Cif Mkwawa
 Cif Mkwawa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Tanzaniya, 1855 |
| ƙasa | Tanzaniya |
| Mutuwa | Tanzaniya, 19 ga Yuli, 1898 |
| Yanayin mutuwa |
kisan kai (gunshot wound (en)  ) |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna |
Turanci Harshen Swahili Hehe (en) |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
traditional leader or chief (en) da ɗan siyasa |
| Wurin aiki |
German East Africa (en) da Iringa Region (en) |
Cif Mkwavinyika Munyigumba Mwamuyinga (c. 1855 - 19 Yuli 1898 [lower-alpha 1] ), wanda aka fi sani da Cif Mkwawa ko Sultan Mkwawa, shi ne shugaban kabilar Hehe a Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka, wanda ke zaune a Kalenga, yankin Iringa, wanda ke adawa da mulkin mallaka na Jamus. [4] Sunan "Mkwawa" ya samo asali ne daga Mukwava, gajeriyar nau'i na Mukwavinyika, ma'ana "mai cin nasara a ƙasashe da yawa".
Tun yana ƙarami ana kiransa Ndesalasi, ma'ana "mai tayar da hankali". Lokacin da yake girma ana kiransa Mtwa Mkwava Mkwavinyika Mahinya Yilimwiganga Mkali Kuvagosi Kuvadala Tage Matenengo Manwiwage Seguniwagula Gumganga, ma'ana: "Shugaban da ke kula da dazuzzuka, mai zalunci ga maza kuma mai ladabi ga mata, wanda ba shi da tabbas kuma ba za a iya jurewa ba, kuma shi ne kawai wanda ke da ikon kashewa."
Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An haifi Mkwawa a Luhota kuma shi ne ɗa kuma magajin Sultan Munyigumba, wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1879.
A cikin Yuli 1891, kwamishinan Jamus Emil von Zelewski ya jagoranci bataliyar sojoji ( saboda 320 tare da jami'ai da ƴan ɗora) don murkushe Hehe. A ranar 17 ga Agusta, sojoji 3,000 na Mkwawa suka kai musu hari a Lugalo, wanda duk da cewa an sa musu mashi da ƴan bindigu, cikin sauri suka ci Jamusawa suka kashe Zelewski.
A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1894, Jamusawa, ƙarƙashin sabon kwamishinan Kanar Freiherr Friedrich von Schele, sun kai hari ga sansanin Mkwawa a Kalenga. Duk da sun karbe katangar, Mkwawa ya yi nasarar tserewa. Daga bisani, Mkwawa ya gudanar da yakin neman zabe, inda ya tursasa Jamusawa har zuwa shekarar 1898, a ranar 19 ga watan Yuli, aka kewaye shi, ya harbe kansa, don gudun kada a kama shi a wurin da aka ajiye a Dutsen Mlambalasi . [5] An binne gawar Mkwawa a tazarar 'yan mitoci daga matsugunin dutsen. [5]
Dan uwansa Chambila, wanda aka ba wa suna (wato ma'anar "jarumi") saboda jarumtakarsa a fagen yaki, ya yi yaki tare da shi har zuwa numfashinsa na karshe. Mkwawa da ɗan'uwansa sun fito ne daga wani ɗan ƙaura daga Arewa mai suna Mufwimi, sunan gargajiya na ma'anar "mafarauci"
Kwanyar kai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayan mutuwarsa, sojojin Jamus sun cire kan Mkwawa. An aika da kwanyar zuwa Berlin kuma tabbas ya ƙare a cikin Übersee-Museum Bremen . A shekara ta 1918 mai kula da yankin gabashin Afirka na Birtaniya na lokacin Horace Byatt ya ba gwamnatinsa shawarar cewa ta bukaci a mayar da kokon kan Tanganyika domin samun lada ga wahehe bisa hadin gwiwar da suka yi da Birtaniya a lokacin yakin da kuma samun wata alama da ke tabbatar wa mazauna yankin karshen ikon Jamus. An tsara dawowar kwanyar a cikin Yarjejeniyar Versailles ta 1919:
ARTICLE 246. Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, ... Germany will hand over to His Britannic Majesty's Government the skull of the Sultan Mkwawa which was removed from the Protectorate of German East Africa and taken to Germany.
Jamusawa sun yi sabani cewa an cire kwanyar Mkwawa daga gabashin Afirka kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta dauki matakin cewa ba za a iya gano inda yake ba. Duk da haka, bayan yakin duniya na biyu gwamnan Tanganyika, Sir Edward Twining, ya sake ɗaukar batun. Bayan bincike an kai shi gidan kayan tarihi na Bremen wanda ya ziyarci kansa a cikin 1953. Gidan kayan tarihin yana da tarin kwanyar 2000, 84 daga cikinsu sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka. Ya jera wadanda suka nuna ma’auni irin na ‘yan uwan Cif Mkwawa da suka tsira; daga wannan zabin ya zabo kokon kan daya tilo mai ramin harsashi a matsayin kokon kan sarki Mkwawa. Daga karshe an dawo da kwanyar a ranar 9 ga Yuli 1954, kuma yanzu tana zaune a gidan tarihi na Mkwawa Memorial a Kalenga, kusa da garin Iringa .
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Bericht des Feldwebels Merkl, Barch R1001, 289
- ↑ Beck, Paul. "THE COLONIAL WARS OF IMPERIAL GERMANY". Savage Soldier Online. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ↑ "Makaua the freedom fighter". mkwawa.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2004. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ↑ Zane, Damian (28 June 2019). "Why is an African chief's skull mentioned in the Versailles Treaty?". BBC News.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Willoughby, Pamela R.; Biittner, Katie M.; Bushozi, Pastory M.; Miller, Jennifer M. (9 July 2019). "A German Rifle Casing and Chief Mkwawa of the Wahehe: the Colonial and Post-Colonial Significance of Mlambalasi Rockshelter, Iringa Region, Tanzania". Journal of African Archaeology. 17 (1): 23–35. doi:10.1163/21915784-20190004. ISSN 1612-1651.
Ƙara karatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Martin Baer, Olaf Schröter: Eine Kopfjagd. Deutsche in Ostafrika. Berlin 2001.
- Doebold, Holger: Schutztruppe Deutsch-Ostafrika.
- Nigmann, Ernst: Die Wahehe: Ihre Geschichte, Kult-, Rechts-, Kriegs- u. Jagd-Gebräuche. Berlin: Mittler 1908.
- Nigmann, Ernst: Geschichte der Kaiserlichen Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Ostafrika. Berlin: Mittler 1911.
- Patera, Herbert: Der weiße Herr Ohnefurcht: das Leben des Schutztruppenhaupmanns Tom von Prince. Berlin 1939.
- Prince, Tom von: Gegen Araber und Wahehe: Erinnerungen aus meiner ostafrikanischen Leutnantszeit 1890-1895. Berlin 1914.
- Redmayne, Alison Hope: The Wahehe people of Tanganyika. Oxford 1965.
- Redmayne, Alison: The Hehe. Tanzania Before 1900.
- Small wars & insurgencies. London: Taylor & Francis, ISSN 1743-9558, Online-Resource.
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