a fannin gine-gine da aka taba bayarwa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] ). An kammala karatunsa na digiri mai suna "The Synthesis of Form: Some Notes on a Theory" a shekarar 1962. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PatternLanguage.com |url=http://www.patternlanguage.com/ca/ca.html |website=www.patternlanguage.com}}</ref> An zabe shi a matsayin mamba a Harvard. A wannan lokacin ya yi aiki a MIT a fannin ka'idar sufuri da kimiyyar kwamfuta, kuma ya yi aiki a Harvard a fannin ka'idar fahimta da [[Hanyoyin bincike a kimiyyar fahimta|ilimin fahimta]] . == Daraja == An zaɓe Alexander a cikin Ƙungiyar Fellows, [[Jami'ar Harvard]] daga 1961–64; an ba shi lambar yabo ta farko don Bincike ta Cibiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Amurka, 1972; (FAIA) an zaɓe shi memba na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Sweden, 1980; ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Gini a Japan, 1985; ya lashe kyautar Farfesa Mai Kyau ta ACSA (Ƙungiyar Makarantun Gine-gine) a 1986 da 1987; an gayyace shi don gabatar da Lakcar Tunawa da [[Louis Kahn]], 1992; an zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka, 1996; <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618085753/http://amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |archive-date=2006-06-18 |access-date=14 April 2011 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060618085753/http://amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from [http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka karɓi lambar yabo ta farko ta Athena Medal, wadda Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU) ta bayar, 2006; kuma an ba shi ( ''ba tare da ya halarci ba'' ) lambar yabo ta Vincent Scully ta Gidan Tarihi na Gine-gine na Ƙasa, 2009; an ba shi lambar yabo ta nasara ta rayuwa ta Urban Design Group, 2011; wanda ya lashe kyautar Duniya don Tsarin Gine-gine Mai Dorewa, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christopher Alexander |url=http://www.pps.org/reference/calexander/ |website=www.pps.org}}</ref> da kuma wanda ya karɓi kyautar Seaside ta 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2009 Scully Prize |url=http://www.nbm.org/support-us/awards_honors/scully-prize/christopher-alexander.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216001841/http://www.nbm.org/support-us/awards_honors/scully-prize/christopher-alexander.html |archive-date=16 February 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=nbm.org}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Marubuci === ''Hanyar Ginawa Mai Zaman Kanta'' (1979) ta bayyana cikakkiyar amfani da gine-gine za su iya yi: {{Blockquote|There is one timeless way of building. It is a thousand years old, and the same today as it has ever been. The great traditional buildings of the past, the villages and tents and temples in which man feels at home, have always been made by people who were very close to the center of this way. It is not possible to make great buildings, or great towns, beautiful places, places where you feel yourself, places where you feel alive, except by following this way. And, as you will see, this way will lead anyone who looks for it to buildings which are themselves as ancient in their form, as the trees and hills, and as our faces are.}} Littafin ya bayar da dokoki da hotuna, kuma ya bar shawarwari da za a yanke daga ainihin yanayin aikin. Ya bayyana hanyoyin da suka dace don gina ƙira masu amfani, aminci, da kyau a kowane mataki, daga yankuna gaba ɗaya, ta hanyar birane, unguwanni, lambuna, gine-gine, ɗakuna, kayan daki da aka gina a ciki, da kayan aiki har zuwa matakin ƙulle ƙofa. Wani abin lura shi ne cewa tsarin gine-gine ya ƙunshi kawai tsarin gargajiya da aka gwada a ainihin duniya kuma masu gine-gine da yawa suka yi nazari a kai don kyau da aiki. Littafin ya ƙunshi duk wani bincike da lissafin gine-gine da ake buƙata, da kuma sabon tsarin gini mai sauƙi wanda ke magance ƙarancin katako da ƙarfe na yanki, yana amfani da kayan da aka adana cikin sauƙi, kuma yana samar da gine-gine na gargajiya masu ɗorewa tare da ƙananan kayayyaki, ƙira da aiki. Da farko yana da samfurin gini a wurin a cikin kayan wucin gadi. Da zarar an yarda, ana kammala su ta hanyar cika su da siminti mai ƙarancin yawa. Yana amfani da ginin da aka gina don ginawa har hawa uku, wanda ke ba da damar samun babban yawa. Jami'ar Oregon ta yi amfani da hanyar wannan littafin kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin ''The Oregon Experiment'' (1975), kuma har yanzu ita ce kayan aikin tsarawa na hukuma. Wasu birane kuma sun amince da ita a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar gini. Da alama ra'ayin yaren tsari ya shafi duk wani aiki mai sarkakiya na injiniya, kuma an yi amfani da shi ga wasu daga cikinsu. Ya yi tasiri musamman a fannin injiniyan software inda aka yi amfani da tsare-tsare don tattara ilimin gama gari a fannin. ''Sabuwar Ka'idar Tsarin Birane'' (1987) ta zo daidai da sabunta sha'awar tsarin birane a tsakanin masu gine-gine, amma ta bambanta da yawancin sauran maganganun wannan ta hanyar ɗaukar matsayin da ya saba wa tsarin gine-gine. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PatternLanguage.com |url=http://www.patternlanguage.com/ca/ca.html |website=www.patternlanguage.com}}</ref> Labarin wani ɗakin zane da aka gudanar tare da ɗaliban Jami'ar California Berkeley a wani wuri a San Francisco, yana nuna yadda za a iya samar da hanyoyin sadarwa na birane masu gamsarwa ta hanyar buƙatar masu yin aiki daban-daban su girmama ƙa'idodin ''gida'' kawai, dangane da maƙwabta. Wani ɓangare na kundin Alexander, ''A New Theory'' yana da mahimmanci wajen fahimtar hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki waɗanda suka haifar da garuruwan ƙauye waɗanda Stewart Brand, Robert Neuwirth, da [[Charles III]], Yariman Wales na lokacin (2001) suka jagoranta. An yi gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci na ɗakin zane na Alexander bisa ga ka'idodin da aka gabatar a cikin ''A New Theory of Urban Design'' . <ref name="Warped">{{Cite journal |last=Griffiths |first=Gareth |date=2013 |title=Warped educational strategies in simulation of practice |url=https://www.academia.edu/7550339 |journal=Nordic Journal of Architectural Research |volume=1 |access-date=6 February 2018 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref> ''Yanayin Tsarin : Muƙala Kan Fasahar Gine-gine da Yanayin Duniya'' (2003–04), wanda ya haɗa da The ''Phenomenon of Life'', ''The Process of Creating Life'', ''A Vision of a Rayayyen World'' da ''The Lighting Floor'', shine aikin Alexander mafi cikakken bayani da kuma cikekken bayani. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[ ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] A cikinsa, ya gabatar da sabuwar ka'ida game da yanayin sararin samaniya kuma ya bayyana yadda wannan ka'idar ke tasiri ga tunani game da gine-gine, gini, tsare-tsare, da kuma yadda muke kallon duniya gabaɗaya. An gyara mafi yawan tsare-tsaren da ba su da tsauri daga Harshen Tsarin A ta hanyar jerin abubuwa masu ƙarfi, waɗanda ke bayyana yadda ake aiki zuwa ga alamu (wanda za a iya ganinsa a matsayin sakamakon jerin abubuwa). Jerin abubuwa, kamar alamu, sun yi alƙawarin zama kayan aiki masu faɗi fiye da gini (kamar yadda ka'idar sararin samaniyarsa ta wuce gine-gine). [10]
Mujallar Katarxis 3 ta yanar gizo (Satumba 2004) ta ƙunshi rubuce-rubuce da dama na Christopher Alexander, da kuma muhawara tsakanin Alexander da Peter Eisenman daga 1982. [11]
Littafin ƙarshe na Alexander da aka buga tun yana raye, Yaƙin Rayuwa da Kyau na Duniya: Gwagwarmaya Tsakanin Tsarin Duniya Biyu (2012), shine labarin babban aikin da shi da abokan aikinsa suka taɓa fuskanta, gina sabon harabar Makarantar Sakandare/Kwaleji a Japan. Ya kuma yi amfani da aikin don haɗawa da jigogi a cikin jerin littattafansa guda huɗu. Ya kwatanta hanyarsa, (Tsarin A) da hanyoyin gini da suka mamaye tattalin arzikin Amurka da Japan (Tsarin B). Kamar yadda Alexander ya bayyana shi, Tsarin A yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka rayuwar/ruhun sarari a cikin ƙa'idodi da aka bayar (filaye, kasafin kuɗi, buƙatun abokin ciniki, da sauransu) (zane zane ne - yanke shawara kan sanya gine-gine, kayan da aka yi amfani da su, gamawa da makamantansu ana yin su a fagen yayin da ake samun kuɗin gini, tare da gyare-gyare kamar yadda ake buƙata don biyan kasafin kuɗi gabaɗaya); Tsarin B yana yin watsi da shi, kuma yana iya rage ko lalata wannan ingancin saboda akwai lahani na ciki: Tsarin A gabaɗaya samfuri ne na Tsarin Tattalin Arziki daban-daban fiye da yadda muke rayuwa a ciki yanzu. Idan mai ginin yana da alhakin zane-zanen fili na ra'ayi da na yau da kullun (wanda mai ginin ke amfani da shi don gina gine-gine a mafi ƙarancin farashi [na gasa]), mai ginin ya gano cewa Tsarin A ba zai iya samar da sakamako mai kyau a mafi ƙarancin farashi na kasuwa ba. Sai dai al'ada inda farashin ƙasa da kayan abu suka yi ƙasa ko kuma abokan ciniki na farko waɗanda ke da hankali, haƙuri da wadata. A mafi yawan lokuta, mai ginin da ke da sha'awar tattalin arziki dole ne ya yi amfani da tsarin haɗaka. A mafi kyawun yanayi, Tsarin AB, mai ginin yana amfani da tsarin Tsarin A don bambancewa, ingantawa da kuma sanar da aikinsa. Ko kuma babu wani la'akari na tattalin arziki kuma mai ginin shine mai ginin kuma yana gina wa kansa. A cikin surori na ƙarshe ya bayyana "cibiyoyin" a matsayin hanyar tunani game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin sarari, da kuma game da abin da ke kawo ƙarin cikar da rayuwa ga sarari. [12]
Ayyukan gine-gine
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daga cikin ayyukan da Alexander ya yi fice a cikinsu akwai Eishin Campus kusa da Tokyo (wanda aka bayyana tsarin gininsa a cikin littafinsa na 2012 The Battle for the Life and Beauty of the Earth ); West Dean Visitors Centre [1] a West Sussex, Ingila; Julian Street Inn (matsugunin marasa gida) a San Jose, California (dukansu an bayyana su a cikin Nature of Order ); Sala House da Martinez House (gidaje na gwaji a Albany da Martinez, California waɗanda aka yi da siminti mai sauƙi); gidaje masu rahusa a Mexicali, Mexico (wanda aka bayyana a cikin The Production of Houses ); da gidaje masu zaman kansu da yawa (wanda aka bayyana kuma aka kwatanta a cikin The Nature of Order ). Aikin Alexander da aka gina yana da siffa ta musamman (wanda ya saba kiransa "ingancin ba tare da suna ba", amma ana kiransa "cikakke" a cikin Nature of Order ) wanda ke da alaƙa da ɗan adam kuma yana haifar da jin daɗin kasancewa a wurin da tsarin. Ana samun wannan ingancin a cikin gine-ginen gargajiya da na tarihi da wuraren birane da aka fi so, kuma shine ainihin abin da Alexander ya yi ƙoƙarin kamawa da ka'idodin ƙirar lissafi mai zurfi. Abin mamaki, samun wannan halayya ta ɗan adam mai haɗin kai shi ma ya kawar da gine-ginensa daga kamannin da ba a iya gani ba wanda aka ƙima a cikin gine-ginen zamani, kuma wannan shine dalili ɗaya da ya sa ba a yaba wa gine-ginensa a halin yanzu ba.
Tsohon ɗalibinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Michael Mehaffy ya rubuta makala ta gabatarwa kan aikin Alexander da aka gina a cikin mujallar Katarxis 3 ta yanar gizo, wadda ta ƙunshi hotunan manyan ayyukan Alexander da aka gina har zuwa Satumba 2004. [13]
Koyarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Baya ga dogon lokacin aikinsa na koyarwa a matsayin farfesa a UC Berkeley (wanda ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da dama suka fara godiya da amfani da hanyoyinsa), Alexander babban memba ne na malamai a makarantun bazara na Yariman Wales a fannin gine-gine na farar hula (1990–1994) da kuma Gidauniyar Yarima don Muhalli da aka Gina . Ya kuma fara aikin da ya kai ga makarantar sakandare ta Building Beauty ta ƙasa da ƙasa don gine-gine, wadda aka ƙaddamar a Sorrento, Italiya don shekarar karatu ta 2017–18. [14] [15]
Tasiri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Alexander ya yi tasiri a fannin gine-gine da kuma a fannoni daban-daban na karatu.
Gine-gine
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ayyukan Alexander sun yi tasiri sosai ga masu gine-gine; daga cikin waɗanda suka yarda da tasirinsa akwai Sarah Susanka, [16] Andres Duany, [17] da Witold Rybczynski . [18] Robert Campbell, mai sukar gine-gine wanda ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer don Boston Globe, ya bayyana cewa Alexander "ya yi babban tasiri a rayuwata da aikina, kuma ina tsammanin hakan gaskiya ne ga dukkan tsararraki na mutane." [18]
Mai sukar gine-gine Peter Buchanan, a cikin wani rubutu da ya yi wa kamfen ɗin The Architectural Review ' 2012 mai suna The Big Rethink, ya yi jayayya cewa aikin Alexander kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin A Pattern Language "yana da matuƙar rugujewa kuma yana kallon gaba maimakon koma baya, kamar yadda mutane da yawa ba su fahimce shi ba daidai ba." Ya ci gaba da cewa: Yawancin ayyukan ci gaban birane suna ci gaba da haɗa ra'ayoyin Alexander. Alexander yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tasiri a cikin motsi na Metamodernist a cikin gine-gine, wanda wani ɓangare ne na babban motsi na Post-postmodern na ƙarni na 21. A Burtaniya, masu haɓaka Living Villages sun sami tasiri sosai daga aikin Alexander kuma sun yi amfani da Harshen Tsarin A a matsayin tushen ƙirar The Wintles a cikin Bishops Castle, Shropshire. [19] Motsin Sarah Susanka na "Not So Big House" ya daidaita kuma ya yaɗa tsarin Alexander da hangen nesa. [16]
Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu bincike a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta sun ambaci Littafin Alexander game da Tsarin Tsarin tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960. Yana da tasiri a shekarun 1960 da 1970 kan ƙirar harshen shirye-shirye, shirye-shiryen modular, shirye-shiryen da suka mayar da hankali kan abu, injiniyan software da sauran hanyoyin ƙira. Ra'ayoyin lissafi da yanayin Alexander sun yi kama da na Edsger Dijkstra mai tasiri a fannin A Discipline of Programming .
Babban tasirin Harshen Tsarin A a kimiyyar kwamfuta shine motsin tsarin ƙira . [20] Falsafar Alexander ta ƙira mai sauƙi, ta halitta, da kuma haɗin kai ita ma ta yi tasiri ga motsin shirye-shirye masu tsauri . [21] An ƙirƙiro Wiki [7] [8] don ba wa Ƙungiyar Hillside damar yin aiki tare kan tsarin ƙirar shirye-shirye. Kwanan nan an ambaci "tsarin siffofi masu zurfi" kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin Yanayin Tsarin a matsayin suna da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen da suka mayar da hankali kan abu, musamman a cikin C++. [22]
Will Wright ya rubuta cewa ayyukan Alexander sun yi tasiri a asalin wasannin kwamfuta na SimCity, da kuma a wasansa na baya mai suna Spore . [23]
Alexander sau da yawa yana jagorantar binciken software nasa, kamar aikin Gatemaker na 1996 tare da Greg Bryant . [24] [25]
Alexander ya gano kuma ya yi tunanin tsarin maimaitawa, wanda ake kira cikakke, wanda aka bayyana shi ta hanyar lissafi, yana wanzuwa a sararin samaniya da abu a zahiri, kuma yana bayyana a cikin tunaninmu da fahimtarmu ta hanyar tunani. Ya sami ra'ayin cikakken abu tun farkon shekarun 1980 lokacin da ya kammala sigar farko ta The Nature of Order . Ra'ayinsa na cikakken abu ko matakin cikakken abu wanda ya dogara da tsarin maimaitawa na cibiyoyi yayi kama da ɓangarorin PageRank na Google. [26]
Addini
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kundin littafi na huɗu na The Nature of Order yana fuskantar tambayoyin addini daga kimiyya da falsafa maimakon alkiblar sihiri, yana mai da hankali kan motsin zuciyar ɗan adam, walwala da hulɗar yanayi maimakon metaphysics. A cikinsa, Alexander ya bayyana alaƙa mai zurfi tsakanin yanayin abu, fahimtar ɗan adam game da sararin samaniya, da yanayin ƙasa da mutane ke ginawa a cikin gine-gine, birane, da kayan tarihi. Ya ba da shawarar wata muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin ayyukan gargajiya da imani, da ci gaban kimiyya na baya-bayan nan. [27] Duk da karkacewarsa ga Deism, da kuma hanyarsa ta dabi'a da ta ɗan adam ga addini, Alexander ya dage cewa shi memba ne na Cocin Katolika, wanda ya yi imanin ya tara, a cikin iliminsa, da gaskiyar ɗan adam mai yawa. [28]
Kimiyyar ƙira
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Aikin Alexander na rayuwa an sadaukar da shi ne don mayar da ƙira daga halin rashin sani zuwa halin sanin kai, wanda ake kira kimiyyar ƙira . A cikin littafinsa na farko mai suna Notes on the Synthesis of Forms, ya tsara abin da yake son yi. Gine-gine na gargajiya sun yi masa wahayi, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin samo wasu tsare-tsare 253 don ƙirar gine-gine. Daga baya, ya ƙara yin nazarin halaye 15 na geometric don siffanta tsarin rayuwa a cikin Yanayin Tsarin . Ka'idodin ƙira sune bambance-bambance da daidaitawa.
Ayyukan da aka buga
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ayyukan Alexander da aka buga sun haɗa da:
- Al'umma da Sirri, tare da Serge Chermayeff (1963)
- Bayanan kula akan Tsarin (1964)
- Birni Ba Itace Ba (1965) [29]
- Atom na Tsarin Muhalli (1967)
- Harshe Mai Tsarin da ke Haifar da Cibiyoyin Sabis da Yawa, tare da Ishikawa da Silverstein (1968)
- Gidaje da aka samar ta hanyar tsari (1969)
- Tsarin Gidaje na Tushen Ciyawar (1973) [30]
- Jerin Cibiyar Tsarin Muhalli, wanda aka yi shi da:
- Gwajin Oregon (1975)
- Harshe Mai Tsarin Zane, tare da Ishikawa da Silverstein (1977)
- Hanyar Ginawa Mai Dorewa (1979)
- Gidan Cafe na Linz (1981)
- Samar da Gidaje, tare da Davis, Martinez, da Corner (1985)
- Sabuwar Ka'idar Tsarin Birane, tare da Neis, Anninou, da King (1987)
- Bayyanar Zane na Karni na 21: Launi da Tsarin Kafet na Turkiyya na Farko (1993)
- Gidan Tarihi na Mary Rose, tare da Baƙi da Tsutsui (1995)
- Yanayin Umarni Littafi na 1: Abin da Ya Faru a Rayuwa (2002)
- Yanayin Umarni Littafi na 2: Tsarin Samar da Rai (2002)
- Yanayin Umarni Littafi na 3: Hangen Nesa na Duniya Mai Rai (2005)
- Yanayin Umarni Littafi na 4: Ƙasa Mai Haske (2004)
- Yaƙin Rayuwa da Kyawun Duniya: Gwagwarmayar da ke Tsakanin Tsarin Duniya Biyu, tare da Hans Joachim Neis da Maggie Moore Alexander (2012)
Ba a buga ba: [31]
- Dorewa da Tsarin Halittar Halitta (taken aiki) [32]
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Tsarin lambu
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ "CA FRAME". www.patternlanguage.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ↑ "Media". Sustasis. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-18. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ↑ "Christopher Alexander". www.pps.org.
- ↑ "2009 Scully Prize". nbm.org. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
- 1 2 "C2 Wiki Front Page". wiki.c2.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2025. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "C2 Wiki Front Page" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 "People Projects And Patterns". wiki.c2.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2025. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "c2.com" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Cunningham". - ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ "CA FRAME". www.patternlanguage.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ↑ "Christopher Alexander". www.pps.org.
- 1 2 Sarah Susanka: Not So Big House, Taunton Press, 2001, ISBN 1-56158-376-6 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Sarah Susanka 2001" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- 1 2 "Christopher Alexander". Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ Members, ACCU. "ACCU :: eXtreme Programming An interview with Kent Beck". accu.org.
- ↑ "CA FRAME". www.patternlanguage.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ "CA FRAME". www.patternlanguage.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ "CA FRAME". www.patternlanguage.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ "CA FRAME". www.patternlanguage.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.
- ↑ "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com.