Ci gaban tattalin arziki a Afirka
 Ci gaban tattalin arziki a Afirka | |
|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Fuskar |
industrialisation (en) |
| Nahiya | Afirka |
masana'antu a Afirka sun kasance masu jinkiri, tare da mafi yawan tattalin arzikin da aka tsara don fitar da albarkatun kasa. Gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka sun yi ƙoƙari suyi saurin masana'antu daga shekarun 1920 amma sun fi ba da fifiko ga fitar da albarkatu a kan masana'antun cikin gida. Gwamnatocin bayan samun 'yancin kai a Afirka sun bi masana'antu a matsayin hanyar Ci gaban tattalin arziki a ƙarshen rabin karni na 20, amma manufofi da aka aiwatar sun sami iyakantaccen nasara a cikin ƙalubalen tsari. Rikicin tattalin arziki a cikin shekarun 1980 ya haifar da rashin masana'antu. Duk da yawan ci gaba a farkon karni na 21, Canjin tsari zuwa bangarorin masana'antu masu girma ya kasance kadan. Ya zuwa 2023, Afirka ta kasance nahiyar da ta fi ƙarancin masana'antu a duniya.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tattalin arzikin Afirka na farko ya dogara ne akan noma, kiwo, ko kasuwanci, tare da karancin abubuwan samarwa (ƙasa, aiki, da babban birnin) wanda ke ƙayyade ƙungiyar su. : 42 A cikin karni na 19, Masarautar Merina a Madagascar ta fara aikin masana'antu mara nasara.[1] Manufofin tattalin arzikin mulkin mallaka sun fi son tattalin arzikin budewa, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan fitar da albarkatun kasa nan take tare da karancin saka hannun jari a cikin masana'antun cikin gida.[2] Daga shekarun 1920 gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka sun fara masana'antu da sauri a kan bukatun gida, suna rushe tattalin arzikin gona na gargajiya da kuma tilasta mutane shiga Kasuwancin aiki na cin zarafi don bangarori kamar hakar ma'adinai da noma mai girma.[3]
Bayan da Afirka ta fara mulkin mallaka a cikin 1960, gwamnatocin bayan mulkin mallaka sun aiwatar da manufofi daban-daban da nufin bunkasa tattalin arzikin su ta hanyar masana'antu da ke jagoranta don gyara gazawar kasuwa, sau da yawa masu ba da agaji ko hukumomin duniya kamar Bankin Duniya suna ba da shawara. Manufar da aka saba amfani da ita ita ce maye gurbin shigo da kayayyaki (sake maye gurbin kayayyaki da kayayyakin cikin gida ta hanyar manufofin kariya), [4] amma gwamnatoci sun mayar da hankali kan fitar da albarkatun kasa don samun babban birnin don masana'antu, kuma ƙasashe sun kasance masu samar da albarkatu tare da ƙananan ci gaban masana'antu.[5][6] Duk da yake manufofin maye gurbin shigo da kaya da farko sun haifar da ci gaba a masana'antu, kamfanoni sun yi gwagwarmaya don yin gasa a duniya ba tare da kariya mai nauyi ba, kuma fitarwa ya kasance ƙasa wanda ya karfafa ma'aunin biyan kuɗi. Masana daban-daban kamar Ernest Aryeetey, Nelipher Moyo, da Justin Lin sun yi jayayya da yawancin wannan gazawar za a iya danganta shi da rashin jaddadawa akan fa'idar kwatankwacin.[6]
A cikin 1980s, a tsakiyar raƙuman neoliberalism na Yarjejeniyar Washington, cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi na duniya irin su Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) sun jagoranci juyin juya hali na zamani ga manufofin masana'antu, [1] suna ambaton 'gasuwar gwamnati' da rikice-rikicen bashi, suna jayayya cewa kasuwanni sun fi rarraba albarkatu da kuma samun 'yanci na kasuwanci. 1980s da 90s sun ga yaɗuwar barnar masana'antu, [3] [4] [5] da samar da masana'antu a matsayin kaso na GDP ya ragu daga 1980s gaba. Daga 1965 zuwa 2005, ƙarin ƙimar masana'antu ya tsaya daga 31% zuwa 33%, yana nuna ƙaramin canji na tsarin.[6] Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2010 duk da haɓakar kusan 5%, [7] wanda aka samo asali daga hauhawar farashin kayayyaki kuma bai rage talauci ba.[3] Sabanin abubuwan da suka faru na sauran yankuna, albarkatun da ƙwadago sun fi mayar da su daga aikin noma (bangaren farko) kai tsaye zuwa ayyuka.(bangarori na farko) kai tsaye zuwa ayyuka (bangaren manyan makarantu), ketare masana'antu (bangaren sakandare), galibi sakamakon sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci yana fallasa masana'antu ga gasa mai tsanani a duniya.[1] Yayin da cibiyoyi masu rauni suka haifar da gazawar tsari, [1] saka hannun jari na kai tsaye (FDI) daga ƙasashen yamma, China, da Indiya sun inganta ayyukan masana'antu.[2] A cikin shekarun 2010, wani yanayi ya bayyana na raguwar ci gaban tattalin arziki daga farashin kayayyaki. Ajandar Tarayyar Afirka ta 2063 da aka amince da ita a shekarar 2015, ta bayyana ci gaban masana'antu a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ta sa gaba. A cikin 2024 duk da haka, kashi 90% na abubuwan da ake fitarwa ba kayan da ba a sarrafa su ba ne.[3] Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, an yi hasashen kason Afirka na yawan al'ummar duniya zai karu daga kashi 17% zuwa 40% nan da shekara ta 2100, inda da yawa ke kallon masana'antu a matsayin larura don samar da ayyukan yi da ake bukata da kuma rage talauci.[1][3]
Shirye-shiryen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masana'antu na noma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 2012, malamai Ernest Aryeetey da Nelipher Moyo sun yi jayayya cewa sabunta aikin gona yana da mahimmanci don cimma Canjin tsari a cikin tattalin arzikin Afirka, kuma ya bambanta tsakanin ' manufofi na tsaye' (wanda ke da niyya ga takamaiman bangarorin da ba su da inganci ko kuma inda kasuwa ta kasa) da ' manufof na kwance' (wanda ya yi niyya ga gazawar kasuwa a cikin tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya), suna jayayya cewa duk da manufofi masu mahimmanci da ƙwarewa saboda ilimin da ake buƙata game da takamaiman masana'antu, haɗuwa da masana'antu. Suna ganin cewa ba za a iya gujewa ba cewa canje-canje za su fara a bangarorin masana'antu.[7][6]
A cikin Aikin Gona, Ci Gaban Gudanarwa, da Fata don Masana'antu a Afirka (2025) Emmanuel Ndhlovu ya rubuta cewa noma shine "injin Afirka na ci gaba da kuma fata don masana'antu", kuma ya fi dacewa saboda jaddadawa kan kusanci da ƙasa a cikin addinan gargajiya.
Masana'antu masu dorewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kasancewa daya daga cikin yankunan da ke cikin haɗari ta hanyar Canjin yanayi, ana kallon masana'antu mai zurfi a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba, yana buƙatar gwaji tare da sauyawa zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa da kuma samun dama.[8] Wata takarda ta 2024 da Bruno Emmanuel Ongo Nkoa da Arnaud Barnabé Fonguen-Kong-Ngoh suka ba da shawarar kafa tsarin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa da aka mayar da hankali kan masana'antar canjin makamashi.[9]
Da yake rubutu a shekarar 2025, dan siyasa kuma masanin tattalin arziki na kasar Habasha Arkebe Oqubay ya ce "haɓakar kore da masana'antu ba tare da tsangwama ba suna da mahimmanci ga sauyin tattalin arzikin Afirka". Ya ba da shawarar kafa da kuma kula da ƙananan masana'antun masana'antu, haɓaka zuba jari a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa (irin su makamashin ruwa ), da kuma samar da kudade na bincike da ci gaba (R&D), musamman a cikin fasahar kan iyaka, da wuri-kan (neman tsalle-tsalle a cikin fasaha masu tasowa ). Har ila yau, ya soki ka'idar raguwar da ba ta dace da kasashe masu tasowa ba, saboda ba ta da wani tasiri wajen rage talauci da samar da wadata.
Masana'antu na kayan masarufi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin takarda ta 2014, masana Mike Morris da Judith Fessehaie sun yi la'akari da yadda gwamnatoci zasu iya amfani da Ci gaban tattalin arziki da suka samo daga fitar da kayayyaki zuwa masana'antar man fetur. Sun ba da shawarar haɓaka haɗi baya da gaba tsakanin kamfanoni a cikin ɓangaren kayan masarufi da ɓangaren masana'antu mai ma'aikata, tare da niyyar ƙirƙirar ayyukan yi. Sun yi amfani da nau'ikan haɗin Albert Hirschman guda uku: kasafin kuɗi (amfani da kudaden shiga na gwamnati da aka samo daga bangaren kayan masarufi don ci gaba da masana'antu a wasu wurare), amfani (mafi girman buƙata don kayan da aka sarrafa saboda albashi mafi girma a bangaren kayan aiki), da samarwa (ya rabu cikin: haɗin gaba, wanda ya haɗa da kayan aiki; da haɗin baya, wanda ya shafi kayan masana'antu don ɓangaren kayan mashahuri). Morris da Fessehaie sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa ya kamata a cimma wannan ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da gwamnatoci suka sauƙaƙe kuma suka jagoranci tsakanin manyan masu shiga cikin sarkar darajar, wato kamfanonin kayayyaki, masu samarwa, abokan ciniki, cibiyoyin R&D, da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da ƙungiyoyi.[10]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Campbell, Gwyn (1991-09-01). "An industrial experiment in pre-colonial Africa: the case of imperial Madagascar, 1825–1861". Journal of Southern African Studies. 17 (3): 525–559. doi:10.1080/03057079108708290. ISSN 0305-7070.
- ↑ Ocheni, Stephen; Nwankwo, Basil C. (2012). "Analysis of colonialism and its impact on Africa" (PDF). Cross Cultural Communication. 8 (3): 51.
- ↑ Ochonu, Moses (2013). "African Colonial Economies: Land, Labor, and Livelihoods". History Compass (in Turanci). 11 (2): 91–103. doi:10.1111/hic3.12031. ISSN 1478-0542.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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|url-status=Ngang(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Ajakaiye, Olu; Page, John (2012). "Industrialisation and Economic Transformation in Africa: Introduction and Overview". Journal of African Economies. 21 (2): ii3–ii18. doi:10.1093/jae/ejr049.
- ↑ Aryeetey, Ernest; Moyo, Nelipher (2012). "Industrialisation for Structural Transformation in Africa: Appropriate Roles for the State". Journal of African Economies. 21 (2): ii55–ii85. doi:10.1093/jae/ejr043.
- ↑ Mezouaghi, Mihoub; Aynaoui, Karim El (2018). "L'Afrique sur la voie de l'industrialisation ?:Économie politique et trajectoires historiques. Introduction thématique". Afrique Contemporaine (in Faransanci). 266 (2): 11–27. doi:10.3917/afco.266.0011. ISSN 0002-0478.
- ↑ Ongo Nkoa, Bruno Emmanuel; Fonguen-Kong-Ngoh, Arnaud Barnabé (2024-10-01). "Industrialisation in Africa: The role of energy transition". Energy Policy. 193. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114271. ISSN 0301-4215.
- ↑ Morris, Mike; Fessehaie, Judith (2014-03-01). "The industrialisation challenge for Africa: Towards a commodities based industrialisation path". Journal of African Trade (in Turanci). 1 (1–2): 25–36. doi:10.1016/j.joat.2014.10.001. ISSN 2214-8523.
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Tunanin ci gaban Yuro-North American ya zo ƙarƙashin zargi mai tsanani daga malamai kuma masu aikin ci gaba sun ƙi shi sosai. Emmanuel Ndhlovu ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tunanin tarawa marar iyaka wanda aka tsara akan zubar da kaya da mulkin mallaka". Claude Ake ya bayyana cewa "ci gaba ba ci gaban tattalin arziki ba ne; ba aikin fasaha ba ne, amma tsari ne wanda mutane ke kirkirar da sake kirkirar kansu da yanayin rayuwarsu don fahimtar matakan wayewa mafi girma bisa ga zaɓin kansu da dabi'u. Ci gaba wani abu ne da mutane dole ne su yi wa kansu". Sauran malamai sun jaddada muhimmancin hukumar. An soki ma'anar ci gaba ta duniya saboda fassarori a cikin harsuna daban-daban da ke da ma'anoni daban-daban, kuma Marja-Liisa Swanz ta ce "ba za a iya canja wurin ci gaba ba; dole ne ya ci gaba a cikin yanayin zamantakewa na kowane wuri".
Masanin tarihin tattalin arziki A. G. Hopkins ya bayyana malamai wadanda ayyukansu ke neman "bayyana asirin koma baya na tattalin arziki" ta hanyar amfani da sanannun dabi'u tare da ma'anar ma'ana a matsayin "masu ilimin mulkin mallaka", yana taƙaita wannan halin a matsayin "idan za'a iya warware matsalolin nahiyar, babu wani kalubale da zai iya kalubalanci ƙwarewar Yammaci ƙwarewa da fasaha".[1]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hopkins, A. G. (2019-01-02). "Fifty years of African economic history". Economic History of Developing Regions. 34 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1080/20780389.2019.1575589. ISSN 2078-0389.