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Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentCin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya

Iri yaƙi
Bangare na French colonial empire (en) Fassara
Kwanan watan 1830 –  1847
Wuri Regency of Algiers (en) Fassara
Participant (en) Fassara

Mamaye Faransawa na Aljeriya ( French ;Conquête de l'Algérie par la France Arabic: الغزو الفرنسي للجزائر) ya faru tsakanin 1830 zuwa 1903. A cikin 1827, gardama tsakanin Hussein Dey, mai mulkin Algiers, da karamin jakadan Faransa ya rikide zuwa wani shinge, bayan da Masarautar Yuli na Faransa ta mamaye Algiers da sauri a 1830, kuma ta kame wasu al'ummomin bakin teku. A cikin rikicin siyasa na cikin gida a Faransa, an sha tsai da shawarar ci gaba da rike ikon yankin, kuma an kawo karin dakarun soji a cikin shekaru masu zuwa domin dakile turjiya a cikin kasar.

Da farko dai, an raba gwarzawar Aljeriya tsakanin dakarun Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif a Constantine, inda suke neman maido da mulkin Algiers, musamman a gabas, da dakarun kishin kasa a yamma da tsakiya. Yarjejeniya da 'yan kishin kasa karkashin sarki Abdelkader ya baiwa Faransa damar fara mayar da hankali kan kawar da ragowar Deylik, da aka cimma tare da Siege na Constantine a 1837 . Abd Al-Qādir ya ci gaba da ba da tsayin daka a yamma. Daga karshe dai an kai shi cikin kasar Maroko a shekara ta 1842, ta hanyar manya-manyan matakan soja na Faransa, ya ci gaba da kaddamar da yakin neman zabe har sai da gwamnatin Moroko karkashin matsin lamba na diflomasiyya na Faransa bayan shan kaye a yakin Franco-Morocca, ta kai masa hari tare da fitar da shi daga kasar Maroko. Ya mika wuya ga sojojin Faransa a 1847. Wasu gwamnatoci da masana sun dauki mamayar da Faransa ta yi wa Aljeriya a matsayin kisan kare dangi . [1] [2]

Fage

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Beyliks (lardunan) na Algiers. Dar-es-Soltan shine bangaren da Dey ke sarrafa shi kai tsaye.

Hukumomin Algiers ne ke kula da yankunan bakin teku da tsaunuka na Aljeriya . The Regency (ko Deylik), yayin da sunan wani ɓangare na Daular Usmaniyya, ya yi aiki ba tare da iznin Sultan Ottoman ba. dey ya yi mulki gabaɗaya, amma yana gudanar da iko kai tsaye a ciki da wajen Algiers, tare da Beyliks ( Gwamnoni ) da aka kafa a Yamma, Tsakiya, da Gabashin ƙasar. Ragowar yankin (ciki har da da yawa na cikin gida), yayin da Algiers ke mulkin mallaka, yana ƙarƙashin ikon shugabannin Berber na gida da na Larabawa, waɗanda yawanci sukan yi aiki a matsayin vassals ga Dey, kodayake ba koyaushe ba. A arewacin Saharar wasu masarautu na oasis irin su Sultanate of Tuggurt suna karkashin kulawar Masarautar. Yankin sahara na ciki Dey ne kawai ke da'awar, yayin da a hakikanin gaskiya kawancen kabilanci ne ke sarrafa su gaba daya, da kananan masarautu irin na Kel Aggar . An tallafa wa Dey, ko kuma a wasu lokuta Janissaries na Odjak na Algiers ke sarrafa su, kodayake ikonsu yana da iyaka sosai bayan 1817. Sultanate of Morocco sannan kuma daga gabas ta Beylik na Tunis . Iyakar yamma, Tafna [fr] Kogin, ya kasance mai raɗaɗi musamman tun da akwai alaƙar ƙabilanci waɗanda suka ƙetare shi.

Regency na Algiers na daya daga cikin manyan sansanonin ' yan fashin teku na Barbary da Barbary Slave Traders wadanda suka kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Kirista da matsugunan bakin teku a Bahar Rum da Arewacin Atlantic . Kamar sauran yankunan Barbary Coast, Masarautar Algiers ta rayu daga cinikin bayi ko kayan da aka kama daga Turai, Amurka da Afirka . Kasashen turai sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a Algiers a lokuta daban-daban domin ramuwar gayya sannan Amurka ta fara yakin Barbary domin kawo karshen keɓantawar da Aljeriya ke yi kan safarar kiristoci.

An fara cin nasarar Aljeriya a cikin kwanaki na ƙarshe na Maido da Bourbon da Charles X na Faransa ya yi. Yana da nufin kawo ƙarshen zaman jama'a na Barbary da kuma ƙara farin jinin sarki a tsakanin mutanen Faransa, musamman a birnin Paris, inda da yawa daga cikin tsoffin sojojin Napoleon suka rayu. Kasuwancin bayi na Aljeriya da fashin teku sun daina kai tsaye bayan da Faransa ta mamaye Algiers.

Fan Al'amarin

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A cikin 1795-96, Jamhuriyar Faransa ta ba da kwangilar siyan alkama ga sojojin Faransa daga wasu 'yan kasuwa biyu na Yahudawa a Algiers. 'Yan kasuwan, wadanda ke da basussuka ga Hussein Dey, Dey na Algiers, sun yi ikirarin rashin iya biyan wadannan basukan har sai Faransa ta biya musu basussukan. Ba a yi nasara ba dey ya yi shawarwari tare da Pierre Deval, karamin jakadan Faransa, don gyara wannan lamarin, kuma ya zargi Deval da hada kai da 'yan kasuwa a kan shi, musamman ma da gwamnatin Faransa ba ta yi tanadin biyan 'yan kasuwar ba a 1820. Dan uwan Deval Alexandre, karamin jakada a Bône, ya kara fusata dey ta hanyar karfafa rumbunan adana kayayyakin Faransa a Bône da La Calle duk da yarjejeniyar da aka kulla a baya. [ 24 ] Duk da yake an danganta basusukan da ba a biya ba a matsayin ainihin dalilin Fan Affair, David Todd yayi jayayya a cikin A Velvet Empire: Faransanci na Informal Imperialism a cikin karni na sha tara cewa dalilin da ya sa aka yi rikici shi ne ƙoƙarin Faransa don ƙarfafa wani ɗakin ajiyar da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a baya a La Calle, a cikin ƙoƙari na juya La Calle da kuma yankin Faransanci a cikin wani yanki na Faransa. basussuka sun taso a matsayin damuwa ta biyu.

“Al’amarin Masoya”, wanda ya kai ga mamayewa.

Bayan wani taro mai cike da cece-kuce a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1827 inda Deval ya ki bayar da gamsassun amsoshi, sai ya bugi Deval da whisk dinsa (wanda ake kira fan ). Charles X ya yi amfani da wannan kadan a kan wakilinsa na diflomasiyya don fara neman gafara daga dey, sannan kuma ya kaddamar da wani shingen shinge a tashar jiragen ruwa na Algiers. Wannan katangar dai ta dauki tsawon shekaru uku ana yi, kuma ta kasance babban illa ga 'yan kasuwan Faransa da suka kasa yin kasuwanci da Algiers, yayin da 'yan fashin teku na Barbary suka samu damar kaucewa katangar. Lokacin da Faransa a cikin 1829 ta aika da jakada zuwa dey tare da shawarwarin shawarwari, ya amsa da wuta mai ƙarfi da aka kai ga ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa da ke rufe. Sai Faransawa suka yanke shawarar cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki mai ƙarfi.

Bayan gazawar ziyarar jakadan, Charles ya nada a matsayin Firayim Minista Jules, Prince de Polignac, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Wannan ya harzuka 'yan adawar Faransa masu sassaucin ra'ayi, wadanda suka sami rinjaye a majalisar wakilai . Polignac ya bude tattaunawa da Muhammad Ali na Masar don raba kan Arewacin Afirka. Ali, ko da yake shi ne mai mulkin Ottoman, amma a ƙarshe ya ƙi wannan ra'ayin. Yayin da ra'ayin jama'a ya ci gaba da tashi a kan Polignac da Sarki, sun yanke shawarar cewa nasarar manufofin kasashen waje kamar kama Algiers zai sake mayar da ra'ayi a gare su. [ 27 ]

Mamaye Algiers

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A Sidi-Ferruch na Pierre-Julien Gilbert .
Harin Admiral Duperré a lokacin daukar Algiers a 1830.
Ornate Ottoman cannon, tsawon: 385cm, cal: 178mm, nauyi: 2910, dutse projectile, wanda aka kafa 8 Oktoba 1581 a Algiers, Faransa ta kwace a Algiers a 1830. Musée de l'Armée, Paris.

Admiral Duperré ya karɓi umarni[ana buƙatar hujja]A cikin Toulon na armada na sannan ya nufi Algiers. Bayan wani shiri na mamaye kasar Aljeriya wanda Manjo Boutin a karkashin Napoleon ya kirkira a shekarar 1808, Janar de Bourmont daga nan ya samu sojoji 34,000 27 kilometres (17 mi) yammacin Algiers, a Sidi Ferruch, a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1830. Don fuskantar Faransawa, sojojin sun aika da janisary 7,000, dakaru 19,000 daga beys na Constantine da Oran, da kuma Kabyles kusan 17,000. [ 28 ] Faransawa sun kafa babban bakin rairayin bakin teku kuma sun tura zuwa Algiers, godiya a wani bangare ga manyan manyan bindigogi da mafi kyawun tsari. A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni Faransa ta fatattaki sojojin dey a yakin Staouéli, kuma sun shiga Algiers a ranar 5 ga Yuli bayan yakin neman zabe na makonni uku. [ 29 ] dey ya amince da musaya don samun 'yancinsa da tayin ci gaba da mallakar dukiyarsa. Bayan kwana biyar, ya tafi gudun hijira a Naples tare da iyalinsa. Jami'an tsaron Turkiyya ma sun bar yankin, inda suka tafi Turkiyya. Tafiyar dey ta ƙare shekaru 313 na mulkin Ottoman na ƙasar.

Yayin da rundunar Faransa ta yarda da sunan kare ’yanci, kadarori, da ’yancin addini na mazauna, nan da nan sojojin Faransa suka fara washe garin, kamawa da kashe mutane saboda dalilai na son rai, kwace dukiya, da kuma wulakanta wuraren addini. Ya zuwa tsakiyar watan Agusta, an kori ragowar hukumomin Turkiyya na karshe ba tare da wata damar tashe wasu muhimman kadarori ba. Wani kiyasi ya nuna cewa an karkatar da kadarorin sama da miliyan hamsin zuwa hannun masu zaman kansu a lokacin da ake wawure. [ 31 ] Wannan aiki ya yi tasiri sosai kan dangantakar da ke gaba tsakanin Faransawa mamaya da 'yan asalin ƙasar. A shekara ta 1833 wani kwamitin Faransa ya rubuta cewa "mun aika da mutuwarsu a kan zato mai sauƙi kuma ba tare da shari'a ba, mutanen da laifinsu yana da shakku a ko da yaushe ... mun kashe mutanen da ke dauke da halayen tsaro ... mun wuce dabbanci na barasa". [3] Korar Turkawa ta haifar da rashin wutar lantarki a wasu muhimman sassa na yankin, inda nan da nan aka samu turjiya ga mamayar Faransa. [ 32 ]

Labarin kama Algiers da kyar ya isa birnin Paris lokacin da aka kori Charles X a cikin Ranaku Masu Girma Uku na Yuli 1830, kuma an nada dan uwansa Louis-Philippe, "Sarkin ɗan ƙasa", don ya jagoranci tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki . Sabuwar gwamnatin da ta kunshi 'yan adawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi na balaguron Algiers, ba ta son ci gaba da mamayewar da tsohuwar gwamnatin ta fara. Duk da haka, nasarar ta kasance sananne sosai, kuma sabuwar gwamnatin Louis-Philippe kawai ta janye wani ɓangare na sojojin mamayewa. Janar Bourmont, wanda ya aika da sojoji su mamaye Bône da Oran, ya janye su daga waɗannan wuraren tare da ra'ayin komawa Faransa don mayar da Charles kan karaga. Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa sojojinsa ba su goyi bayan wannan yunƙurin ba, sai ya yi murabus ya tafi gudun hijira a Spain. Louis-Philippe ya maye gurbinsa da Bertrand Clauzel a cikin Satumba 1830.

Bey na Titteri, wanda ya halarci yakin a Staouéli, yayi ƙoƙari ya daidaita adawa da Faransanci tare da beys na Oran da Constantine, amma sun kasa yarda da jagoranci. Clauzel a watan Nuwamba ya jagoranci rukunin Faransanci na 8,000 zuwa Médéa, babban birnin Titteri, inda ya yi asarar maza 200 a arangama. Bayan ya bar maza 500 a Blida ya mamaye Médéa ba tare da juriya ba, kamar yadda bey ya ja da baya.

Faɗaɗɗen bayani

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Taswirar shekarar 1877 na sassan Faransa guda uku: Alger, Oran da Constantine
Taswirar ci gaban mamayar Faransa daga 1830 zuwa 1962

Clauzel ya kafa tsarin mulki na farar hula a Algiers, inda ya fara ɗaukar ma'aikatan gida waɗanda aka fi sani da "zouaves" domin tallafa wa rundunar Faransa, da nufin kafa cikakken tsarin mulkin mallaka. Shi da wasu suka kafa kamfani domin mallakar ƙasa don noma tare da karfafa zaman manoma 'yan Turai, wanda hakan ya janyo wata irin fafutuka wajen kwace ƙasa. Clauzel ya fahimci damar noma da ke cikin Filayen Mitidja, inda ya yi hangen samar da auduga a babban sikeli. A lokacin mulkinsa na biyu a matsayin gwamnan janar (1835–36), ya yi amfani da mukaminsa wajen saka hannun jari a ƙasa tare da karfafa hafsoshi da jami’an gwamnati da su ma su zuba jari. Wannan ci gaba ya janyo masu ruwa da tsaki cikin gwamnati su nuna goyon baya ga ƙarin shiga cikin harkokin Algeria. Haka kuma, masu kasuwanci masu tasiri a gwamnati sun fara fahimtar riba mai yawa da ke cikin siyan ƙasa mai rahusa da fadada yanki na mamayar Faransa. A cikin shekaru goma, suka kafa manyan gonaki, suka gina masana'antu da kasuwanci, tare da amfani da ƙwadago mai rahusa daga mutanen yankin.

Clauzel ya kuma yi ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa tasirin Faransa zuwa Oran da Constantine ta hanyar yin shawarwari da sarkin Tunis domin ya samar da shugabanni na gida da za su yi aiki ƙarƙashin Faransa. Sarkin ya ƙi, ganin rashin dacewar tsarin. Ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa ta soki tattaunawar da Clauzel ya yi da Maroko kan kafa sarkin Maroko a Oran, sannan a farkon 1831 aka sauke shi aka maye gurbinsa da Baron Berthezène.

Berthezène ba shi da ƙarfi wajen tafiyar da mulki kuma ya nuna adawa da tsarin mulkin mallaka. Mafi muni cikin gazawar da ya fuskanta a fannin soji ya kasance ne lokacin da aka tura shi ya taimaki sarkin Médéa, wanda goyon bayansa ga Faransa da cin hancinsa ya janyo ƙiyayya daga jama'ar garin. A watan Yuni 1831, Berthezène ya jagoranci sojoji zuwa Médéa don ceto sarkin da sansanin Faransa. Yayin dawowa Algiers, sojojin sun fuskanci hare-hare daga masu adawa da su a Kabyle, har aka tilasta musu janyewa cikin firgici wanda Berthezène ya kasa shawo kansa. Mutanen da Faransa ta rasa a wannan janyewa sun kai kusan 300, kuma wannan nasara ta ƙarfafa ƙarfin gwiwar masu adawa, inda suka fara kai hari kan garuruwan mulkin mallaka. Wadanda ke da muradin ci gaban harkokin kasuwanci sun fara buƙatar shugaba mai ƙarfi, wanda Louis-Philippe ya kawo a ƙarshen 1831 ta hanyar naɗa Savary, Duke Rovigo.

Rovigo ya sake karɓar ikon garuruwan Bône da Bougie (wanda ake kira Béjaïa a yau), garuruwan da Clauzel ya kama amma ya rasa sakamakon juriya daga mutanen Kabyle. Ya ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofin mulkin mallaka da kwace kadarorin. Ya yi amfani da karfin soja wajen danne masu adawa a Algiers, inda aka mamaye unguwanni da dakarun soja. An kira shi gida a 1833 saboda munin zaluncin da ya yi, aka maye gurbinsa da Baron Voirol. Voirol ya tabbatar da mamayar Faransa a Oran, yayin da wani janar na Faransa, Louis Alexis Desmichels, ya samu ikon gudanarwa da ya ba shi damar karɓar ikon Arzew da Mostaganem.

A ranar 22 ga Yuni 1834, Faransa ta sanar da haɗa yankunan da ta mamaye a Algeria a matsayin wata ƙoloniya ta soja. Ana gudanar da ƙoloniyar ne ƙarƙashin jagoran soja da ke da ikon farar hula da na soja gaba ɗaya, ciki har da fitar da dokoki. Ikonsa na zahiri ya kasance ne a yankunan bakin teku, amma yadda Faransa ke ci gaba da faɗaɗa mamayarta ya janyo ci gaba da ƙin yarda daga jama'ar ƙasar. A hukumance an daina manufar “iyakar mamaya” a 1840, aka rungumi manufofin cikakken iko. A 1834, aka sauke Voirol aka naɗa Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d’Erlon, a matsayin gwamnan farko na ƙoloniyar, inda aka ba shi aikin tinkarar barazanar `Abd al-Qādir da kuma cigaba da gazawar Faransa wajen cin galaba kan Ahmed Bey, mai mulkin Constantine.

Ƙananan Tsayayya na Aljeriya (1830s)

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Blida

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A Yaƙin Blida na Farko, sojojin Berber-Algeriya karkashin jagorancin Mohamed Ben Zaamoum sun ci sojojin Faransa da ƙaramin asara.[4] Aljeriya sun yi kwanton bauna ga sojojin Faransa ta hanyar dabara, waɗanda suka fara maraba da su kuma suka kai musu hari daga dutse, cikin bazata da ƙarfi, jim kaɗan bayan haka.[5]

A Yaƙin Blida na Biyu, ta hanyar kwanton bauna, sojojin Aljeriya sun sa Faransa ta ja da baya. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe biyu a shekarar 1830 kuma Faransa ta iya mamaye Blida ne kawai a shekarar 1839.[4]

Béjaïa

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Béjaia ta fuskanci rikice-rikice akai-akai da Faransa har zuwa lokacin da aka mamaye ta. Bayan faduwar Dey, kabilun Mézzaïa suka karbe birnin. A shekarar 1831 sun ci nasara a kan wani ɗan ƙaramin balaguron Faransa a kansu. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1833 Faransa ta mamaye birnin da ƙaramin asara, daga sojojin Kabyle da Kouloughli. Kabyles na Aljeriya sun yi ƙoƙarin sake mamaye birnin a shekarar 1835, amma suka gaza a kan masu kare Faransa da suka fi kayan aiki.[6]

Mitidja

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A shekarar 1834 Faransa, a karkashin jagorancin Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg, sun kai hari birnin Hadjout. Masu tsayayya sun yi amfani da dabarun yaƙin 'yan tawaye, amma an murƙushe su a watan Agusta 1835. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1837, Faransa ta ci gaba da yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan tsayayyar Aljeriya a filayen Mitidja. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, Faransa ta gamu da tsayayyar Aljeriya a filayen Mitidja, kuma suka tura zuwa birnin Larbaa, wanda, a lokacin, har yanzu yana karkashin mulkin kabilun Aljeriya. An mamaye birnin kwanaki biyu bayan haka.[7]

Zwawas

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Main article: Farmakin Reghaïa (1837)
See also: Balaguron Col des Beni Aïcha, Yaƙin Farko na Boudouaou, Yaƙin Farko na Issers, Yaƙin Col des Beni Aïcha (1846), Yaƙin Col des Beni Aïcha, and Yaƙin Alma (Algeria)

A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1837, Kabyles daga yankunan Col des Beni Aïcha, Issers da Amraoua sun kai hari gidan gonar Mercier na Reghaïa karkashin mulkin Faransa. Wannan ya sa Faransa ta fara kai hari kan Zwawa Kabyles, da kuma Kabyles na Isser. A ranar 17 ga Mayu Faransa ta kori Zwawas daga Thénia. A halin yanzu, kabilun Isser da Amraoua sun yi kwanton bauna ga Faransa, amma an kore su da sauri. A ranakun 18 da 19 ga Mayu rukunin sojojin Faransa na 2nd Light Infantry sun ci 'yan daruruwan masu kare Aljeriya a Béni Aïcha. Faransa ta rasa sojoji uku, yayin da Aljeriya suka rasa 18. A ranar guda, 'yan daruruwan Kabyles sun yi ƙoƙarin yin kwanton bauna ga sojojin Faransa, amma an ci su da sauƙi, inda suka yi asara mai yawa.[8]

Hawani Abdelkader

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Main article: Emir Abdelkader

An haifi Emir Abdelkader, wanda aka fi sani da Abdelkader Ibn Muhieddine Ibn Mostapha Ibn Mohamed Ibn Mokhtar El-Hasani El-Djezairi (Larabci: عبد القادر ابن محيي الدين ابن مصطفى ابن محمد ابن المختار الحساني الجزائري )[9] a watan Mayu 1807, a lardin Oran na Aljeriya.[10] Kasancewar ɗan wani malamin addini kuma Marabout, an haifi Abdelkader a cikin iyali mai arziki da addini kuma don haka shi ma ya sami nau'ikan ilimi daban-daban. An yi masa karatu a fannin ilimin addinin Islama, Alkur'ani, da kuma littattafan Girka da Larabci kan tarihi na da da na zamani, falsafa, ilimin harshe, taurari, ilimin kasa, da magani.[11] A lokacin da yake da shekaru 14, Abdelkader ya sami taken Hafiz, kuma yana aiki a masallacin iyali inda yake bayani game da surorin Alkur'ani.[11] A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, a 1825, Abdelkader da mahaifinsa sun yi aikin Hajj. Bayan sun kammala aikin hajjinsu zuwa Makka, sun yi tafiya zuwa Dimashƙu, inda suka yi karatu na tsawon watanni kaɗan. Bayan wannan zama, sun sake yin wani aikin hajjin zuwa Baghdad. Kafin su dawo gida a 1828, sun sake yin aikin Hajj sau ɗaya.[11]

Muhieddine, mahaifin Abdelkader kuma shugaban wata ƙungiyar addini, wanda ya yi lokaci a gidajen yarin Dey saboda adawa da mulkin Dey,[12] ya kai hare-hare kan Faransa da kawayensu na makhzen a Oran a 1832. A wannan shekarar, dattawan kabilu a yankunan kusa da Mascara sun zaɓi ɗan Muhieddine, Abdelkader mai shekaru ashirin da biyar, don ya maye gurbinsa wajen jagorantar jihad. Daga nan sai ɗan majalisa Alexis de Tocqueville ya bayyana hawan Abdelkader kan mulki a cikin wasiƙarsa ta 1837 game da Aljeriya[13] kamar haka:

A yammacin lardin Algiers, kusa da iyakokin daular Morocco, an daɗe da kafa wani sanannen iyali na marabout. Sun fito daga Annabi Muhammad da kansa, kuma ana girmama sunansu a duk faɗin mulkin. A lokacin da Faransa ta karbe ikon ƙasar, shugaban wannan iyali wani tsoho ne mai suna Mahiddin. Baya ga darajar haihuwa, Mahiddin ya ƙara samun fa'idar kasancewa a Makka da kuma adawa da cin zarafin Turkawa na dogon lokaci da ƙarfi. Tsarkinsa yana da matuƙar daraja kuma ƙwarewarsa sananniya ce. Lokacin da kabilun da ke kewaye suka fara jin rashin jin daɗi mai ban tsoro da rashin iko ke haifarwa ga mutane, sai suka zo wurin Mahiddin kuma suka ba shi shawarar ya karbe harkokin su. Tsohon ya tattara su duka a wani babban fili; a nan ya gaya musu cewa a wannan shekarun su ya kamata su damu da sama ba ƙasa ba, cewa ya ƙi tayinsu, amma ya roƙe su da su jinkirta zaɓen su ga ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan 'ya'yansa, wanda ya nuna musu. Ya lissafa dalla-dalla taken wannan don mulkin 'yan uwansa: tsoron Allahnsa na farko, aikin hajjinsa zuwa wurare masu tsarki, zuriyarsa daga Annabi; ya bayyana alamomi da yawa masu ban mamaki waɗanda sama ta yi amfani da su don zaɓe shi a tsakanin 'yan uwansa, kuma ya tabbata cewa duk annabce-annabcen da suka gabata waɗanda suka sanar da mai ceton Larabawa a bayyane sun shafi shi. Kabilun sun bayyana da yarda ɗan Mahiddin emir-el-mouminin, wato shugaban muminai.

Wannan matashi, wanda a lokacin yana da shekaru ashirin da biyar kuma ba shi da kyakykyawan kamanni, an sanya masa suna Abd-el-Kader. [14]

Abdelkader, wanda aka sani a matsayin Amir al-Muminin (kwamandan muminai), cikin sauri ya sami goyon bayan kabilu a yankunan yamma. A 1834 ya ƙulla yarjejeniya da Janar Desmichels, wanda a lokacin shi ne kwamandan soja na lardin Oran.[15] A cikin yarjejeniyar, wacce gwamnatin Faransa ta karɓa da ƙyar, Faransa ta amince da Abdelkader a matsayin mai mulkin yankuna a lardin Oran waɗanda ba a ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa ba, kuma ta ba Abdelkader izinin tura jakadu zuwa biranen da Faransa ke riƙe da su. Yarjejeniyar ba ta buƙaci Abdelkader ya amince da mulkin Faransa ba, wani abu da aka yi watsi da shi a cikin rubutun Faransa. Abdelkader ya yi amfani da zaman lafiyar da wannan yarjejeniyar ta bayar don faɗaɗa tasirinsa tare da kabilu a duk faɗin yammacin da tsakiyar Aljeriya.

Yayin da d'Erlon da alama bai san haɗarin da ayyukan Abdelkader ke haifarwa ba, Janar Camille Alphonse Trézel, wanda a lokacin yana jagorantar Oran, ya ga hakan, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin raba wasu kabilu daga Abdelkader. Lokacin da ya yi nasarar shawo kan kabilu biyu kusa da Oran su amince da rinjayen Faransa, Abdelkader ya tura sojoji don motsa waɗannan kabilu zuwa cikin ƙasa, nesa da tasirin Faransa. Trézel ya mayar da martani ta hanyar fitar da rukunin sojoji daga Oran don kare yankin waɗannan kabilu a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1835. Bayan musayar barazana, Abdelkader ya janye jakadansa daga Oran kuma ya kori jakadan Faransa daga Mascara, wani de facto bayyanar yaƙi. Sojojin biyu sun yi arangama a cikin wani gwagwarmaya mai zubar da jini amma ba a yanke hukunci ba kusa da Kogin Sig. Duk da haka, lokacin da Faransawa, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kayan abinci, suka fara janyewa zuwa Arzew, Abdelkader ya jagoranci maza 20,000 a kan rukunin da aka yi wa kawanya, kuma a Yaƙin Macta ya fatattaki ƙarfin, inda ya kashe maza 500. Bala'in ya haifar da kiran Comte d'Erlon.[16]

An nada Janar Clausel a karo na biyu don maye gurbin d'Erlon. Ya jagoranci wani hari kan Mascara a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, wanda Abdelkader, tare da gargadin gaba, ya kwashe. A watan Janairu 1836 Clausel ya mamaye Tlemcen, kuma ya kafa sansanin soja a wurin kafin ya koma Algiers don shirya wani hari kan Constantine. Abdelkader ya ci gaba da tsokanar Faransawa a Tlemcen, don haka an tura ƙarin sojoji a ƙarƙashin Thomas Robert Bugeaud, wani tsohon soja na Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon wanda ya kware a yaƙe-yaƙe marasa ka'ida, daga Oran don tabbatar da iko har zuwa Kogin Tafna da kuma sake ba da kayan masarufi ga sansanin soja. Abdelkader ya ja da baya a gaban Bugeaud, amma ya yanke shawarar yin tsayayya a gabar Kogin Sikkak. A ranar 6 ga Yuli 1836, Bugeaud ya ci nasara a kan Abdelkader a Yaƙin Sikkak, inda ya rasa maza ƙasa da hamsin yayin da Abdelkader ya sha asarar fiye da 1,000. Yaƙin yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan na yaƙe-yaƙe na yau da kullun da Abdelkader ya shiga; bayan wannan shan kashi ya taƙaita ayyukansa gwargwadon yiwuwar kai hare-hare na salon 'yan tawaye.[17]

Constantine

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yaƙin Constantine a watan Nuwamba 1836 Ahmed Bey ya ci gaba da bijirewa duk wani yunƙuri na Faransawa ko wasu na yi wa Constantine mulkin mallaka, ya kuma ci gaba da taka rawa wajen adawa da mulkin Faransa, a wani ɓangare saboda yana fatan ya zama Dey na gaba. Clausel da Ahmed sun yi takun-saka ta fuskar diflomasiyya kan kin amincewar Ahmed na amincewa da ikon Faransa a kan Bône, wanda ya dauka har yanzu yankin Aljeriya ne, kuma Clausel ya yanke shawarar yin adawa da shi. A watan Nuwamba 1836 Clausel ya jagoranci mutane 8,700 zuwa cikin Constantine beylik, amma aka kore shi a yakin Constantine; gazawar ta haifar da kiran Clausel. Comte de Damrémont ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya jagoranci wani balaguro wanda ya kama Constantine a shekara mai zuwa, kodayake an kashe shi a lokacin da aka kewaye shi kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Sylvain Charles, comte Valée.

Sake Farkon Gwagwarmayar Abd Al-Qādir

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Main article: Zaman lafiya na Aljeriya
See also: Tafiyar Col des Beni Aïcha
Yakin Mazagran a shekarar 1840
Yakin Sidi Brahim a shekarar 1845

A watan Mayu na 1837, Janar Thomas Robert Bugeaud, wanda yake shugabantar Oran a wancan lokacin, ya cimma yarjejeniya da Abd al-Qādir wacce aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Tafna, inda ya amince da ikon Abd al-Qādir akan yawancin yankunan cikin gida na abin da yanzu ake kira Aljeriya. Abd al-Qādir ya yi amfani da wannan yarjejeniya wajen karfafa mulkinsa akan kabilu daban-daban, inda ya kafa sabbin garuruwa a wuraren da Faransawa ba su da iko. Ya karfafa mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa su yi gwagwarmaya ta lumana da ta soja. Sabani tsakanin kabilu da kungiyoyin addini da suka raba kasar kafin mamayar Faransa sun warware a ƙarƙashin tsarin sa, inda ya raba yankunan da yake iko da su zuwa larduna, kowanne yana da ikon kare kansa da sojojinsa.

A kokarinsa na sake tinkarar Faransawa, Abd al-Qādir ya ayyana cewa yarjejeniyar ta ba shi iko akan babban hanyar da ke tsakanin Algiers da Constantine. A ƙarshen shekarar 1839, lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka bi ta hanyar tsaunuka da aka fi sani da Iron Gates, Abd al-Qādir ya bayyana hakan a matsayin karya yarjejeniyar, sannan ya sake kiran jihadi. A shekarar 1839, ya kaddamar da yakin Mitidja wanda Ahmed bin Salem daga kabilar Kabyle da Mohammed ben Allel daga Larabawa suka jagoranta. Wannan yaki ya yi nasara, duk da cewa dakarun Aljeriya sun sha kaye a yakin Oued El Alleug. A tsawon shekarar 1840, Abd al-Qādir ya gudanar da gwagwarmayar satar sojoji (guerrilla) a yankunan Algiers da Oran. Gazawar Valée wajen kawo ƙarshen yakin ya sa aka maye gurbinsa da Janar Bugeaud a watan Disamba 1840.

Bugeaud ya bullo da dabarar kona ƙasa gaba ɗaya (scorched earth) tare da amfani da sojoji masu gaggawa da keken doki kamar na Abd al-Qādir domin kwace yankuna daga hannunsa. Dabarun sojojin sun kasance masu tsanani, lamarin da ya sa jama'a suka sha wahala. Abd al-Qādir ya kafa wata sansani mai yawo da ake kira smala ko zmelah. A shekarar 1843, sojojin Faransa suka kai hari wannan sansani yayin da ba ya ciki, inda suka kama fiye da mayaƙa 5,000 da kuma dukiyar yakin Abd al-Qādir.

Abd al-Qādir ya janye zuwa Maroko, inda yake samun ɗan goyon baya, musamman daga kabilu a yankin kan iyaka. Bayan diflomasiyyar Faransa ta kasa shawo kan Maroko su kori Abd al-Qādir, sai Faransa ta kaddamar da yaki da Maroko na farko a shekarar 1844 domin tilasta sarkin ya sauya matsayinsa.

A shekarar 1845, Faransa ta kaddamar da wani yaki a yankin Kabylia domin karya karfin dakarun Abd al-Qādir da Ahmed bin Salem ke jagoranta. Sojojin Kabyle na Zwawa sun dade suna damun Faransa tun daga 1837, inda suka kai hare-hare da dama kamar na Yakin Beni Mered, don haka dole ne a karya karfinsu. Bayan nasarar Faransa a Yakin Tizi Ouzou, sun kuma kai kwanton bauna a Issers, inda suka lalata sauran sojojin Aljeriya, kuma Ahmed bin Salem ya mika wuya. Wannan kaye ya kawo ƙarshen ikon Abd al-Qādir a gabashin kasar. A ƙarshen wannan lokaci, sojojin Faransa sun haura dubu ɗari. Duk da haka, wata rundunar Faransa ta sha kaye a Yakin Sidi Brahim a shekarar 1845.

Sarkin Maroko Abd al-Rahman, bayan Yarjejeniyar Tangier ta 1844, ya haramta wa Emir shiga kasar gaba ɗaya. Abd al-Rahman ya aike da sojoji a asirce domin kai hari kan Abdelkader da rusa kayayyakin sa, amma bayan watanni shida Abdelkader ya kayar da su kuma ya kama su. Bayan wannan kaye, aka aike da wani mai kisan gilla don kashe Emir Abdelkader. Dan uwansa Abd al-Rahman, wato Moulay Hashem, da gwamnan Rif El Hamra sun jagoranci wani hari, amma aka kayar da su a Yakin Oued Aslaf, El Hamra ya mutu, Moulay Hashem ya tsira da kyar, kuma Abd al-Rahman ya amince da wannan kaye. Daga nan Moroccans suka sake kai farmaki a Yakin Agueddin, amma dukkanin hare-haren da suka kai sau uku sun sha kaye a hannun Abdelkader. Duk da haka, Abdelkader ya yanke shawarar ficewa daga Maroko zuwa yankin Faransa domin fara tattaunawar sulhu. A watan Disamba na 1847, Abd al-Qādir ya mika wuya ga Faransawa bisa sharadin cewa za a bar shi ya tafi gudun hijira zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Amma Faransawa sun karya wannan sharadi, inda suka tsare shi a Faransa har zuwa 1852, kafin a bar shi ya tafi zuwa Dimashƙu.

Daular Usmaniyya ta gabatar da ƙorafi na diflomasiyya kan mamayar da aka yi wa Aljeriya, amma ba ta taɓa amincewa da cewa ta rasa yankin ba. Taswirar "Afirka na Usmaniyya" ta 1905 har yanzu tana nuna cewa daular tana da iyaka da Maroko a yammacin "yanki" na Aljeriya.

Kame Smala na Abd El-Kader, 16 Mayu 1843 ta Horace Vernet

Tawayen Kabyle na 1871

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Main article: Tawayen Mokrani
See also: Tafiyar Col des Beni Aïcha and Yaƙin Alma (Aljeriya)

Fitowar tawayen da yafi girma tun bayan lokacin Abd al-Qadir shi ne tawayen Mokrani na shekarar 1871 a Kabylia, wanda ya bazu a yawancin sassan Aljeriya. A watan Afrilu na 1871, kabilu 250 ne suka tashi, wanda kusan ya kai kashi ɗaya cikin uku na yawan jama’ar ƙasar.[18] A wannan lokaci, akwai kusan manoma 130,000 daga Turai a Aljeriya, waɗanda suka mallaki mafi yawan ƙasashen noma. Wannan adadi ya karu zuwa sama da miliyan ɗaya kafin ƙarshen ƙarni.[19] Tawayen Kabyle, wanda ya samo asali daga yunwa mai tsawo da bambancin da ake nuna wa kabilu daban-daban a ƙolonin, ya kai ga gurfanar da shugabannin da suka tsira a gaban kotu a Constantine a 1873, bayan matsin lamba daga Faransawa.[20] Haka kuma, an bai wa tasirin dokar Crémieux ta shekarar 1870 muhimmanci a cikin al'umma.[21]

Tawayen ya samu jagorancin Cheikh Mokrani, shugaban Kalâa na Ait Abbas, wanda da farko yana da alaƙa da gwamnatin Faransa. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman dalilan da suka haifar da tawayen shi ne fahimtar shugabannin Kabyle cewa an karɓe musu ikon yanke shawara, ciki har da ǧamāʿa, majalisun ƙauyukan Kabyle.[22] Haka kuma, Kalâa na Ait Abbas yana fuskantar rashin ikon mulki. Bugu da ƙari, abin da ya faru da Kwamin na Paris shima watakila ya bai wa mutane kwarin gwiwa cewa ana iya ƙalubalantar gwamnatin Faransa, ta hanyar nuna hanyar yaki da tsarin mulkin mallaka.[23] Abu na ƙarshe da ya tayar da wannan babbar fitina shi ne tawaye da wani Spahi ya yi a 1871 bayan ya ƙi bin umarnin Faransa.[24] Kimanin Kabyle 150,000 ne suka tashi da makamai, suka yaɗa yaki a faɗin yankin, har zuwa kusa da babban birni. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗanda suka tashi basu da horo ko isassun makamai, sai dai tarin manoma masu gwagwarmaya domin ‘yanci. Amma nasarorin farko sun fara dusashewa bayan zuwan rundunonin Faransa da suka kakkabe tawaye, musamman bayan cafke ɗan’uwa Cheikh Mokrani.[25][26] Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka yi tawaye an kai su zuwa New Caledonia, inda wani babban al'umma daga Aljeriya, wanda ake kira Aljeriyawan Tekun Pasifik, har yanzu ke zaune.[27]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Gallois, William (20 February 2013). "Genocide in nineteenth-century Algeria". Journal of Genocide Research. 15 (1): 69–88. doi:10.1080/14623528.2012.759395. S2CID 143969946. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  2. ↑ "Disowning Morris".
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named R50
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pascal, Adrien; DuCamp, Jules; Brahaut, G N (1850). Histoire de l'armée et de tous les régiments, depuis les premiers temps de la monarchie française... [Tarihin Sojoji da Dukkanin Rundunoni Tun Farko]. 4. François Sicard. Paris: A. Barbier. p. 58. OCLC 1008334451.
  5. ↑ Churchill, Colonel Charles Henry (1867). The Life of Abdel Kader: Ex-Sultan of the Arabs of Algeria. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 14–29.
  6. ↑ Balzer, Laura (2017). "Des militaires en couple". Hypothèses. 20 (1): 283–293. doi:10.3917/hyp.161.0283. ISSN 1298-6216.
  7. ↑ Galibert, Léon (1844). L'Algérie: ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader (in Faransanci). Furne et cie.
  8. ↑ "Tipaza". Tipaza. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  9. ↑ Goolfee, Mohammad Teisir Bin Shah (2019). "Abdelkader El-Djezairi and His Reforms in Algeria" (PDF). Insight Islamicus. 19: 70. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  10. ↑ Sanderson, Edgar (1901). Hero Patriots of the Nineteenth Century. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. Publishers. pp. 158–235.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Churchill, Colonel Charles Henry (1867). The Life of Abdel Kader: Ex-Sultan of the Arabs of Algeria. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 1–13.
  12. ↑ Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979). Algeria, a Country Study (in Turanci). [Department of Defense], Department of the Army.
  13. ↑ * "Alexis de Tocqueville's First Letter on Algeria". 4 June 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  14. ↑ Ritter, Yusuf. Travels in Algeria, United Empire Loyalists. Tikhanov Library, 2023. "Travels in Algeria, United Empire Loyalists" Archived 2023-11-02 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ Goolfee, Mohammad Teisir Bin Shah (2019). "Abdelkader El-Djezairi and His Reforms in Algeria" (PDF). Insight Islamicus. 19: 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  16. ↑ Churchill, Colonel Charles Henry (1867). The Life of Abdel Kader: Ex-Sultan of the Arabs of Algeria. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 72–83.
  17. ↑ Churchill, Colonel Charles Henry (1867). The Life of Abdel Kader: Ex-Sultan of the Arabs of Algeria. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 84–96.
  18. ↑ Bernard Droz, « Insurrection de 1871: la révolte de Mokrani », cikin Jeannine Verdès-Leroux (ed.), L'Algérie et la France, Paris, Robert Laffont 2009, shf. 474–475 ISBN 978-2-221-10946-5
  19. ↑ Shillington, Kevin (1995). "North and north-east Africa in the nineteenth century". History of Africa (2 ed.). Macmillan. p. 276.
  20. ↑ Joly, Vincent (2014-02-01), "Les généraux d'Afrique et la répression des troubles révolutionnaires de 1848", Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale, La Découverte, pp. 127–130, doi:10.3917/dec.bouch.2013.01.0127, ISBN 9782707178374, retrieved 2022-04-13
  21. ↑ Katz, Ethan B. "Shifting Hierarchies of Exclusion: Colonialism, Anti‐Semitism, and Islamophobia in European History." CrossCurrents 65, no. 3 (2015): 357–370.
  22. ↑ L'Algérie et la France. Jeannine Verdès-Leroux, Normandie roto impr.). Paris: R. Laffont. 2009. ISBN 978-2-221-10946-5. OCLC 470565360.CS1 maint: others (link)
  23. ↑ Willard, Claude (2000), "La Commune de Paris de 1871: mythes et réalités", La commune de 1871: utopie ou modernité?, Presses universitaires de Perpignan, pp. 15–19, doi:10.4000/books.pupvd.36640, ISBN 9782908912876, S2CID 245046796 Check |s2cid= value (help)
  24. ↑ Jolly, Jean (1996). Histoire du continent africain: de la préhistoire à 1600. Vol. 1. Éditions L'Harmattan.
  25. ↑ Darmon, Pierre (2009). Un siècle de passions algériennes: Histoire de l'Algérie coloniale (1830–1940).
  26. ↑ Sessions, Jennifer. "Making Settlers Muslim: Religion, Resistance and Everyday Life in Nineteenth-Century French Algeria." French History 33, no. 2 (2019): 259–277.
  27. ↑ Johnson, Douglas. 1967. "The History of Algeria – Histoire De L'Algérie Contemporaine: Conquête Et Colonisation. By Charles-André Julien. Paris: Presses Universitaires, 1964. Pp. 632, Illustrations, Maps. – The Passing of French Algeria. By David C. Gordon. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. V 265. 42s." The Journal of African History 8 (3). Cambridge University Press: 548–49.
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