Cin hanci da rashawa
 Cin hanci da rashawa | |
|---|---|
elements of an offence (en)  , Wikibase reason for deprecated rank (en) da type of crime (en) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
coercion (en) , Vermögensdelikt (en) da Laifi |
| Bangare na |
Penal Code of Japan (en) |
| Babban tsarin rubutu |
Strafgesetzbuch (en) , penal code of South Korea (en) da Polish Penal Code (en) |
| Gudanarwan |
extortionist (en) da hostage taker (en) |
Cin hanci da rashawa shine aikin samun fa'ida (misali, kudi ko kayayyaki) ta hanyar tilasta. A mafi yawan hukunce-hukunce yana iya zama laifi. Fashi shine mafi sauki kuma mafi yawan nau'in cin hanci da rashawa, kodayake yin barazanar da ba ta da tushe don samun fa'idar kasuwanci mara adalci kuma wani nau'i ne na cin hanci. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]
A wasu lokuta ana kiran satar da “raket ɗin kariya” saboda ’yan fashin kan faɗin buƙatunsu a matsayin biyan kuɗi don “kariya” daga barazanar (na gaske ko ta zato) daga wasu ɓangarori da ba a fayyace su ba; ko da yake sau da yawa, kuma kusan ko da yaushe, irin wannan "kariya" shine kawai kaurace wa cutarwa daga ƙungiya ɗaya, kuma irin wannan yana cikin tayin "kariya". Ana yawan yin satar mutane ta hanyar shirya laifuka. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, a zahiri samun fa'idar ba a buƙata don aikata laifin ba, kuma yin barazanar tashin hankali wanda ke nufin biyan kuɗi ko kadara don dakatar da tashin hankali na gaba ya isa ya aikata laifin. Exaction ba wai kawai kwace ko nema da samun wani abu ta hanyar karfi ba, amma kuma a ma'anarsa na yau da kullun, yana nufin cutar da wani abu kamar zafi da wahala ko sanya wani ya jure wani abu mara dadi.
Ana amfani da kalmar cin hanci da rashawa a matsayin kwatanci don nuna riba ko Farashin farashi, kodayake babu wanda aka dauka a matsayin cin hanci. Hakanan ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don komawa ga yanayin yau da kullun inda mutum yake jin bashi ba tare da son rai ba, ga wani, don karɓar muhimmiyar sabis ko kauce wa sakamakon shari'a. Ba cin hanci da rashawa ko cin hanci na buƙatar barazanar aikata laifi ba, kamar tashin hankali, barazanar da aka yi amfani da ita don haifar da ayyuka, kudi, ko dukiya daga abin da ake cin hanci. Irin waɗannan barazanar sun haɗa da gabatar da rahotanni (gaskiya ko a'a) na halayyar aikata laifuka ga 'yan sanda, wahayi na abubuwan da suka lalace (kamar hotuna na abin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin matsayi mai sassauci), da dai sauransu.[1]
A cikin doka cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa, kamar sayar da ofishinsa mutum ko cinikin tasiri, [2] amma a cikin ƙamus na gabaɗaya kalmar yawanci tana kawo tunanin cin hanci ko kariya. Haɗin da ya dace tsakanin ma'anar cin hanci da rashawa na kalmar da sauran ma'anar shine cewa neman cin hanci a cikin ikon mutum shine zamba ko cin hanci (wato, "kana buƙatar samun damar wannan hanya, gwamnati ta ƙuntata samun damar ta hanyar ofina, kuma zan caje ku ba bisa ka'ida ba don irin wannan damar"). [3] Har ila yau, an san cin hanci da rashawa da shakedown, kuma a wasu lokuta.wuce gona da iri.
Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An rarrabe cin hanci da rashawa sata fashi. A cikin fashi, ko yana da makami ko a'a, mai laifi yana karɓar dukiya daga wanda aka azabtar ta hanyar amfani da karfi nan take ko tsoron cewa za a yi amfani da karfi Nan da nan. Cin hanci, wanda ba a iyakance shi ga karbar dukiya ba, ya haɗa da magana ko rubuce-rubuce na tsoro cewa wani abu zai faru da wanda aka azabtar idan ba su bi nufin mai cin hanci ba. Wani muhimmin bambanci shi ne cewa cin hanci da rashawa koyaushe yana da barazanar magana ko rubuce-rubuce, [1] yayin da fashi bazai kasance ba. A cikin dokar tarayya ta Amurka, ana iya yin cin hanci da rashawa tare da ko ba tare da amfani da karfi ba kuma tare da ko tare da amfani ga makami. Rashin bin ka'idojin cin hanci da rashawa da yawa ya zama "aikin cin hanci" a karkashin Sashe na 1961 na Dokar Tarayyar Tarayya da Kungiyoyin Cin Hanci da rashi, 18 USC
A cikin zamba, wanda koyaushe ya haɗa da cin hanci da rashawa, mai cin hanci yana barazanar bayyana bayanai game da wanda aka azabtar ko danginsu wanda zai iya zama abin kunya, lalacewar jama'a, ko kuma zargi sai dai idan an cika buƙatar kuɗi, dukiya, ko ayyuka.[4]
A Amurka, ana iya yin cin hanci da rashawa a matsayin Laifin tarayya a duk faɗin tsarin kwamfuta, waya, ta wasika, ko kuma ta amfani da kowane kayan aiki na Kasuwanci tsakanin jihohi. Cin hanci yana buƙatar mutum ya aika saƙon da yardar rai da sani a matsayin bangarorin aikata laifuka. Dole ne a aika saƙon ne kawai (amma ba lallai bane ya kai ga mai karɓa) don aikata laifin cin hanci da rashawa.
Ƙasar Ingila
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ingila da Wales
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Ingila da Wales cinye dukiya da kudi ta hanyar tilasta shine laifin zamba wanda ke rufe duk wani "bukatar da ba ta da tushe tare da barazana" gami da barazanar jiki. Dubi sashi na 21 na Dokar sata ta 1916 tare da sashe na 29 da 30 na Dokar Fitarwa ta 1916. Wata kungiya ta mutane na iya yin makirci.
Scotland
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cin hanci da rashawa laifi ne na doka a Scotland na amfani da barazanar cutarwa don neman kudi, dukiya ko wasu fa'idodi daga wani mutum. Ba kome ba ne ko bukatar kanta ta halatta (kamar kudi da ake bin) kamar yadda har yanzu ana iya aikata laifin lokacin da ake amfani da barazanar cutarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Shari'o'i
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, an kama Anthony Digati a kan tuhumar tarayya ta cin hanci da rashawa ta hanyar sadarwa tsakanin jihohi. Digati ya sanya $ 50,000 a cikin manufofin inshora na rayuwa mai canzawa ta Kamfanin Inshora na Rayuwa na New York kuma yana son dawowar $ 198,303.88. Lokacin da kamfanin bai bi ba, ya yi barazanar aika imel ɗin spam miliyan shida. Ya yi rajistar wani yanki a watan Fabrairun 2008 wanda ya ƙunshi sunan New York Life a cikin URL don nuna maganganun jama'a na ƙarya game da kamfanin kuma ya kara bukatarsa zuwa dala miliyan 3.[5] A cewar masu gabatar da kara, manufar Digati ba don sanar da ko ilimantarwa ba ne amma yana so ya "ƙazantar da sunan New York Life kuma ya kashe kamfanin miliyoyin daloli a cikin kudaden shiga, ".[6] New York Life ta tuntubi Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya kuma an kama Digati.
A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2011, 'yan sanda na Spain sun kama wani mutum wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi wa Nintendo barazana game da bayanan abokin ciniki da ya sace. Mutumin ya sace bayanan sirri game da masu amfani 4,000 kuma ya aika da Nintendo Ibérica, ƙungiyar Mutanen Espanya ta Nintendo, kuma ya zargi kamfanin da sakaci. Ya yi barazanar kamfanin cewa zai gabatar da bayanan ga jama'a kuma ya koka wa Hukumar Bayanai ta Spain idan ba a cika bukatun sa ba. Bayan da Nintendo ta yi watsi da bukatun sa, sai ya buga wasu bayanai a wani dandalin Intanet. Nintendo ta sanar da hukumomi kuma an kama mutumin a Málaga. Ba a bayyana wani bayani game da abin da mutumin ya bukaci daga Nintendo ba.[7]
A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2019, Jeffrey P. Bezos, mai mallakar Amazon da The Washington Post kuma a halin yanzu daya daga cikin masu arziki a duniya, ya zargi National Enquirer da kamfanin iyayensa American Media, Inc., da ƙoƙarin karkatar da shi ta hanyar barazanar bayyana hotunansa tsirara sai dai idan ya bayyana a fili cewa " wani ilmi ko tushe don ba da shawarar cewa AMI ta motsa siyasa ko rinjayi ta siyasa" Wannan barazanar ta kasance a matsayin martani ga Bezos yana binciken tabloid don buga cikakkun bayanai game da dangantakarsa da Lauren Sanchez ya sanar da shekarar 9 Janairu.[has] Bezos ya ki kuma ya sanya barazanar a kan Medium.[8]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lindgren, James (April 1984). "Unraveling the Paradox of Blackmail". Columbia Law Review. 84 (3): 670–717. doi:10.2307/1122502. JSTOR 1122502. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Lindgren1984" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Extortion". Investopedia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-05.
- ↑ "Extortion - Essential Elements and the Broader Reach of RICO". Stimmel Law.
- ↑ Posner, Richard A. (1992). "Blackmail, Privacy, and Freedom of Contract". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 141 (5): 1817–1847. doi:10.2307/3312575. JSTOR 3312575.
- ↑ "Alleged Cyber-Extortionist Indicted: Feds Say Anthony Digati Tried To Chill, Defame Business On Internet To Extract $200,000 In Bizarre Social-Networking Plot". Patrickpretty.com. 2010-04-22. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
- ↑ Gendar, Alison (2010-03-08). "Anthony Digati arrested for allegedly threatening New York Life with email spam attack". NY Daily News. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
- ↑ Woollacott, Emma (2011-02-15). "Police arrest man over Nintendo extortion". TG Daily. Archived from the original on 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
- ↑ Bezos, Jeffrey (2019-02-07). "No thank you, Mr. Pecker". Medium. Retrieved 2019-02-08.