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Cibiyar Nazarin Abubuwan Gado na Bawan Biritaniya

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Cibiyar Nazarin Abubuwan Gado na Bawan Biritaniya
Bayanai
Iri cibiya ta koyarwa
Ƙasa Birtaniya
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 2010
ucl.ac.uk…

Cibiyar Nazarin Kyautattun Bautar Burtaniya, wacce ta kasance Cibiyar Nazari Kyautattun Kyautattun mallakar Bautar Burtani, cibiyar bincike ce ta Kwalejin Jami'ar, London (UCL) wacce ke mai da hankali kan bayyana tasirin bautar Burtaniya kuma, musamman, tasirin Dokar Biyan Bautar 1837. Ayyukan Cibiyar suna samuwa kyauta a kan layi ga jama'a ta hanyar bayanan Legacies of British Slavery.

Tarihi

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An kafa Cibiyar a UCL tare da goyon bayan Cibiyar Hutchins don Binciken Afirka da Afirka ta Amirka a Jami'ar Harvard. [1]

Ya ƙunshi ayyukan biyu da suka gabata: aikin mallakar bayi na Burtaniya (2009-2012), wanda Majalisar Binciken Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a (ESRC) ta tallafawa da kuma Tsarin da muhimmancin aikin mallakar bawa na Burtaniya na Caribbean 1763-1833 (2013-2015), wanda ESRC da Majalisar Bincike ta Fasaha da Humanities suka tallafawa. [1] Aikin farko ya fara ne da bayanan diyya na bawa, gano masu mallakar bayi da dukiyar da bayi ke zaune. (Yayin da masu mallakar ƙasa a cikin British West Indies ke rasa ma'aikatan da ba a biya su ba, sun sami diyya wanda ya kai fam miliyan 20. [2] )

Aikin na biyu ya tsara tarihin mallakar kusan 4,000, ya koma kusa da 1763 amma yana mai da hankali kan shekarun rajistar bayi, 1817-1834. Mataki na biyu ya kara wasu kadarori 4,000, da kuma wasu masu mallakar bayi 20,000. Aikin na yanzu yana ci gaba da ƙara bayanai da gina bayanan da aka kirkira a mataki na biyu, da nufin gano duk masu mallakar bayi a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a lokacin da bautar ta ƙare (1807-1833), ƙirƙirar Encyclopedia of British Slave-Owners, da kuma duk dukiya a cikin British West Indies.[3] A farkon 2021, Cibiyar ta ba da sanarwar sauyawa a cikin jaddadawa zuwa binciken rayuwar bayi maimakon masu mallakar bayi.[1]

Ma'aikata

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Daraktan cibiyar shine Nicholas Draper da kujerarsa Catherine Hall. A watan Yunin 2020 Matthew J. Smith, tsohon Jami'ar West Indies, ya karɓi shugabancin.[4] Sauran mahimman masu bincike sun haɗa da Keith McClelland da Rachel Lang.[5]

Bayanan bayanai

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Bayin da ke aiki a gonar a Antigua (1823)
Gidan Kotun Greys, wanda masu shi suka amfana daga diyya na bawa daga Antigua
Farley Hall, wanda masu shi suka amfana daga diyya na bawa daga Antigua
Gidan Brentry, wanda masu shi suka amfana daga diyya na bawa daga Antigua

Ayyukan cibiyar suna samuwa kyauta a kan layi ga jama'a ta hanyar ba'Yanci' Legacies of British Slavery . [6][7] Wannan bayanan yana da niyyar yin rikodin duk mutanen da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba su lada a lokacin kawar da bautar a 1833. (Ko da yake an soke Cinikin bayi na Atlantic a cikin 1807, ya ɗauki wani ƙarni don gwamnatin Burtaniya ta 'yantar da bayi a cikin Daularta, har ma a lokacin ba ta magance bautar a Indiya ba har zuwa 1843.) Wannan kwararar kuɗi, kamar yadda asalin aikin ya nuna, ga masu bautar, kuma ba ga sababbin 'yanci ba: an bi da' yancin bayi bisa doka a matsayin kwace iyayensu. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta biya kudade mai yawa ga dubban talakawanta; yawancin masu mallakar da suka gabata sun sami diyya ga ɗaya ko kaɗan daga cikin bayi, amma ƙananan iyalai suna da manyan gonaki tare da daruruwan ko ma dubban ma'aikatan bayi, don haka sun sami kuɗi mai yawa.

Darakta na farko Nick Draper da shugabar Catherine Hall sun ce babban manufar bayanan Legacies shine don magance "matsayin da aka zaɓa", inda al'umma ta manta da farashin ɗan adam na bautar amma tana murna da kawar da ita.[6]

Aikin ya gina a kan sake dubawa game da alaƙar Burtaniya da bautar da kuma kawar da ita, wasu daga cikinsu an motsa su ne ta hanyar cika shekaru 200 na Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807. Misali, Ingilishi Heritage ya gudanar da taro kan "Bauta da Gidan Ƙasar Burtaniya: taswirar binciken yanzu" a cikin 2009. An tattara takardun a cikin littafi mai taken, tare da babi na buɗewa don saita yanayin da Nicholas Draper ya kwatanta aikin gado, sannan a cikin embryo. Gabatarwar Madge Dresser ta yarda cewa "Binciken ilimi yana ɗaukar lokaci don ciyarwa cikin yankin jama'a, inda irin waɗannan hanyoyin [zuwa bautar] sau da yawa an yi watsi da su ko kuma an hana su sosai. " Masu mallakar "sanannun wuraren mallakar bayi kamar Dodington Park... dukiyar National Trust a Kotun Greys' House... da Brentry House a Gloucestershire", ba da nisa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bristol ba.

Binciken da aka kafa bayanan Legacies ya nuna cewa wasu mutane 46,000 sun sami diyya a karkashin Dokar Biyan Bauta ta 1837. Hukumar Biyan Bauta ta kafa adadin da ya dace da kuɗin yau zuwa kusan fam biliyan 17, mafi girman biyan kuɗi har zuwa ceton bankunan a shekara ta 2008.

Kamar yadda Hall ya bayyana, masu cin gajiyar bautar ba kawai mutanen da ke da bayi ba ne, har ma da waɗanda kasuwancin su ya sami fa'ida daga bautar.[8] Wannan ya haɗa da 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke da hannu a masana'antu kamar sarrafa sukari da Masana'antar masana'antu.

Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan aikin gado shine bincika yadda iyalai suka kashe diyya. Wasu daga cikin kudaden sun tafi don biyan ilimi na 'ya'ya maza da jikoki (ciki har da manyan yawon shakatawa na Turai) da kuma karfafa ikon su na sana'a da na siyasa:

Mutumin da ya sami mafi yawan kuɗi daga jihar shine John Gladstone, mahaifin Firayim Minista na Victoria William Ewart Gladstone . An biya shi £ 106,769 a matsayin diyya ga bayi 2,508 da ya mallaka a fadin shuke-shuke tara, daidai da zamani na kimanin £ 80m. Idan aka ba da irin wannan saka hannun jari, watakila ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa jawabin farko na William Gladstone a majalisa ya kasance don kare bautar.

An kuma saka kudi a cikin Railway Mania na shekarun 1840 (mania ta kawo ma'aunin sufuri daga Golden Age na tsarin tashar Burtaniya) da kuma tsarin masana'antu. "Kazalika da biyan kuɗi don gina gidaje da yawa na ƙasa da tarin fasaha, kuɗin ya kuma taimaka wajen tallafawa jiragen ƙasa, gidajen tarihi, kamfanonin inshora, kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai, 'yan kasuwa da bankunan. "

Wasu tituna da siffofi a Ƙasar Ingila suna da suna bayan masu bautar da masu cin gajiyar bautar.

Bautar ta haifar da wadata mai yawa. Misali, gundumar kasuwanci ta London da aka sani da Isle of Dogs, inda aka gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yammacin Indiya guda uku, sun amfana sosai daga cinikin bayi. Wani misali shine New Town, Edinburgh.[9]

Ƙasar Ingila

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Guy Hewitt, Babban Kwamishinan Barbados, ya kwatanta aikin da Cibiyar Nazarin Ciniki ta Trans-Atlantic, [10] wanda Cibiyar Emory ta Gudanar da Ilimi ta Digital ke gudanarwa [11]

Shirin talabijin na kashi biyu, Masu mallakar bayi da aka manta da su a Burtaniya, BBC ce ta watsa shi don tafiya tare da ƙaddamar da aikin. Masanin tarihi David Olusoga ne ya gabatar da shi kuma ya lashe kyautar BAFTA da Kyautar Tarihin Jama'a ta Royal Historical Society don watsa shirye-shirye.[12]

Kungiyoyin da suka wanzu a lokacin bautar sun fara nazarin tarihin su da neman duk wata alaƙa. Misali, Jami'ar Glasgow ta kaddamar da bincike don fahimtar tasirin bautar a kan ma'aikata.[13][14] Kasuwanci da yawa har yanzu suna nan an nuna sun amfana daga bautar: "Daga cikin sunayen da aikin UCL ya fito sune Bankin Ingila, Lloyds, Baring Brothers da P&O. "[15]

Ostiraliya

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The centre's work has been considered by scholars, including Catherine Hall, Humphrey McQueen, Clinton Fernandes and C. J. Coventry, in relation to Australian colonial history. The Legacies database revealed numerous connections to slavery that had previously been overlooked or unknown. For example, the colony (now state) of South Australia may owe its existence to slavery finance, through George Fife Angas and Raikes Currie, who gave large sums of money without which the colony would not have been created in 1836.[16][17][18][19] This body of research generated media attention. Another Australian state, Victoria, has been shown to have had many former slaveholders and beneficiaries of slavery in its history, a number of whom are recognised in public honours, including place-names and statuary.[16]

An soki Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB) saboda gazawarsa na ambaton alaƙa da bautar a cikin bayanan tarihin sanannun Australiya. Koyaya, ADB ta kasance tun daga 2019 tana fuskantar bita wanda ke da niyyar magance wannan da sauran rashi.[20]

Amurka

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Dan wasan kwaikwayo Ben Affleck ya nemi gafara bayan WikiLeaks ya bayyana cewa ya yi ƙoƙari ya dakatar da shirin talabijin na asali wanda ke nuna alaƙar kakanninsa da bautar, wanda ya tashi ne sakamakon bayanan Legacies.[21]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Home". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. University College London. Retrieved 12 December 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "home" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Oldfield, John (17 February 2011). "British Anti-slavery". BBC History. BBC. Retrieved 12 December 2020. ...the new legislation called for the gradual abolition of slavery. Everyone over the age of six on August 1, 1834, when the law went into effect, was required to serve an apprenticeship of four years in the case of domestics and six years in the case of field hands
  3. ↑ "LBS Centre Overview". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. University College London. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  4. ↑ "Leading Caribbean scholar appointed director of UCL centre examining the impact of British slavery". UCL News (in Turanci). 3 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  5. ↑ "Matthew Smith - looking forward". UCL. 12 June 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Draper, Nick (15 July 2015). "Britain has a selective memory of its slavery past. Our project will help us to remember". The Guardian. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "auto" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Hall, Catherine (26 September 2016). "The racist ideas of slave owners are still with us today - Catherine Hall". The Guardian.
  8. ↑ Coventry, C.J. (2019). "Links in the Chain: British slavery, Victoria and South Australia". Before/Now. 1 (1). doi:10.17613/d8ht-p058.
  9. ↑ Shedden, Sam (22 August 2016). "Edinburgh slavery map offers glimpse into city's dark past". Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  10. ↑ Hewitt, Guy (1 August 2018). "Windrush is a chance to end British intolerance dating from slavery". The Guardian.
  11. ↑ "Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database | Emory Center for Digital Scholarship | Emory University". digitalscholarship.emory.edu. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  12. ↑ "Britain's forgotten slave-owners: BBC TV broadcast | Legacies of British Slave-ownership". UCL. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  13. ↑ Ross, Elliot (26 November 2018). "It's time for Scotland to make reparations for slavery". www.aljazeera.com.
  14. ↑ "University of Glasgow publishes report into historical slavery". www.gla.ac.uk (in Turanci). 16 September 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  15. ↑ Jones, Sam (27 August 2013). "Follow the money: investigators trace forgotten story of Britain's slave trade". The Guardian.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Coventry, CJ (2019). ""Links in the Chain: British slavery, Victoria and South Australia," Before Now". Humanities Commons. p. 27. doi:10.17613/d8ht-p058.
  17. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  18. ↑ Hall, Catherine (2016). "Writing History, Making 'Race': Slave-Owners and Their Stories". Australian Historical Studies. 47 (3): 365–380. doi:10.1080/1031461X.2016.1202291. S2CID 152113669.
  19. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  20. ↑ Daley, Paul (16 February 2019). "Decolonising the dictionary: reclaiming history for the forgotten - Paul Daley". The Guardian.
  21. ↑ Olusoga, David (11 July 2015). "The history of British slave ownership has been buried: now its scale can be revealed". The Guardian.
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