Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa

Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa
	type of organization (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan'adam da government organization (en)

Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta ƙasa (NHRI) wata cibiyar gwamnati ce mai zaman kanta tare da alhakin karewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasa. Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR) yana taimakawa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, yana ba da shawara da sabis na tallafi, kuma yana sauƙaƙa samun dama ga ƙungiyoyin yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN) da sauran kwamitocin.^[1] Akwai sama da ɗari irin waɗannan cibiyoyin, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na waɗanda aka tantance su ta hanyar bita na tsara kamar yadda suka dace da ƙa'Ɗinkin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka tsara a cikin Ka'idodin Paris. Biyayya da ka'idojin shine tushen takaddun Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, wanda, na musamman ga NHRIs, ba a gudanar da shi kai tsaye ta Majalisar Dinkinobho ba amma ta karamin kwamiti na Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) da ake kira Sub-Committee on Accreditation. Sakatariyar tsarin bita (don takardar shaidar farko, da sake takardar shaidarsa kowane shekaru biyar) ana bayar da ita ne ta Cibiyoyin Kasa da Sashen Tsarin Yankin na OHCHR .^[2]

Ana iya haɗa NHRIs tare zuwa manyan rukuni guda biyu: Kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam da masu ba da shawara. Duk da yake yawancin masu ba da izini suna da ikon su a cikin mutum ɗaya, kwamitocin kare hakkin dan adam ana jagorantar su ta allon mambobi da yawa, galibi wakilan kungiyoyin al'umma daban-daban. Ana saita NHRIs a wasu lokuta don magance takamaiman batutuwa kamar nuna bambanci, kodayake Ka'idodin Paris suna buƙatar su zama ƙungiyoyi masu nauyi. Cibiyoyin ƙwarewa na ƙasa suma suna nan a ƙasashe da yawa don kare haƙƙin wani rukuni mai rauni kamar ƙabilu da ƙabilu, 'Yan asalin ƙasar, yara, 'yan gudun hijira, mutanen da ke da nakasa, ko mata.

Koyaya, cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Ka'idodin Paris suna da bayyane kuma mai faɗi haƙƙin ɗan adam ciki har da haɓakawa da ayyukan kariya. Wannan na iya haɗawa da bincike, takardu da horo da ilimi a cikin batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam, yayin da tsarin mai ba da izini ke kula da korafe-korafe game da Rashin gudanarwa. Duk da yake duk keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ba daidai ba ne, masu ba da izini gabaɗaya suna magance ƙananan keta haƙƙin bil'adama.

A mafi yawan ƙasashe, kundin tsarin mulki, dokar kare hakkin dan adam, ko takamaiman doka ta kafa cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na ƙasa. Matsayin 'yancin kai na waɗannan cibiyoyin ya dogara da dokar ƙasa, kuma mafi kyawun aiki yana buƙatar tsarin mulki ko tushen doka maimakon (alal misali) dokar shugaban kasa.

Cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasashe suna kuma ambaton su ta hanyar Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action da Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa.

Matsayi

Kasashe da yawa sun kafa kwamitoci na musamman don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da dokoki da ka'idojin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam yadda ya kamata. Wadannan kwamitocin galibi suna kunshe da mambobi daga bangarori daban-daban, kuma tare da sha'awa, ƙwarewa, ko gogewa a cikin haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Kwamitocin kare hakkin dan adam da farko suna kare wadanda ke cikin ikon jihar daga nuna bambanci ko cin zarafi, da kuma kare 'Yancin jama'a da sauran' yancin dan adam. Wasu suna binciken zargin keta haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki ko yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya.

Wani muhimmin rawar da kwamitocin kare hakkin dan adam da yawa ke takawa shi ne karɓar da bincika korafe-korafe da ke zargin cin zarafin kare hakkin dan Adam da ke keta dokar kasa. Yawancin kwamitocin kare hakkin dan adam sun dogara da sulhu ko sasantawa don bincike da warware korafe-korafe. Ana iya ba kwamitocin kare hakkin dan adam ikon sanya sakamako mai bin doka ga bangarorin da ke cikin korafi. Idan ba a kafa kotun ta musamman ba, hukumar na iya tura korafe-korafe da ba a warware su ba zuwa kotuna na yau da kullun don yanke shawara ta ƙarshe.

NHRIs yawanci suna magance batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam ta hanyar kai tsaye da ikon jama'a. Dangane da ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba, wasu cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na ƙasa na iya magance:

korafe-korafe ko rikice-rikice da suka shafi wasu nau'ikan kamfanoni (misali kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke ba da sabis na jama'a, ko kamfanonin da ke aiki a matakin tarayya)
kawai wasu nau'ikan batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam (alal misali rashin nuna bambanci ko Hakkin aiki)
korafe-korafe ko rikice-rikice da ke tayar da duk wani batun kare hakkin dan adam da ya shafi kowane kamfani.^[3]

Bugu da ƙari suna iya ingantawa da kare nauyin jihar da haƙƙin mutum ta hanyar:

ba da shawara ga yanayin hakkokinta na kasa da kasa da na cikin gida da kuma alkawurran da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam
karɓar, bincike da warware korafe-korafe na haƙƙin ɗan adam
ilmantarwa da bugawa ga dukkan sassan al'umma (musamman kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru kamar' yan gudun hijira)
saka idanu kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin jihar da ayyukanta na gaba
shiga tare da al'ummomin duniya don ba da shawara ga shawarwarin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma tayar da batutuwa masu mahimmanci ga jihar.^[4]

Ingantawa da ilmantarwa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam na iya haɗawa da sanar da jama'a game da matsayin hukumar, haifar da tattaunawa game da muhimman batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, samar da sabis na ba da shawara da tarurruka, ko rarraba littattafan haƙƙin ɗanɗano.^[5] Wani muhimmin aiki shine sake nazarin manufofin kare hakkin dan adam na gwamnati don gano gazawar da kuma ba da shawarar ingantawa. Wannan sau da yawa ya haɗa da tabbatar da tsarin doka, ko manufofi. Matsayin tilasta shawarwarin ma'aikata ko hukunce-hukuncen ya dogara da yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam na al'umma.

Kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam na iya sa ido kan bin doka ta jihar da dokokin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa da kuma ba da shawarar canje-canje. Ba za a iya cimma cikar haƙƙin ɗan adam ba kawai ta hanyar dokoki da shirye-shiryen gudanarwa; sabili da haka, ana cajin kwamitocin sau da yawa don inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗanɗano.

Ka'idodin Paris sun tilasta wa cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa su "[shirya] rahotanni game da halin da ake ciki na kasa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam gabaɗaya, da kuma kan ƙarin takamaiman al'amura"; wannan galibi ana yin sa a cikin rahotanni na shekara-shekara.^[6]

Dalilin kafa cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa

Majalisar Kasa da Kasa kan Manufofin 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ba da rahoton cewa an kafa NHRIs: a cikin ƙasashe da ke fuskantar rikici (yawanci na ciki kamar Afirka ta Kudu, Ireland, ko Spain), ko kuma don mayar da martani ga ikirarin mummunar cin zarafin' yancin ɗan adam. Ana iya kafa NHRIs a matsayin tsaro na gani, a matsayin jikin da ake gani yana magance batutuwan da suka faru (kamar yadda aka gani a Mexico da Najeriya), ko kuma a ƙarshe don tallafawa da karfafa wasu kariya na haƙƙin ɗan adam (kamar a Ostiraliya da New Zealand). Gwamnatocin kasa sun kafa cibiyoyin da ke nuna ra'ayoyinsu da al'adunsu. Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta zartar da ƙuduri a cikin 1992, tana ba da shawarar inganta irin waɗannan cibiyoyin ta gwamnatoci ba tare da wani ba, da kuma inganta sake fasalin waɗanda suka yi. Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki nauyin ayyukan da ke buƙatar shiga cikin kasa da kasa. Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta yanki ta karfafa wannan ci gaba da kafa cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam yayin da aka ba da taimako ta fasaha ta hanyar shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa (kamar Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions). NHRIs a wasu kasashe membobin suna aiki a matakin kasa da kasa da na yanki, kamar a Tarayyar Turai. Suna iya aiki don hana nuna bambanci ga kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru ko laifuka na kasa da kasa, kamar azabtarwa. Ikon da ƙwarewar da NHRIs ke riƙewa suna ba su damar yin kira ga daidaito. Suna aiki a matsayin hanya wajen taimakawa jihohi su bi ka'idodin haƙƙin ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar ba da hangen nesa da magance batutuwan a matakin ƙasa.

Tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, NHRIs suna karewa da samar da cikakkun mafita masu yawa. Koyaya, wasu jihohi ba sa son yin tasiri ga waɗannan takunkumin, kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta iya gudanar da yaduwar sa ido kan ƙasashe ba. Don zama halatta, tasiri, kuma amintacce, NHRIs dole ne su kasance masu zaman kansu kuma masu tasiri.^[7] Ɗaya daga cikin kayan aiki mafi inganci da NHRIs ke da shi shine matsayinsu na musamman tsakanin alhakin gwamnati da haƙƙin jama'a da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Wannan sararin samaniya yana ba da NHRIs rawar da ta dace, tana aiki a matsayin sabis na kariya daban-daban ga mutane da kayan aiki daban-daban da ake samu don riƙe jihar da sauran hukumomi da ke da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam.^[8] Koyaya kasancewa mai zaman kansa daga gwamnati da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu yana ba da babbar matsala lokacin da ake la'akari da kudade, da alaƙar aiki. A mafi yawan ƙasashe suna karɓar tallafin gwamnati, kuma ƙungiyar gwamnati ce ta kirkiresu kuma ta nada su. Wannan yana haifar da wani nau'i na aiki tare kuma yana lalata ra'ayin cibiyoyin cin gashin kansu kuma yana da wuya a bi tsarin su na mutum.

Ka'idodin Paris

An yi tunanin ka'idodin Paris a taron 1991 da Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta shirya. Kodayake abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci da tsarin su sun bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa suna da mahimman fasalulluka.^[9] Sashe na A.3 na Ka'idodin Paris da Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta karɓa a watan Maris na shekara ta 1993 ya ba da cewa alhakin NHRIs shine tabbatar da yarjejeniyar' yancin dan adam da hadin gwiwa tare da hanyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Shawarwarin bita suna ba da tushe don kimanta tasirin da 'yancin kai na NHRI, gano mahimman ka'idoji guda shida:

'yancin kai daga gwamnati
'yancin kai da aka bayar daga kundin tsarin mulki ko doka
ikon bincike ba tare da turawa daga wani iko mafi girma ko karɓar korafin mutum ba
pluralism, yana ba su damar zama tare da hukumar da ke mulki
isasshen albarkatun kudi da na ɗan adam
bayyane aka bayyana kuma yana da iko mai zurfi don karewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya.^[10]

NHRI da ke bin waɗannan ka'idoji kuma ke nuna 'yancin kai an ba su izini a matsayin "A", yayin da waɗanda suka cika su kawai suna karɓar "B". Ana ba da izinin cibiyoyin "yanci" su shiga cikin tattaunawar Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da hanyoyinta. Kwamitin Gudanarwa ya ƙayyade "yanayin" kowane NHRI, daukaka kara da aka yi wa Shugaban GANHRI cikin kwanaki 28. Cibiyoyin "C matsayi" saboda rashin bin ka'idodin Paris ne, amma har yanzu suna iya shiga cikin tarurruka a matsayin masu kallo. Kwamitin yana nazarin waɗannan yanke shawara a kowace shekara biyar, yana ba cibiyoyin damar nuna ƙarin 'yancin kai ko bin ka'idodin. Da yake da niyyar kasancewa a bayyane, mai ƙarfi da cikakke a kimantawa, kwamitin yana taimaka wa cibiyoyin samun "Matsayi" kuma su bi ka'idodin Paris.

Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya

The Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI), wanda aka fi sani da Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Duniya na Cibiyoyin Kasa don Ingantawa da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (ICC), wakilin cibiyoyin ne a duk duniya. Yana da niyyar ƙirƙirar NHRIs masu tasiri da masu zaman kansu a duniya kuma yana ƙarfafa hadin kai tsakanin hukumomi.^[11] Tana shirya taron kasa da kasa don NHRIs, tana taimaka wa cibiyoyin da ke buƙatar taimako, kuma tana taimaka wa gwamnatoci su kirkiro NHRIs lokacin da aka nema.

Cibiyar Kula da Labarai ta Duniya

NHRIs na iya magance batutuwa daban-daban ciki har da azabtarwa, nuna bambanci, muhalli da haƙƙin aiki.^[12] Baya ga Kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam ana iya kafa su ko kuma a tsara su a matsayin mai ba da shawara ko mai ba da izini ga kare hakkin dan Adam. Cibiyar Mai ba da shawara ta Duniya tana ba da tallafi ga cibiyoyin masu ba da shawara na kasa don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sun fi damuwa da hanyoyin gudanar da gwamnati don haka karɓar da yin korafe-korafe game da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsarin ko gudanarwa ko damuwa.

Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Duniya na NHRIs

An kafa kwamitin daidaitawa na kasa da kasa na NHRIs a 1993 tare da Ofishin da ya kunshi wakilin daya daga Amurka, Asiya Pacific, Afirka da Turai. Kwamitin Gudanarwa yana shirya taron shekara-shekara da kuma taron shekaru biyu wanda ke sauƙaƙewa da tallafawa haɗin gwiwar NHRI tare da tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin waɗannan tarurruka NHRIs suna iya raba ƙwarewarsu a kan takamaiman batutuwa kuma su shiga tare da Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR), wanda ke aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Kwamitin Gudanarwa. Don sauƙaƙe tattaunawar NHRI tare da jama'a Kwamitin Gudanarwa yana kuma gudanar da taron NGO. Kwamitin Gudanarwa na iya neman gwamnati don taimakawa wajen yin sabon NHRI ko ci gaba a kan wadanda suka riga sun kasance.^[13] An canza sunan zuwa GANHRI a cikin 2016^{[permanent dead link]}.

Ba duk NHRIs masu zuwa ba ne aka amince da su ta hanyar GANHRI.

Afghanistan: Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission
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Ƙungiyoyin yanki

Cibiyar Kula da Labarai ta Duniya
Cibiyar Kula da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Afirka (NANHRI)
Taron Asiya Pacific na Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa (APF)
Ƙungiyar Turai ta Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa
Cibiyar Cibiyoyin Kasa a Amurka

Cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa

Ostiraliya

Kwamitin yaki da nuna bambanci na New South Wales

Hukumar Daidaita Daidaitawa da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Victoria

Hukumar Daidaitawa (Kudancin Australia)

Hukumar Daidaitawa (Yammacin Ostiraliya)

Hukumar yaki da nuna bambanci ta Queensland

Ofishin Kwamishinan Rashin Nuna Bambanci (Tasmania)

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (Babban Birnin Australiya)

Hukumar Yankin Arewacin Yankin

Kanada

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Alberta

Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta British Columbia

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Ontario

Ƙasar Ingila

Kungiyoyin Burtaniya guda uku (Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Scotland) an jera su a sama kamar yadda kowannensu aka gane shi a matsayin NHRIs.

Spain

Kowace Yankin Mutanen Espanya tana da mai ba da shawara.

Koriya ta Kudu

Lardin da Metropolis matakin Hukumar Inganta Hakkin Dan Adam ta Lardin (Lardin Chungcheong ta Kudu) Hukumar Inganta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta lardin (Lardin Gangwon) Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan adam ta Seoul Mai ba da shawara ga Mai ba da lamuni ga 'Yancin dan adam (Gwangju) Majalisar Jama'a don Inganta Hakki na Dan Adam ita ce majalisa mai ba da shawara don Hukumar Kare Hakki na Mutum ta Ulsan

Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Lardin (Lardin Chungcheong ta Kudu)

Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Lardin (Lardin Gangwon)

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Seoul

Mai kula da 'yancin dan adam (Gwangju)

Majalisar Jama'a don Inganta 'Yancin Dan Adam ita ce majalisa mai ba da shawara ga mai ba da rahoto

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Ulsan

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Ilimi, Ofishin Ilimi na Lardin Gyeonggi Mai ba da shawara ga 'Yancin Dan Adam ga Dalibai (Lardin Gyeongji) Hukumar Kare Hakki na Dan Adam ga dalibai, Ofishin Babban Birnin Seoul Mai ba da labari ga 'Yanfin Dan Adam ga ɗalibai (Seoul)

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ga Dalibai, Ofishin Ilimi na Lardin Gyeonggi

Mai ba da shawara kan 'yancin ɗan adam ga ɗalibai (Lardin Gyeonggi)

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ga Dalibai, Ofishin Ilimi na Seoul

Mai ba da shawara kan 'yancin ɗan adam ga ɗalibai (Seoul)

Dubi kuma

Kotun Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a
Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Turai
Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Girka
'Yancin Dan Adam
Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam
Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka
Kayan kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa
Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam
Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki

Manazarta

↑ "GANHRI". Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
↑ "OHCHR". OHCHR. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
↑ "National Human Rights Institutions". Archived from the original on 2010-11-08.
↑ name=":4">"What are national human rights institutions? | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
↑ name=":4">"What are national human rights institutions? | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
↑ "Paris Principles". National Human Rights Institutions Forum. Archived from the original on 2007-10-08.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
↑ name=":0">Smith, Anne (November 2006). "The Unique Position of National Human Rights Institutions: A Mixed Blessing?" (PDF). Human Rights Quarterly. 28 (4): 904–946. doi:10.1353/hrq.2006.0054. S2CID 201791953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2025-08-03.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
↑ "Paris Principles | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
↑ "Paris Principles | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
↑ name=":1">"Human Rights Commission :: National human rights institutions". www.hrc.co.nz (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
↑ name=":0">Smith, Anne (November 2006). "The Unique Position of National Human Rights Institutions: A Mixed Blessing?" (PDF). Human Rights Quarterly. 28 (4): 904–946. doi:10.1353/hrq.2006.0054. S2CID 201791953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2025-08-03.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
↑ Stropparo, P. E. (2023). Pueblo desnudo y público movilizado por el poder: Vacancia del Defensor del Pueblo: algunas transformaciones en la democracia y en la opinión pública en Argentina . Revista Mexicana De Opinión Pública, (35). https://doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.24484911e.2023.35.85516
↑ "Interim Report on South Sudan Internal Conflict – December 15, 2013 – March 15, 2014" (PDF). South Sudan Human Rights Commission. 2014-03-22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-11. Retrieved 2019-11-01.

[1] "GANHRI". Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2020-10-26.

[2] "OHCHR". OHCHR. Retrieved 2020-10-26.

[3] "National Human Rights Institutions". Archived from the original on 2010-11-08.

[4] =":4">"What are national human rights institutions? | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2017-09-10.

[5] =":4">"What are national human rights institutions? | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2017-09-10.

[6] "Paris Principles". National Human Rights Institutions Forum. Archived from the original on 2007-10-08.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)

[7] =":0">Smith, Anne (November 2006). "The Unique Position of National Human Rights Institutions: A Mixed Blessing?" (PDF). Human Rights Quarterly. 28 (4): 904–946. doi:10.1353/hrq.2006.0054. S2CID 201791953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2025-08-03.

[:0-8] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0

[9] "Paris Principles | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2017-09-10.

[10] "Paris Principles | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2017-09-08.

[11] =":1">"Human Rights Commission :: National human rights institutions". www.hrc.co.nz (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2017-09-10.

[12] =":0">Smith, Anne (November 2006). "The Unique Position of National Human Rights Institutions: A Mixed Blessing?" (PDF). Human Rights Quarterly. 28 (4): 904–946. doi:10.1353/hrq.2006.0054. S2CID 201791953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2025-08-03.

[:5-13] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5

[14] Stropparo, P. E. (2023). Pueblo desnudo y público movilizado por el poder: Vacancia del Defensor del Pueblo: algunas transformaciones en la democracia y en la opinión pública en Argentina . Revista Mexicana De Opinión Pública, (35). https://doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.24484911e.2023.35.85516

[SSHRC_report_2013_2014-15] "Interim Report on South Sudan Internal Conflict – December 15, 2013 – March 15, 2014" (PDF). South Sudan Human Rights Commission. 2014-03-22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-11. Retrieved 2019-11-01.

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