Cin nasarar Musulmi a Levant

  

Wani bangare ne na Yaƙe-yaƙe na Larabawa da Byzantine, an kawo Levant ƙarƙashin mulkin Musulmi na Larabawa kuma ya ci gaba zuwa yankin lardin Bilad al-Sham . Rikicin tsakanin Larabawa da Byzantines a kan iyakokin kudancin Levantine na Daular Byzantine ya faru ne a lokacin rayuwar Muhammadu, tare da Yaƙin Muʿtah a cikin shekara ta alif dari shida da ashirin da tara 629 AZ. Koyaya, ainihin cin nasara bai fara ba har zuwa 634, shekaru biyu bayan mutuwar Muhammadu. Halifa biyu na farko na Rashidun ne suka jagoranci wanda ya gaji Muhammad: Abu Bakr da Umar ibn al-Khattab . A wannan lokacin, Khalid ibn al-Walid shine mafi mahimmancin shugaban Sojojin Rashidun.

Wannan shi ne karo na farko tun lokacin da aka rushe Daular Neo-Babylonian a 539 KZ cewa mutanen da ke Magana da Semitic sun sake mulkin yankin, bayan ƙarni na Farisa (Achaemenid Empire), sannan kuma Roman-Girkanci (Macedonian Empire, Roman Empire da Byzantine Empire).

Siriya ta Roma

Siriya ta kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa na ƙarni bakwai kafin cin nasarar Musulmi na Larabawa kuma Farisawa na Sassanid sun mamaye ta a lokuta da yawa a cikin ƙarni na 3, 6 da 7; Har ila yau, abokan hulɗa na Larabawa na Sassanids, Lakhmids sun kai mata hari. A Lokacin Romawa, wanda ya fara bayan faduwar Urushalima a shekara ta 70, an sake sunan dukan yankin (Yahuza, Samariya, da Galili) Palaestina, an raba shi zuwa Diocese I da II. Romawa kuma sun sake sunan wani yanki na ƙasa ciki har da Negev, Sinai, da yammacin gabar tekun Larabawa kamar Palaestina Salutaris, wani lokacin ana kiranta Palaestina III ko Palaestina Tertia. Wani ɓangare na yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Larabawa na Ghassanids' symmachos .

A lokacin karshe na Yaƙe-yaƙe na Romawa da Farisa, wanda ya fara a cikin 603, Farisawa a ƙarƙashin Khosrau II sun yi nasara wajen mamaye Siriya, Falasdinu da Masar sama da shekaru goma kafin nasarar Heraclius ta tilasta musu kammala zaman lafiya na 628. Don haka, a ranar da Musulmai suka ci Romawa (ko Byzantines kamar yadda masana tarihi na Yammacin zamani ke magana da Romawa na wannan lokacin) har yanzu suna cikin tsarin sake gina ikonsu a waɗannan yankuna, wanda a wasu yankuna sun ɓace musu kusan shekaru ashirin. A siyasance, yankin Siriya ya kunshi larduna biyu: Siriya da ta dace ta shimfiɗa daga Antakiya da Aleppo a arewa zuwa saman Tekun Gishiri. A yamma da kudu na Tekun Gishiri akwai lardin Falasdinu.

Siriya galibi ta kunshi masu magana da Aramaic da Girkanci tare da wani ɓangare na Larabawa, musamman a gabashin da kudancin. Larabawa na Siriya ba su da wani tasiri har sai ƙaurawar ƙabilar Ghassanid mai iko daga Yemen zuwa Siriya, waɗanda suka tuba zuwa Kiristanci kuma daga baya suka mallaki ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta tare da nasu sarkin a ƙarƙashin mulkin Roma. Daular Ghassanid ta zama ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan sarakuna masu daraja na Daular, tare da Sarkin Ghassanin yana mulkin Larabawa a Jordan da Kudancin Siriya daga babban birninsa a Bostra . Sarakunan Ghassanid na ƙarshe, wanda ya yi mulki a lokacin mamayar musulmi, shi ne Jabalah ibn al-Aiham .

Sarkin sarakuna na Byzantine Heraclius, bayan sake kwace Siriya daga Sassanians, ya kafa sabbin layin tsaro daga Gaza zuwa kudancin ƙarshen Tekun Gishiri. Wadannan layin an tsara su ne kawai don kare sadarwa daga 'yan fashi, kuma yawancin tsaron Byzantine sun mayar da hankali a Arewacin Siriya suna fuskantar abokan gaba na gargajiya, Sassanid Farisa. Rashin lafiyar wannan layin tsaro shi ne cewa ya ba Musulmai damar, suna ci gaba daga hamada a kudu, su kai har zuwa arewacin Gaza kafin su hadu da sojojin Byzantine na yau da kullun.

Karni na 7 shine lokacin canjin soja mai sauri a Daular Byzantine . Daular tabbas ba ta cikin halin rushewa ba lokacin da ta fuskanci sabon ƙalubale daga Arabiya bayan ya gaji da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Romawa da Farisa na baya-bayan nan, amma ya kasa magance ƙalubalen yadda ya kamata.

Tashin Halifa

Rikicin soja da Daular Byzantine ya fara ne a lokacin rayuwar Muhammadu. An yi yakin Mu'tah a watan Satumba na shekara ta 629 kusa da ƙauyen Mu'tah, gabashin Kogin Urdun da Karak a cikin Gwamnatin Karak, tsakanin sojojin annabin Musulunci Muhammadu da sojojin Daular Byzantine da magoya bayan Larabawa Ghassanid. A cikin tarihin Musulunci, ana yawan bayyana yakin a matsayin yunkurin Musulmai na ɗaukar fansa a kan Ghassanids bayan wani jami'in Ghassanid ya kashe wakilin Muhammadu wanda ke kan hanyar zuwa Bosra. A lokacin yakin an kori sojojin musulmi. Bayan an kashe shugabannin Musulmai guda uku, an ba da umarnin ga Khalid ibn al-Walid kuma ya yi nasarar ceton sauran sojojin. Sojojin Musulmai da suka tsira sun koma Madina.

Bayan Hajji na Farewell a cikin 632, Muhammadu ya nada Usama ibn Zayd a matsayin kwamandan rundunar balaguro wacce za ta mamaye yankin Balqa a Daular Byzantine. Wannan balaguron an san shi da Expedition of Usama bin Zayd kuma manufarsa da aka bayyana ita ce rama asarar Musulmai a yakin Mu'tah, inda aka kashe mahaifin Usama da tsohon ɗan Muhammad, Zayd ibn Harithah. Binciken Usama a watan Mayu / Yuni 632 ya ci nasara kuma sojojinsa sune sojojin musulmi na farko da suka samu nasarar mamayewa da kai hari kan yankin Byzantine.

Muhammadu ya mutu a watan Yunin 632, kuma an nada Abu Bakr a matsayin KHalifa kuma magajin siyasa a Madina. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan maye gurbin Abu Bakr, kabilun Larabawa da yawa sun tayar da shi a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda (Arabic for the Wars of Apostasy). An yi yakin ridda kuma an kammala shi a cikin shekara ta goma sha ɗaya na Hijri. Shekarar Hijri ta 12 ta fito, a ranar 18 ga Maris 633, tare da Arabiya da ta haɗu a ƙarƙashin ikon tsakiya na Khalifa a Madina.

Ko Abu Bakr ya yi niyyar cin nasara ko a'a yana da wuyar faɗi; duk da haka, ya fara wani tarihin tarihi wanda a cikin 'yan gajeren shekaru zai haifar da ɗayan manyan daular tarihi, farawa da rikici da Daular Farisa a ƙarƙashin Janar Khalid ibn al-Walid.

Tafiyar zuwa Siriya

Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da mamayewar Rashidun a Levant.

Bayan nasarar kamfen din da aka yi wa Sassanids da kuma nasarar da aka samu a Iraki, Khalid ya kafa sansaninsa a Iraki. Yayinda yake aiki tare da sojojin Sassanid, ya kuma fuskanci Ghassanids, abokan ciniki Larabawa na Byzantines. Ba da daɗewa ba Madina ta tattara dakarun kabilanci daga ko'ina cikin Yankin Larabawa. Wadanda suka yi tawaye a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda ne kawai aka cire su daga kiran kuma sun kasance an cire su daga sojojin Rashidun har zuwa 636, lokacin da Khalifa Umar ya rasa ma'aikata don Yaƙin Yarmouk da yakin al-Qādisiyyah . Hadisin tara sojoji daga dakarun kabilanci ya ci gaba da amfani har zuwa 636, lokacin da Khalifa Umar ya shirya sojoji a matsayin sashen jihar. Abu Bakr ya shirya sojojin zuwa ƙungiyoyi huɗu, kowannensu yana da kwamandansa da manufarsa.

• Amr ibn al-A'as: Manufar Falasdinu. Ka matsa kan hanyar Elat, sannan ka haye Kwarin Arabah.
• Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan: Daidaita Damascus. Ka matsa kan hanyar Tabuk.
• Shurahbil ibn Hasana: Jordan mai ma'ana. Ka matsa kan hanyar Tabuk bayan Yazid.
• Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah: Manufar Emesa. Ka matsa kan hanyar Tabuk bayan Shurahbil.

Abu Bakr ya umarci rundunar da su ci gaba da hulɗa don tallafawa juna kuma sun nada Abu Ubaidah a matsayin babban kwamandan, tare da Yazid a matsayin mataimakinsa. Ya kuma nada Yazid a matsayin kwamandan daya daga cikin gundumomin soja kuma ya ba shi cikakkun umarni na ɗabi'a da aiki:

When you meet the enemy, and God leads you to victory, do not manacle, mutilate, maim, or betray, and do not accuse [the defeated] of cowardice. Do not, you all, kill children, old men, or women; do not burn palm trees or uproot them; do not cut down fruitful trees; and do not slaughter cattle except for eating [them]. You will pass by people in their hermitages who claim to have secluded themselves for [worshipping] God; leave them to what they have secluded themselves for. You will also find others in the middle of whose heads Satan has taken up abode, as if the middles of their heads were the sand grouses' nests (afahīs al-qatā). Strike the nests which they have hollowed in their heads with swords until they turn repentantly to Islam, or until they bring tribute by hand and with humility. God will certainly support those who support Him and His Messengers in absentia (bi-al-ghayb). I bid farewell to you, and may God's peace and mercy be upon you.

Wasu masana na zamani sun yi tambaya game da sahihancin waɗannan umarni. James Moreton Wackeley ya bayyana shi a matsayin tsarin wallafe-wallafen da aka nufa don inganta jagorancin Musulmi na farko, yayin da Albrecht Noth ya fassara irin waɗannan jawabai a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'ada mai zurfi wanda daga baya masu watsawa suka sake yin kayan da ke akwai don inganta ka'idojin ɗabi'a da shari'a, suna ba da shi ga fitattun mutane na farko don ƙarfafa ikonsa. Irin waɗannan fassarorin suna cikin jawabin ilimi na duniya wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin tarihi-masu mahimmanci ga al'adar Islama.

Cin nasarar Siriya

Mataki na farko

Da yake motsawa zuwa ga abin da aka ba su bayan Tabouk, rundunar Yazid ta tuntubi ƙaramin rundunar Larabawa ta Kirista da ke janyewa bayan rikici da masu tsaron musulmi, bayan haka Yazid ya tafi kwarin Arabah inda ya haɗu da kudancin Tekun Gishiri.

Kamar yadda babban layin tsaro na Byzantine ya fara daga yankunan bakin teku kusa da Ghazahh, Yazid ya isa kwarin Araba a kusan lokaci guda yayin da Amr bin Al Aas ya isa Elat. [dubious - tattauna] Sojojin Byzantine na gaba guda biyu da suka aiko don hana shigar da rundunar Yazid da Amr, bi da bi, zuwa Falasdinu, sun ci nasara cikin sauƙi, kodayake sun hana sojojin Rashidun cimma burinsu. Abu Ubaidah da Shurhabil, a gefe guda, sun ci gaba da tafiyarsu, kuma a farkon Mayu 634 sun isa yankin tsakanin Bosra da Jabiya. Sarkin sarakuna Heraclius, bayan ya sami bayanai game da ƙungiyoyin sojojin musulmi daga abokan cinikinsa na Larabawa, ya fara tsara matakan da za su iya yi. A kan umarnin Heraclius, sojojin Byzantine daga garuruwa daban-daban a arewa sun fara motsawa don taruwa a Ayjnadyn. Daga nan za su iya shiga rundunar Amr kuma su yi aiki a gefen ko baya na sauran rundunar Musulmi da ke Jordan da Kudancin Siriya. Ƙarfin sojojin Byzantine, bisa ga ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, ya kai kusan 100,000. Abu Ubaidah ya sanar da Khalifa game da shirye-shiryen da Byzantines suka yi a mako na uku na Mayu 634. Saboda Abu Ubaida ba shi da ƙwarewa a matsayin kwamandan sojojin soja a cikin irin waɗannan manyan ayyukan, musamman a kan Sojojin Roma masu ƙarfi, Abu Bakr ya yanke shawarar aika Khalid ibn Walid don ɗaukar umurni. A cewar tarihin musulmai na farko, Abu Bakr ya ce, "Ta wurin Allah, zan hallaka Romawa da abokan Shaiɗan tare da Khalid Ibn Al Walid".  

Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da hanyar mamayewar Khalid ibn Walid a Siriya.

Khalid nan da nan ya tashi zuwa Siriya daga Al-Hirah, a Iraki, a farkon watan Yuni, tare da shi rabin sojojinsa, kimanin mutane 8,000. Akwai hanyoyi biyu zuwa Siriya daga Iraki: daya ta hanyar Daumat-ul-Jandal, ɗayan kuma ta hanyar Mesopotamiya, ta hanyar Raqqa. Sojojin Musulmi a Siriya suna buƙatar ƙarfafawa ta gaggawa, don haka Khalid ya guje wa hanyar da aka saba zuwa Siriya ta hanyar Daumat ul Jandal, saboda ita ce hanya mai tsawo, kuma za ta ɗauki makonni don isa Siriya. Khalid ya guje wa hanyar Mesopotamiya saboda kasancewar garuruwan Romawa a can da Arewacin Siriya. Yin amfani da su a lokacin da aka kori sojojin musulmi a Siriya ba ra'ayi ne mai hikima ba. Khalid ya zaɓi gajeren hanya zuwa Siriya, hanyar da ba ta dace ba ta hanyar hamadar Siriya. An rubuta cewa sojojinsa sun yi tafiya na kwana biyu ba tare da ɗigon ruwa ba, kafin su kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da aka ƙaddara a wani oasis. Khalid ta shiga Arewacin Siriya kuma ta kama Byzantines a gefen dama. A cewar masana tarihi na zamani, wannan dabarar dabarun da ta dace ta rushe tsaron Byzantine a Siriya.

Kudancin Siriya

Ain Tamer, Quraqir, Suwa, Arak, da birnin tarihi na Tadmur sune na farko da suka fada Khalid. An kama Sukhnah, al-Qaryatayn da Hawarin bayan yakin al-Qoryatayn da yakin Hawarin . Bayan ya yi hulɗa da duk waɗannan biranen, Khalid ya koma Damascus ta hanyar hanyar dutse wanda yanzu ake kira Sanita-al-Uqab (Uqab Pass) bayan sunan ma'aunin sojojin Khalid. Daga nan ya tashi daga Dimashƙu, zuwa Bosra, babban birnin Ghassanid. Ya umarci wasu kwamandojin musulmai da su mayar da hankali ga sojojin su, har yanzu kusa da iyakar Siriya da Larabawa, a Bosra. A Maraj-al-Rahab, Khalid ya ci sojojin Ghassanid a cikin gagarumin yaƙi, wanda ake kira yakin Marj-al'Rahit . A halin yanzu, Abu Ubaida ibn al-Jarrah, babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Siriya, ya umarci Shurhabil ibn Hasana ya kai hari kan Bosra. Wannan na ƙarshe ya kewaye Bosra tare da ƙaramin rundunarsa na 4000. Sojojin Romawa da Ghassanid Larabawa, sun fahimci cewa wannan na iya zama mai tsaron gaba na babbar rundunar musulmi da ke zuwa, sun fito daga birni mai garu kuma sun kai hari Shurhabil, sun kewaye shi daga dukkan bangarorin; duk da haka, Khalid ya isa filin wasa tare da sojan doki kuma ya ceci Shurhabil. Sojojin Khalid, Shurhabil, da Abu Ubaidah sun sake ci gaba da kewaye Bosra, wanda ya mika wuya a wani lokaci a tsakiyar Yuli 634 AZ, yadda ya kamata ya kawo karshen Daular Ghassanid.

Taswirar ƙasa da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da hanyar mamayewar Khalid ibn Walid a Siriya

A nan Khalid ya karɓi umurnin sojojin musulmi a Siriya daga Abu Ubaidah, bisa ga umarnin Khalifa. Sojojin Byzantine masu yawa suna mai da hankali a Ajnadayn don tura sojojin da suka mamaye zuwa hamada. Tushen Musulmai na farko sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙarfin Byzantine ya kasance 90,000, kodayake yawancin masana tarihi na zamani sun yi shakkar adadi, duk da haka suna la'akari da wannan yaƙin ya zama mabuɗin karya ikon Byzantine a Siriya. A kan umarnin Khalid, duk rundunar Musulmi sun mayar da hankali a Ajnadayn, inda suka ci nasara a yakin da aka yi da Byzantines a ranar 30 ga Yuli.

Wannan cin nasara ya bar Siriya mai rauni ga masu mamaye musulmai. Khalid ya yanke shawarar kama Damascus, sansanin Byzantine. A Damascus, Thomas, surukin Sarkin sarakuna Heraclius, yana kula. Bayan ya sami bayanai game da tafiyar Khalid zuwa Dimashƙu, ya shirya don kare shi, ya rubuta wa Sarkin sarakuna Heraclius a Emesa don ƙarfafawa. Bugu da ƙari, Thomas, don samun ƙarin lokaci don shirya kewaye, ya aika da sojoji don jinkirta ko, idan ya yiwu, dakatar da tafiyar Khalid zuwa Damascus. An ci daya daga cikin wadannan sojojin a Yaƙin Yaqusa a tsakiyar watan Agusta kusa da Tafkin Tiberiya, kilomita 145 (90 mi) daga Dimashƙu. An ci wani a yakin Maraj a matsayin Saffer a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta. Wadannan alkawurran sun sami tasirin da ake so, suna jinkirta Khalid na dogon lokaci don shirya don kewaye. Koyaya, a lokacin da ƙarfafawar Heraclius ta isa birnin Khalid ya fara kewayewa, bayan ya isa Damascus a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta. Don ware birnin daga sauran yankin Khalid ya sanya dakarun kudu a kan hanyar zuwa Falasdinu da arewa a kan hanyar Damascus-Emesa, da sauran ƙananan dakarun a kan hanyoyin zuwa Damascus. An tsayar da ƙarfafawar Heraclius kuma an kori su a yakin Sanita-al-Uqab, kilomita 30 (20 mi) daga Dimashƙu. Sojojin Khalid sun tsayayya da hare-haren Romawa guda uku da suka yi ƙoƙari su karya kewaye. Khalid a ƙarshe ya kai hari kuma ya ci Damascus a ranar 18 ga Satumba bayan kwanaki 30, kodayake, bisa ga wasu kafofin, kewaye ya ɗauki watanni huɗu ko shida. Heraclius, bayan ya sami labarin faduwar Dimashƙu, ya tafi Antakiya daga Emesa. An baiwa 'yan ƙasa zaman lafiya a kan alkawarin haraji na shekara-shekara kuma an ba Sojojin Byzantine kwana uku don tafiya kamar yadda za su iya. Bayan kwana uku, Khalid ya dauki dakarun sojan doki, ya kama Romawa ta hanyar amfani da gajeren hanya da ba a sani ba, kuma ya kai musu hari a yakin Maraj-al-Debaj, kilomita 305 (190 miles) arewacin Dimashƙu.  

Nasara a ƙarƙashin Khalifa Umar

Cire Khalid daga umurni

A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, Abu Bakr, Khalifa na farko, ya mutu, bayan ya sanya Umar magajinsa. Mataki na farko na Umar shine ya sauya Khalid daga umurni kuma ya nada Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah a matsayin sabon babban kwamandan sojojin Islama. Abu Ubaidah ya sami wasikar tunawa da wannan a lokacin da aka kewaye shi, amma ya jinkirta sanarwar har sai an ci birnin. Daga baya, Khalid ya yi alkawarin amincinsa ga sabon Khalifa kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin kwamandan talakawa a karkashin Abu Ubaidah . An ruwaito cewa ya ce, "Idan Abu Bakr ya mutu kuma Umar Khalifa ne, to muna sauraro kuma muna biyayya. "

Abu Ubaidah ya ci gaba da tafiya a hankali, wanda ke da tasiri a kan ayyukan soja a Siriya. Abu Ubaidah, kasancewar mai sha'awar Khalid, ya sanya shi kwamandan sojan doki kuma ya dogara sosai da shawararsa a duk lokacin yakin.

Cin nasarar Tsakiyar Levant

Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da hanyar mamayewar Musulmi a tsakiyar Siriya.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan nadin Abu-Ubaidah a matsayin babban kwamandan, ya aika da ƙaramin dakarun zuwa baje kolin shekara-shekara da aka gudanar a Abu-al-Quds, Ablah na zamani, kusa da Zahlé kilomita 50 (31 miles) gabashin Beirut. Akwai sansanin Byzantine da Kirista na Larabawa a kusa, amma girman sansanin ya yi kuskure ta hanyar masu ba da labari na Musulmi. Sojojin nan da nan suka kewaye ƙaramin ƙungiyar Musulmi, amma kafin a hallaka shi gaba ɗaya, Khalid ya zo ya ceci sojojin Musulmi. Abu Ubaidah, bayan ya sami sabon leken asiri, ya aika Khalid. Khalid ya isa fagen fama kuma ya kayar da garuruwan a ranar 15 ga Oktoba kuma ya dawo tare da tan na ganimar da aka sace daga baje kolin da daruruwan fursunonin Romawa. Ta hanyar kama tsakiyar Siriya, Musulmai sun ba da mummunan rauni ga Byzantines. Sadarwa tsakanin Arewacin Siriya da Falasdinu yanzu an yanke ta. Abu Ubaidah ya yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa Fahl, wanda ke da kimanin mita 150 (500 ft) a ƙasa da matakin teku, inda dakarun Byzantine masu ƙarfi da waɗanda suka tsira daga Yaƙin Ajnadayn suka kasance. Yankin yana da mahimmanci saboda daga nan sojojin Byzantine za su iya kai hari gabas kuma su yanke hanyoyin sadarwa na Musulmai da Arabiya. Bugu da ƙari, tare da wannan babban garuruwa a bayan Falasdinu ba za a iya mamayewa ba. Khalid, wanda ke jagorantar masu tsaron gaba, ya isa Fahl da farko kuma ya gano cewa Byzantines sun mamaye filayen ta hanyar toshe Kogin Urdun. Sojojin Byzantine sun ci nasara a Yaƙin Fahl a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 635.  

Cin nasarar Falasdinu (634-641)

  Bayan Arka, sojojin musulmai sun karfafa mamayarsu ta Levant yayin da Shurhabil da Amr suka zurfafa cikin Falasdinu. Bet She'an ya mika wuya bayan ɗan juriya da ya biyo bayan mika wuya na Tiberiya a watan Fabrairu. Umar, bayan ya koyi game da matsayi da ƙarfin sojojin Byzantine a Falasdinu, ya rubuta cikakkun umarni ga kwamandojin rundunarsa a can kuma ya umarci Yazid ya kama bakin tekun Bahar Rum. Amr da Shurhabil sun yi tafiya a kan dakarun Byzantine mafi karfi kuma sun ci su a Yaƙin Ajnadyn na Biyu . Daga nan sai rundunonin biyu suka rabu, tare da Amr yana motsawa don kama Nablus, Amawas, Jaffa, Haifa, Gaza da Yubna don kammala nasarar duk Falasdinu, yayin da Shurahbil ya yi yaƙi da garuruwan bakin teku na Acre da Taya. Yazid ya ci gaba daga Dimashƙu don kama tashar jiragen ruwa na Sidon, Arqa, Byblos da Beirut . <sup class="mw-ref referen<a class=" cx-link="" data-linkid="656" href="./Common_Era" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Common Era">CE" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-28","html":"Gil, Moshe; Ethel Broido (1997). A History of Palestine. Cambridge University Press, pp. 634–1099. <span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;ISBN&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:ISBN&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-0-521-59984-9&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwA4Q\"> </span><a about=\"#mwt111\" class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"946\" href=\"./ISBN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwA4U\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">ISBN</a><span about=\"#mwt111\" id=\"mwA4Y\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"> </span><a about=\"#mwt111\" class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"947\" href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9\" id=\"mwA4c\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><bdi id=\"mwA4g\">978-0-521-59984-9</bdi></a>."}}' id="cite_ref-28" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant#cite_note-28 [1]] A shekara ta 635 AZ, Falasdinu, Jordan da Kudancin Siriya, ban da Urushalima, Kaisariya da Ashkelon, suna hannun Musulmai. A kan umarnin Umar, Yazid na gaba ya kewaye Kaisariya, wanda, ya hana dakatar da shi a lokacin Yaƙin Yarmouk, ya kasance har sai tashar jiragen ruwa ta fadi a 640.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Emesa da Yaƙin Dimashƙu na Biyu

Bayan yakin, wanda ya zama mabuɗin Falasdinu da Jordan, sojojin musulmai sun rabu. Rundunar Shurhabil da Amr sun koma kudu don kama Falasdinu, yayin da Abu Ubaidah da Khalid, tare da babbar runduna, suka koma arewa don cin nasarar Arewacin Siriya. Yayinda Musulmai ke shagaltar da su a Fahl, Heraclius, da ya fahimci dama, da sauri ya aika da sojoji a karkashin Janar Theodras don sake kama Damascus, inda aka bar karamin garuruwan musulmi. Ba da daɗewa ba, Musulmai, bayan sun ci nasarar yakin Fahl, suna kan hanyarsu zuwa Emesa. A halin yanzu, sojojin Byzantine sun rabu kashi biyu, daya ya tura a Maraj al Roma (Beqaa Valley) karkashin jagorancin Schinos; ɗayan, karkashin umarnin Theodras, ya tsaya a yammacin Damascus (Yankin Al-Sabboura).

A cikin dare, Theodras ya ci gaba zuwa Dimashƙu don kaddamar da hari na mamaki. Mai leƙen asirin Khalid ya sanar da shi game da tafiyar kuma Khalid, bayan ya sami izini daga Abu Ubaidah, ya yi tsere zuwa Damascus tare da masu tsaronsa. Yayinda Abu Ubaidah ya yi yaƙi kuma ya ci sojojin Romawa a yakin Marj ar-Rum, Khalid ya koma Dimashƙu tare da sojan doki kuma ya kai hari kuma ya ci Theodras a can. Bayan mako guda, Abu Ubaida da kansa ya koma Heliopolis, inda babban Haikali na Jupiter ya tsaya.

A cikin watan Mayun 636, Heliopolis ya mika wuya ga musulmi bayan dan tsayin daka kuma ya amince ya biya haraji. Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid kai tsaye ya nufi Emesa . Emesa da Chalcis sun ba da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya na shekara guda. Abu Ubaidah ya yarda da wannan tayin kuma, maimakon ya mamaye gundumomin Emesa da Chalcis, ya ƙarfafa mulkinsa a ƙasar da aka ci ya ci Hamah da Maarrat al-Nu'man . Bayan tattara sizeable sojojin a Antakiya, Heraclius ya aika da su don ƙarfafa strategically muhimmanci yankunan arewacin Siriya, kamar Emesa da Chalcis. Rundunar Rumawa ta Ƙarfafa Emesa ta karya yarjejeniyar, kuma Abu Ubaidah da Khalid suka yi tattaki zuwa wurin. Sojojin Rumawa da suka dakatar da dakarun gaba na Khalid sun sha kashi. Musulmai sun kewaye Emesa wanda a ƙarshe aka ci nasara a watan Maris 636 bayan watanni biyu.

Yaƙin Yarmouk

Motsi na Musulmi da na Byzantine kafin yakin Yarmouk

Taswirar taswirar da dabarun Yakin Yarmouk (636 AZ), wanda ke nuna manyan wurare, matsayi na sojojin Romawa da Musulmi, hanyoyi, koguna, da siffofin ƙasa. Bisa ga tushen tarihi, gami da Syvänne (2019), Kaegi (1992), da kuma bayanan GIS. Rashidun Sojoji na yanzu Yankin Yankin Yarmuk River    

Bayan kama Emesa, Khalid ya koma arewa don kama Arewacin Siriya, ta amfani da sojan doki a matsayin mai tsaron gaba da kuma mamayewa. A Shaizar, Khalid ya tsayar da wani jirgin ruwa da ke karbar kayayyaki ga Chalcis. An yi wa fursunoni tambayoyi kuma sun sanar da shi game da shirin da Sarkin sarakuna Heraclius ya yi na dawo da Siriya tare da sojoji masu karfi dubu ɗari biyu (200,000). Khalid nan da nan ya kawo karshen harin.

Bayan abubuwan da ya samu a baya, Heraclius yanzu ya guje wa yaƙi da sojojin musulmi. Shirye-shiryensa shine ya aika da babbar ƙarfafawa ga dukkan manyan biranen, ya ware rundunar Musulmi daga juna, sannan ya kewaye shi daban kuma ya hallaka sojojin Musulmi.

Wani bangare na shirinsa shine ya daidaita hare-haren da ya kai tare da na Yazdgerd III, Sarkin Sassanid. Yayinda Heraclius ya shirya don babban laifi a Levant, Yazdegerd ya kamata ya shirya wani hari mai kyau a gabansa a Iraki, yayin da Heraclius suka kai hari a Levant. Koyaya, ba a nufin ya kasance ba. Umar mai yiwuwa yana da hankali game da wannan kawancen, kuma ya fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya tare da Yazdegerd III, a bayyane yake ya gayyace shi ya shiga Islama. Lokacin da Heraclius ya kaddamar da hari a watan Mayu na shekara ta 636, Yazdegerd, mai yiwuwa saboda gajiya da gwamnatinsa, bai iya daidaitawa tare da hare-haren Heraclian ba, ya rushe shirin.

An kaddamar da manyan sojoji biyar a watan Yuni don sake dawo da Siriya. Khalid, bayan ya fahimci shirin Heraclius, ya ji tsoron cewa sojojin musulmi za su ware sannan su hallaka su a hankali. Ta haka ne ya ba da shawarar ga Abu Ubaidah a cikin majalisa ta yaki cewa ya karfafa dukkan sojojin musulmai a wuri daya don tilasta yakin basasa tare da Byzantines. Abu Ubaidah ya yarda, kuma ya mayar da hankali ga su a Jabiya. Wannan yunkuri ya kawo mummunan rauni ga shirin Heraclius, tunda wannan bai so ya shiga dakarunsa a yakin basasa tare da sojan doki na musulmi ba. Daga Jabiya, kuma a kan shawarar Khalid, Abu Ubaidah ya umarci sojojin musulmi su janye zuwa Filayen Yarmouk River, inda za a iya amfani da sojan doki yadda ya kamata. Yayinda sojojin musulmi ke taruwa a Yarmouk, Khalid ya tsayar da kuma kori masu tsaron Byzantine, yana tabbatar da hanyar da ta dace ta koma baya.

Sojojin Musulmi sun isa filin a watan Yuli. Bayan mako guda ko biyu, a tsakiyar watan Yuli, sojojin Byzantine sun isa. Babban kwamandan Byzantine, Vahan, ya aika da sojojin Ghassanid, a karkashin sarkinsu, Jabala, don auna ƙarfin musulmi. Jami'an tsaro na Khalid sun ci nasara kuma sun kori su, mataki na karshe kafin yakin ya fara. An ci gaba da tattaunawa tsakanin sojojin biyu na wata daya kuma Khalid ya tafi saduwa da Vahan da kansa a sansanin Byzantine. A halin yanzu, ƙarfafawar musulmi ta zo daga Umar.

Abu Ubaidah, a wani majalisa na yaki, ya sauya umurnin filin sojojin musulmi zuwa Khalid. A ƙarshe, a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, an yi Yaƙin Yarmouk, wanda ya ɗauki kwanaki shida kuma ya ƙare a cikin babban cin nasara ga Byzantines. Wannan yaƙin da ayyukan tsaftacewa na gaba har abada sun kawo ƙarshen mulkin Byzantine na Levant.

Meanwhile, Umar occupied Yazdegerd III in a grand deception. Yazdegerd III lost his army at the Battle of Qadisiyyah in November, three months after Yarmouk, ending Sassanid control west of Persia.

Daidaita Urushalima

Tare da sojojin Byzantine da aka kori, Musulmai da sauri sun sake kwace yankin da suka ci nasara kafin Yarmouk. Abu Ubaida ya gudanar da taro tare da manyan kwamandojinsa, gami da Ali" id="mwAec" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Caliph">Khalifa, kuma ya yanke shawarar cinye Urushalima. Siege na Urushalima ya dauki watanni hudu, bayan haka birnin ya amince da mika wuya, amma kawai ga Umar da kansa. Amr-bin al-Aas ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a aika Khalid don ya zama halifa, saboda kamanceceniya mai karfi. Koyaya, an gane Khalid kuma Umar ya zo da kansa don karɓar mika wuya ga Urushalima a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 637. Umar ya nada babban mai ba shi shawara Ali don rike mukamin mataimakin Madina. Bayan Urushalima, sojojin Musulmi sun sake rabu. Sojojin Yazid sun tafi Damascus sannan suka kama Beirut. Rundunar Amr da Shurhabil sun bar don cinye sauran Falasdinu, yayin da Abu Ubaidah da Khalid, a kan shugabannin sojoji 17,000, suka koma arewa don cinye Arewacin Siriya.

A cewar marubucin ƙamus David ben Abraham al-Fasi (ya mutu kafin 1026 AZ), nasarar musulmi a Falasdinu ta kawo taimako ga 'yan ƙasar Yahudawa, waɗanda a baya Byzantines suka hana su yin addu'a a Dutsen Haikali.

Cin nasarar arewacin Siriya

Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da hanyar mamayewar musulmi a arewacin Siriya.

Tare da Emesa da aka riga aka yi, Abu Ubaidah da Khalid sun koma Chalcis, wanda shine mafi mahimmancin sansanin Byzantine. Ta hanyar Chalcis Byzantines za su iya kare Anatolia, ƙasar Heraclius ta Armenia, da babban birnin yankin, Antakiya. Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid tare da masu tsaronsa zuwa Chalcis. Sojojin Girka ne ke kula da sansanin da ba za a iya shiga ba a karkashin Menas, wanda aka ruwaito shi ne na biyu a cikin daraja kawai ga Sarkin sarakuna da kansa. Menas, ya karkatar da dabarun Byzantine na al'ada, ya yanke shawarar fuskantar Khalid kuma ya hallaka manyan abubuwan sojojin musulmi kafin babban jikin ya iya haɗuwa da su a Hazir kilomita 5 (3 mi) gabashin Chalcis. Sakamakon Yaƙin Hazir har ma an ruwaito cewa ya tilasta Umar ya yaba da basirar soja ta Khalid, yana cewa, "Khalid shine kwamandan da gaske. Bari Allah ya yi wa Abu Bakr jinƙai. Ya kasance alƙali mafi kyau na mutane fiye da ni". 

Abu Ubaidah nan da nan ya shiga Khalid a Chalcis, wanda ya mika wuya a wani lokaci a watan Yuni. Tare da wannan nasarar dabarun, yankin arewacin Chalcis ya buɗe ga Musulmai. Khalid da Abu Ubaidah sun ci gaba da tafiyarsu zuwa arewa kuma sun kewaye Aleppo, wanda aka kama bayan tsayayya mai tsanani daga sojojin Byzantine a watan Oktoba. Kafin tafiya zuwa Antakiya, Khalid da Abu Ubaidah sun yanke shawarar ware birnin daga Anatolia. Sun aika da dakarun arewa don kawar da duk sojojin Byzantine da za su iya zama kuma sun kama garin Azaz, kilomita 50 (30 mi) daga Aleppo; daga can Musulmai sun kai hari Antakiya daga gefen gabas, wanda ya haifar da Yakin gadar ƙarfe. Sojojin Byzantine, wadanda suka hada da wadanda suka tsira daga Yarmouk da sauran yakin Siriya, an ci su, suka koma Antakiya, inda Musulmai suka kewaye birnin. Da yake ba shi da bege na taimako daga Sarkin sarakuna, Antakiya ta mika wuya a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, a kan yanayin cewa duk sojojin Byzantine za a ba su hanyar lafiya zuwa Constantinople. Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid zuwa arewa kuma shi da kansa ya yi tafiya zuwa kudu kuma ya kama Tartus, Jablah, kuma a ƙarshe Latakia da yankunan bakin teku a yammacin Dutsen Anti-Lebanon. Khalid ya koma arewa kuma ya mamaye yankin har zuwa Kogin Kızılırmak a Anatolia. Sarkin sarakuna Heraclius ya riga ya bar Antakiya zuwa Edessa kafin Musulmai su isa. Daga nan sai ya shirya kariya da ake bukata a Jazirah da Armenia kuma ya tafi Constantinople. A kan hanya, ya sami ɗan gajeren tserewa lokacin da Khalid, wanda ya kama Marash, ke kan hanyar kudu zuwa Manbij. Heraclius da sauri ya ɗauki hanyar dutse kuma, yayin da yake wucewa ta Ƙofofin Cilician, an ruwaito cewa ya ce, "Farewell, dogon gaisuwa ga Siriya, lardin da ya dace. Kai ne marar aminci (maƙiya) yanzu. Zaman lafiya ya kasance tare da kai, O, Siriya - wane kyakkyawar ƙasa za ku kasance ga hannun abokan gaba. " 

Harin da aka kai wa Byzantine

Haikali na Jupiter, Lebanon.

Bayan mummunan rauni a Yarmouk, sauran daular Byzantine sun kasance masu rauni. Tare da 'yan albarkatun soja da suka rage, ba ta cikin damar yin ƙoƙari ta dawo da soja a Siriya. Don samun lokaci don shirya kare sauran daularsa, Heraclius yana buƙatar Musulmai da ke zaune a Siriya. Don haka ya nemi taimako daga Kiristoci (wasu daga cikinsu Larabawa ne) na Jazirah, galibi daga Circesium da Hīt, waɗanda suka tara babban sojoji kuma suka yi tafiya a kan Emesa, hedkwatar Abu Ubaidah. Abu Ubaidah ya janye dukkan sojojinsa daga arewacin Siriya zuwa Emesa, kuma Kiristoci sun kewaye su. Khalid ya goyi bayan yaƙi a waje da sansanin, amma Abu Ubaidah ya tura batun ga Umar, wanda ya aika da dakarun daga Iraki don mamaye Jazirah daga hanyoyi daban-daban guda uku. An aika da wani dakarun zuwa Emesa daga Iraki a karkashin Qa'qa ibn Amr, tsohon soja na Yarmouk, wanda aka tura shi zuwa Iraki don yakin al-Qādisiyyah . Umar da kansa ya yi tafiya daga Madina tare da mutane 1,000.

A cikin 638, Musulmai sun kai hari kan Hīt, wanda suka gano yana da garu sosai; saboda haka, sun bar wani ɓangare na sojojin don kewaye birnin, yayin da sauran suka bi Circesium. Lokacin da Kiristoci suka sami labarin mamayewar Musulmi a ƙasarsu, sai suka watsar da kewaye kuma suka janye zuwa can da sauri. A wannan lokacin Khalid da masu tsaronsa sun fito daga sansanin kuma sun lalata sojojin su ta hanyar kai musu hari daga baya. A ƙarshen 638, Ibn Walid ya kuma kama Germanicia .

A kan umarnin Umar, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Iraki, ya aika da sojoji a karkashin Iyad ibn Ghanm don cin nasarar yankin tsakanin Tigris da Yufiretis har zuwa Urfa. A cikin 639-640, Raqqa ya fada hannun Musulmai, sannan mafi yawan Jazirah, tushe na karshe na Daular Roma ta Gabas a yankin, wanda ya mika wuya cikin lumana kuma ya amince da biyan Jizya.

Campaigns in Armenia and Anatolia

Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid and Iyad ibn Ghanm's raids into Anatolia.

An kammala cin nasarar Jazirah a shekara ta 640 AZ, bayan haka Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid da Iyad ibn Ghanm (mai cin nasarar Jazirh) don mamaye yankin Byzantine a arewacin can. Sun yi tafiya da kansu kuma sun kama Edessa, Amida, Melitene (Malatya) da dukan Armenia har zuwa Ararat kuma sun kai hari arewa da tsakiyar Anatolia. Heraclius ya riga ya watsar da dukkan sansanoni tsakanin Antakiya da Tartus don ƙirƙirar yanki mai kariya tsakanin yankunan da Musulmai ke sarrafawa da Anatolia.

A karkashin mulkin Khalifa Uthman

Daular Rashidun a mafi girma a ƙarƙashin Rashidun Khalifa na uku, Uthman (654)

A lokacin mulkin Khalifa Uthman, Constantine III ya yanke shawarar sake kwace Levant, wanda ya ɓace ga Musulmai a lokacin mulkin Umar. An shirya cikakken mamayewa kuma an aika da babbar runduna don sake mamaye Siriya. Muawiyah I, gwamnan Siriya, ya yi kira ga ƙarfafawa kuma Uthman ya umarci gwamnan Kufa ya aika da dakarun, wanda, tare da dakaruna na yankin, ya ci sojojin Byzantine a Arewacin Siriya.

A cikin 645-646, Sufyan bin Mujib Al-Azdi, wanda Muawiyah ya nada, ya sami nasarar kama Tripoli don a ƙarshe ya kama sansanin Byzantine na ƙarshe a bakin tekun Levantine.

Uthman ya ba da izini ga Muawiyah don gina rundunar sojan ruwa. Daga sansanin su a Siriya, Musulmai sun yi amfani da wannan rundunar don kama Cyprus a 649, Crete, da Rhodes. Hare-haren shekara-shekara a yammacin Anatolia sun hana Byzantines daga ci gaba da ƙoƙari na sake kwace Siriya. A cikin 654-655, Uthman ya ba da umarnin shirya wani balaguro don kama Constantinople, amma, saboda tashin hankali a cikin Khalifanci wanda ya haifar da kisan kai a cikin 655, an jinkirta balaguro na shekaru da yawa, kawai don a yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba a ƙarƙashin Umayyawa.

Gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin Rashidun Khalifa

The new rulers divided Syria into four districts (junds): Jund Dimashq (Damascus), Jund Hims, Jund al-Urdunn (Jordan), and Jund Filastin (Palestine) (to which a fifth, Jund Qinnasrin, was later added) and the Arab garrisons were kept apart in camps. The Muslims tolerated the Jews and Christians. The taxes instituted were the kharaj, which landowners and peasants paid according to the productivity of their fields, and the jizya, paid by non-Muslims in return for state protection and exemption from military service. The Byzantine civil service was retained until a new system could be instituted; therefore, Greek remained the administrative language in the new Muslim territories for over 50 years after the conquests.

Rise of the Umayyads

Lokacin da yakin basasa na farko ya barke a daular musulmi sakamakon kashe Usman da nada Ali a matsayin halifa, daular Umayyawa ta gaji daular Rashidun. , tare da Siriya a matsayin tushenta kuma Damascus babban birninta na karni na gaba mai zuwa.

Dubi kuma

• Yaduwar Musulunci
• Nasarar Musulmai
• Yaƙe-yaƙe na Byzantine da Larabawa
• Ghassanids
• Lardin Iudaea
• Nasarar Umayyad a Arewacin Afirka
• 7th century in Lebanon § Administration
• Tarihin Lebanon
• Tarihin Siriya
• Tarihin Jordan
• Tarihin Falasdinu
• Tarihin Levant

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Haɗin waje

• Tarihin Multimedia Tarihi na Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Amfani, Duniya ta Musulunci zuwa 1600, Jami'ar Calgary. Duniya ta Musulunci zuwa 1600: Jagoran Jagora
• Edward Gibbon, Tarihin Raguwa da Faduwar Daular Roma Babi na 51
• Bishop John Nikiou Tarihin Yahaya, Bishop na Nikiu Babi CXVI-CXXI