Cibiyar Bayanan Yanayi ta Amurka
 Cibiyar Bayanan Yanayi ta Amurka | |
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Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Amurka (USCRN) cibiyar sadarwa ce ta tashoshin yanayi da aka haɓaka kuma aka kiyaye ta Hukumar Kula da Yanayi da Yanayi ta Kasa (NOAA). Manufar USCRN ita ce kula da cibiyar sadarwa mai inganci mai ɗorewa wanda zai gano, tare da babban amincewa, siginar canjin yanayi a Amurka. Ya zuwa 2023 ya ƙunshi tashoshin kwamishinan 137 da ke cikin Amurka, Alaska da Hawaii.[1]
Manufar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manufar USCRN ita ce samar wa jama'a gaba ɗaya, kyauta, abubuwan lura masu inganci na dogon lokaci na yanayin zafi na iska, hazo, da sauran alamun yanayi waɗanda za a iya haɗa su da abubuwan lura na dogon lokaci da suka gabata don ganowa da kuma danganta canjin yanayi na yanzu da na gaba.[2] Yana ba da Amurka da cibiyar sadarwa wacce ta cika bukatun Tsarin Kula da Yanayi na Duniya.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1997 Shirin Binciken Yanayi na Duniya ya shirya taro don tantance yanayin fasahar binciken yanayi a duniya. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idodin ƙaddamar da wannan taron shine cewa ikon duniya don auna manyan canjin yanayi kamar zafin jiki, ruwan sama, saurin iska da shugabanci, bai isa ya sanar da ƙoƙarin fuskantar batun canjin yanayi ba.[3] Wannan gargadi ya karfafa ta Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa ta Amurka a cikin rahoton su na 1999 wanda ya yi kira ga kokarin kasa don ƙirƙirar tsarin tallafin yanke shawara wanda zai iya tallafawa waɗannan kokarin.
Amsar Amurka ga wannan ƙalubalen ta shirya ta NOAA. Sakamakon shi ne USCRN wanda ke tattara manyan masu canjin yanayi, waɗanda Cibiyoyin Kasa don Bayanan Muhalli suka tattara su cikin bayanan kuma suka samar da su, kyauta, ga jama'a.[4]
An gina samfurin farko na tashar USCRN a Arewacin Carolina a cikin shekara ta 2000. An ba da umarnin USCRN a watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, kuma an kammala cibiyar sadarwa ta Amurka (CONUS) ta tashoshin 114 a shekara ta 2008. [2]
Cibiyar sadarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ya zuwa 2023 USCRN ta ƙunshi tashoshin 114 a cikin Amurka, tashoshin 2 a Hawaii, da tashoshin 21 a Alaska.[1]
Wannan taswirar tana nuna wuraren 2023 na dukkan tashoshin USCRN.[5]
USCRN tana aiki da kiyayewa ta Air Resources Laboratory, wani bangare na NOAA Research. Cibiyoyin Bayanai na Muhalli na Kasa suna kula da rarraba bayanan USCRN na abubuwan lura da samfuran yanayi.[6]
Tashoshin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kowace tashar tana cikin wani wuri mai kyau wanda ke wakiltar yanayin yankin kuma ana sa ran ya kasance kyauta daga ci gaba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, don kauce wa, alal misali, yiwuwar tsangwama na microclimate na birane.[7]
Kowace tashar na iya haɗawa da na'urori masu auna sigina masu zuwa: [8][9]
- Yanayin zafi na iska
- Yanayin zafi na ƙasa
- Ruwan sama
- Rashin ruwa na ƙasa
- Hasken rana
- Saurin iska
- Rashin zafi
Tushen bayanai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tattara karatu daga tashoshin USCRN, shirya su a cikin bayanan bayanai, da kuma samar da su ga jama'a ana sarrafa su ta Cibiyoyin Bayanai na Muhalli na Kasa, wani bangare na NOAA.[1]
Misali na rahotanni da ake samu shine wannan ginshiƙi wanda ke nuna matsakaicin yanayin zafin jiki na Amurka mai haɗuwa don lokacin Janairu 2005 zuwa Oktoba 2023.[10]
A cikin wannan mahallin an bayyana anomaly a matsayin karkatarwa daga yanayin da aka kafa daga abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi na zafin jiki. Ga wannan ginshiƙi, ana nuna yanayin a matsayin digiri na Fahrenheit (0 ̊F) a gefen hagu na tsaye da digiri na Celsius (0 ̊C) a gefin dama na tsaye. Kowane batu a kan jadawalin yana wakiltar girman karkatar da kowane zafin jiki daga wannan lissafin lissafi.
Amfani da USCRN don inganta tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]USCRN tana ba da kyakkyawan lura game da zafin jiki da sauran alamun yanayi tun daga lokacin da aka ba shi aiki a 2004 zuwa yanzu. Bugu da kari, an yi amfani da shi azaman nassi don tabbatar da wasu tashoshin yanayi a Amurka don haka fadada tarihin wannan cibiyar sadarwa ta abubuwan lura da yanayi masu inganci a baya har zuwa 1894 lokacin da rikodin yanayi na Amurka ya fara.[11]
Cibiyar sadarwa mai lura da hadin gwiwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shirin Mai Bincike na hadin gwiwa (COOP) tarin ƙasa ne na kimanin masu sa kai 8,500 a cikin Amurka (CONUS) waɗanda ke yin rikodin da bayar da rahoton abubuwan lura na yau da kullun na sauye-sauyen yanayi. Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ce ta kafa shi a cikin 1890 kuma yanzu yana cikin National Weather Service (NWS). Bincike yawanci yana iyakance ga matsakaicin yanayin zafi da hazo amma yana iya haɗawa da wasu bayanan yanayi.[12][13]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Program Overview". National Centers for Climate Information.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Diamond, Howard J; Karl, Thomas R. (1 Apr 2013). "U.S. Climate Reference Network after One Decade of Operations: Status and Assessment". American Meteorological Society.
- ↑ "Conference on the World Climate Research Programme (Geneva, 26-28 August 1997) : report on the Conference". Policy Commons. 9 Oct 1997. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2025.
- ↑ "Why A USCRN is Needed". National Centers For Environmental Information.
- ↑ "US Climate Reference Network, Stations And Observations" (PDF). National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration.
- ↑ "U.S. Climate Reference Network". National Centers For Environmental Information.
- ↑ "Site Selection Criteria". National Centers For Environmental Information.
- ↑ "Measurements". National Centers For Environmental Information.
- ↑ "US Climate Reference Network, Stations and Observations" (PDF). National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration. p. 2.
- ↑ "National Temperature Index". National Centers For Environmental Information.
- ↑ Hausfather, Zeke; Cowtan, Kevin; Menne, Matthew J.; Williams Jr., Claude N. (5 February 2016). "Evaluating the impact of U.S. Historical Climatology Network homogenization using the U.S. Climate Reference Network". AGU, Advancing Earth and Space Sciences.
- ↑ "Cooperative Observer Network (COOP)". National Centers for Environmental Information.
- ↑ "Cooperative Observer Program (COOP)". National Weather Service.