Cin nasarar Turkiyya da Masar a Sudan (1820-1824)

Cin nasarar Turkiyya da Masar a Sudan

Iri	conquest (en)
Kwanan watan	ga Yuli, 1820 –  1824
Wuri	the Sudans (en)
Ƙasa	Egypt eyalet (en)
Participant (en)	Egypt eyalet (en) Masarautar Sennar Shaigiya people (en) Sultanate of Darfur (en)

Cin nasarar Turkiyya da Masar a Sudan babbar nasara ce ta soja da fasaha. Kasa da mutane 10,000 ne suka tashi daga Masar, [1] amma, tare da wasu taimakon gida, sun sami damar shiga kilomita 1,500 zuwa Kogin Nilu zuwa kan iyakar Habasha, suna ba Masar daular da ta fi girma kamar Yammacin Turai,  .

Nasarar ita ce karo na farko da mamayewar Sudan daga arewa ta shiga har zuwa yanzu; ya haɗa da ƙetare hamada guda biyu masu haɗari da ba a taɓa gani ba; ya bukaci amfani da fashewa don share hanyar zuwa Kogin Nilu; kuma misali ne na farko na ƙaramin karfi tare da horo na zamani, bindigogi da bindigogi suna kayar da manyan dakarun Afirka. Tare da kamfen da tafiye-tafiye da suka biyo baya, nasarar ta kafa iyakokin Sudan bayan samun 'yancin kai. Sojojin da suka mamaye sun kuma kafa hedkwatar su a Khartoum a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1821, daga wannan lokacin ne nan da nan ya zama babban birnin Sudan.

Dalilan cin nasara

Hoton Muhammad Ali na 1841

You are aware that the end of all our effort and this expense is to procure negroes. Please show zeal in carrying out our wishes in the capital matter.

— Muhammad Ali to his son in law the Defterdar Muhammad Bey Khusraw, 23 September 1823)

Muhammad Ali, Khedive na Masar, yana son wadataccen wadataccen bayi don horar da su cikin rundunar soja ta zamani don turawa a wasu sassan daularsa don ci gaba da babban burinsa na yankin. Sojojin bayi na Sudan za su ba shi damar raba sojojin Albanian da Turkiyya masu tayar da kayar baya waɗanda aka tilasta masa dogaro da su har zuwa lokacin. Bayan nasarar, Muhammad Ali ya ci gaba da roƙon kwamandojinsa a Sudan da su tattara da aika da bayi da yawa kamar yadda za su iya zuwa sansanonin horo a Aswan. Wadanda suka tabbatar da rashin cancanta ga aikin soja za a sanya su aiki a cikin ayyukan noma da masana'antu da yawa.

Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da Muhammad Ali ya hallaka Mamluk a Misira a 1811, ragowarsu sun gudu zuwa kudu zuwa Sudan kuma sun kafa kansu a Dongola. Kodayake ba su haifar da barazana ba, ba sabon abu ba ne ga ƙungiyar da aka ci nasara a cikin gwagwarmayar ikon Masar don tserewa, suna jiran damar sake sauka a Alkahira lokacin da yanayi ya canza a cikin ni'imarsu. A cikin 1812 Muhammad Ali ya aika da ofishin jakadanci zuwa Funj Sultanate na Sennar yana neman su share Mamluks daga Dongola, amma babu sarakunan Funj ko Hamaj Regency da ke da albarkatun soja don yin hakan.

Muhammad Ali ya kuma yi imanin cewa Sudan tana dauke da wadataccen zinariya, kodayake bai taba samun wani abu da zai iya kasuwanci ba,

mamayewar Nubia

Ruwan ruwa na biyu na Kogin Nilu, wanda aka kwatanta a 1886, bayan sojojin Ismail sun sanya shi mai tafiya

Sojojin mamayewa kusan 4,000 sun bar Alkahira a watan Yulin 1820. Ya ƙunshi Turks, Albanians da sauran sojojin da ke magana da harshen Turkiyya, da kuma yawancin sojojin kabilun Bedouin waɗanda daga baya suka zauna Sudan. Har yanzu ba a fara aikin soja na manoma na Masar ba, don haka sojojin Masar na yau da kullun ba su taka rawar gani ba. Kwamandan sojojin shine ɗan Muhammad Ali na uku, mai shekaru 25 Ismail Kamil Pasha, wanda ya shiga rundunarsa a Aswan a ranar 20 ga Yuli. Na biyu a cikin umurni shi ne amintaccen jami'in Albania, Abidin Bey.

Mutanen kabilar Ababda ne suka ba da tallafin raƙumi waɗanda suka san yankunan iyaka sosai. Ababda a al'adance sun ɗora haraji a kan dukkan motocin zinariya da bayi da ke kusantar Masar daga Sudan kuma a mayar da goyon bayansu a lokacin mamayewar, gwamnatin Masar ta tabbatar da ikon su na hanya, ta ba su damar cajin haraji na 10% a kan duk kayan da ke wucewa ta ƙasarsu a nan gaba..

Lokacin mamayewar ya kasance ne saboda ambaliyar Nilu, yayin da Masarawa suka shirya jiragen ruwa a kan ruwa na Nilu, kuma lokacin da kogin ya isa ya ba da damar wannan ya iyakance. Sojojin Ismail sun yi amfani da fashewa don buɗe hanyar ruwa ta hanyar ruwa ta biyu don jiragen ruwa su iya wucewa zuwa kudu.  [shafin da ake buƙata] Yayin da sojojin suka ci gaba, sun sami biyayya ga kashif na Lower Nubia, wanda kawai ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman, kuma lokacin da suka wuce karo na biyu, mai mulkin Say ya miƙa wuya, kodayake daga baya ya yi tawaye kuma an kashe shi a cikin fada. Mutanen Say sun kasance zuriyar sojojin Bosniak da aka sanya a can tun da daɗewa, kuma an bayyana su a matsayin 'fararen kamar Larabawa na ƙananan Misira'. A Dongola wasu daga cikin Mamluks sun mika wuya wasu kuma sun gudu zuwa sama don neman mafaka tare da Mek Nimr na Shendi.

Rashin nasarar Shaygiyya

Babban adawar soja ga Masarawa ya fito ne daga Ƙungiyar Shaigiya mai ƙarfi, wanda aka ci nasara a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba a yakin Korti . A cikin motar sojojin Shayqiyya akwai wata yarinya, Mihera Bint Abboud, a kan raƙumi mai kayatarwa, wanda ya ba da siginar kai farmaki. Wannan na iya zama al'ada da ta samo asali ne daga almara na jarumiyar mace mai suna Azila, sananne ne saboda kwarewarta ta yaƙi da kuma kasancewa a cikin kowane gwagwarmaya. Shaigiya sun yi yaƙi da takobi da māshi, suna watsi da amfani da bindigogi. Harin da sojan doki na Shaigiya suka yi ya rushe da bindigogin Masar; sun koma baya tare da asarar wasu Shaigiya hamsin da 600-800 Nubian mataimakan da suka mutu. Masarawa ba za su iya amfani da bindigoginsu ba saboda har yanzu ana jigilar su ta hanyar jirgin ruwa.

Bayan yaƙin, Ismail ya yi wa sojojinsa alkawarin lada na piastres 50 ga kowane kunnuwan abokan gaba da suka kawo masa. Wannan ya haifar da yankan fararen hula yayin da sojojin Masar, bayan sun yankan Shaigiya da suka mutu, suka bazu zuwa ƙauyuka na gida kuma suka fara yankan kunnuwan duk wanda suka samu. Da yake ba zai iya sarrafa dakarunsa ba, Ismail duk da haka ya sami nasarar ceton mata 600 marasa kunne daga ƙarin fushi ta hanyar motsa su zuwa aminci a tsibirin Nilu.

Bayan wannan cin nasara, Shaigiya ya janye zuwa Jebel Daiqa a fadin Nilu, wanda Ismail ya haye ta jirgin ruwa don bin sa. Kamar yadda Shaigiya ya rasa yawancin sojan doki, yanzu sun kwashe sojoji na manoma waɗanda maza masu tsarki suka albarkace su da ƙura, suna gaya musu cewa zai kare su daga harsashi. A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba Shaigiya ta sake cajin layin Masar. Koyaya, Ismail ya sami damar kawo bindigoginsa, wanda ya shafe sojojin Shayqiyya. Har ila yau, kisan kiyashi ya biyo bayan nasarar Masar.

Bayan wannan nasarar, Ismail Pasha ya ci gaba zuwa kudu, ya aika da ƙungiyar jiragen ruwa tare da kariya tare da kogi. Sun isa Berber a ranar 5 ga Maris, wanda ya miƙa wuya ba tare da fada ba. Ismail da kansa ya dauki yawancin sojojinsa a kan tafiya a fadin hamadar Bayuda a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1821, kuma ya isa Kogin Nilu a al-Buqayr, kudu da ad-Damir kwana bakwai bayan haka. Bayan wasu shawarwari duk sai 'yan kaɗan daga cikin sauran Mamluks sun mika wuya kuma an ba su izinin komawa cikin salama zuwa Masar, kaɗan da suka ƙi sun gudu zuwa cikin ƙasar amma ba a san su ba. Shugabannin yankin daban-daban da suka kasance suna tsayayya da Masarawa duk yanzu sun yi yarjejeniya da su; sauran Shaigiya, wanda sojan doki Ismail ya shiga cikin sojojinsa, da Ja'alin a ƙarƙashin Mek Nimr na Shendi.

Bayyanawar Sennar

Sarkin lardin Fazogli

Sojojin Ismail yanzu sun haye White Nile zuwa Jezirah. Sai kawai ƙananan jiragen ruwa tara na Masar suka iya wucewa ta uku, sauran sun makale a saman ruwa yayin da ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta ƙare kuma matakin ruwa ya sauka. Saboda haka jigilar mutane da kayayyaki a fadin kogi ya kasance daga 20 ga Mayu zuwa 1 ga Yuni. Ana yin iyo da dawakai da raƙuma a fadin, ko kuma a kan ruwa tare da fatar ruwa. Babu wata adawa daga sojojin Sultanate na Sennar, wanda ke cikin rikici na ciki. Sultunan Funj na ƙarshe, Badi VII, ya mika wuya ga Ismail a ranar 12 ga Yuni kuma Masarawa sun mamaye Sennar ba tare da yaƙi ba washegari. Yin amfani da Sennar a matsayin tushe, Masarawa sun koma sama da Blue Nile suna neman abin da suka yi imanin cewa suna da wadataccen tushen zinariya. Kodayake ba su sami zinariya ba sai suka kama Fazogli, suna nuna mafi girman nasarar da suka samu a yankin, kafin su koma baya. A ƙarshen 1821 babban ɗan'uwansa Ibrahim Pasha ya haɗu da Ismail a Sennar . Mahaifin su ya aiko Ibrahim don hanzarta cin nasarar Sudan da kuma isar da adadi mai yawa na fursunoni don bautar a Misira.

A kan hanyarsa ta kudu, Ibrahim ya kafa wani tsari na jiragen ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu don jigilar bayi zuwa arewa a cikin tsari mafi kyau. Ibrahim ya shiga Ismail a kan tafiye-tafiye na bautar kafin ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya koma Alkahira. A bayyane yake jita-jita cewa an kashe shi a cikin tsaunukan Fazogli ya taimaka wajen haifar da tawaye wanda ya ɓarke a 1822.

Yakin Kordofan

Da zarar Shayqiyya ya mika wuya, Muhammad Ali ya tara sojoji na biyu na kimanin mutane 3,000-4,000 da kuma batirin bindigogi a karkashin surukinsa Muhammad Bey Khusraw, Defterdar (Ministan Kudi), don cin nasarar Sultanate na Darfur. Sojojin sun taru a Al Dabbah inda suka haɗu da su ta hanyar tallafawa raka'a na Ƙabilar Kababish waɗanda suka raka su kudu maso yamma a fadin hamadar Bayuda zuwa arewacin Kordofan. Sojojin Darfur sun yi kuskuren ba su kai musu hari da zaran sun fito daga hamada ba, kuma sun jira a maimakon haka a Barah. A can, babbar runduna ta fiye da 9,000 Darfuris ta ci nasara da babbar ikon bindigogi na Turks, wanda ya haifar da asarar kimanin mutane 1,500 a kan sojojin Darfur. Sa'an nan, kamar yadda Ismail ya yi da Shayqiyyah, Defterdar Bey ya ba da kyauta ga kunnuwan abokan gaba, sannan aka mayar da sacks zuwa Alkahira. Ba da daɗewa ba, Masarawa sun kwace kuma suka kori babban birnin Kordofani Al-Ubayyid. Sultan na Darfur ya aika da sabbin sojoji daga yamma, amma su ma an ci su. Mulkin Masar a Arewacin Kordofan yanzu yana da aminci, amma Defterday Bey ba shi da dakarun da za su kai hari kai tsaye ko dai a kan Duwatsun Nuba ko a kan Darfur kanta. Muhammad Ali daga baya ya nemi samun iko a Darfur ta hanyar tallafawa wani mai da'awar da wani a yakin basasa, amma wannan yunƙurin bai yi nasara ba.

Tashin hankali a Shendi da Sennar

A farkon shekara ta 1822 duk yankin Sudan da Kordofan suna ƙarƙashin ikon Masar. An kafa gwamnatin soja mai mahimmanci, a karkashin gwamnoni huɗu (ma'mūr); Ali-din Agha At Dongola, wanda aikinsa shine kare layin samar da kayayyaki zuwa Masar kuma wanda ya kasance mai hikima don sanya haraji a matakin da ya isa ya guje wa tawaye; Mahu Bey Urfali (na asalin Kurdawa) a Berber, wanda ya bi misalinsa kuma ya kula da Shendi da sauran garuruwan arewacin Jazirah; Ismail da kansa a Sennar, da Defterdar Bey a Kordofan.

Muhammad Ali koyaushe yana gargadi ɗansa ya yi amfani da hanyoyin da suka fi sauƙi, ya yi aiki da adalci, da kuma ya rinjayi mutane; a lokaci guda duk da haka, koyaushe yana buƙatar ƙarin bayi, wanda ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ba tare da ƙarin zalunci ba. An rasa ɗan lokaci kaɗan wajen tantance sabbin yankuna don haraji, farawa da ƙididdigar bayi da garken. Sakataren Ismail Muhammad Said, tare da taimakon jami'in Coptic, Hannah Tawīl, da tsohon ministan Sennar Arbab Dafa'Allah, sun kirkiro tsarin da za a biya haraji a farashin dala goma sha biyar ga kowane bawa, goma ga kowace saniya da biyar ga kowace tumaki ko jaki. Wannan harajin ya kasance mai tsananin gaske, duk abin da ya kai ga kwacewa. Tun da yake akwai ƙananan tsabar zinariya a Sudan, hanyar da yawancin mutane za su iya biyan waɗannan haraji ita ce a cikin bayi. Wannan makircin zai kasance ya hada dukkan ayyukan bautar a yankunan da ke karkashin mulkin Masar, yadda ya kamata ya lalata hanyoyin tsira da 'yan kasuwa da ƙananan sarakuna waɗanda suka dogara da tattalin arziki akan hanyoyin da aka kafa na kamawa da musayar bayi.

A sakamakon haka, tashin hankali ya ɓarke kuma an kai hare-hare kan sojojin Masar. Don magance halin da ake ciki, an tilasta wa Ismail ya cire daga Sennar kuma ya koma ƙasa da farko zuwa Wad Madani sannan, a watan Oktoba ko Nuwamba 1822, zuwa Shendi. Ismail ya sauka a Shendi kuma ya bukaci Mek Nimr na Ja'alin ya ba shi dala 15,000 da bayi 6,000 a cikin kwanaki uku. Lokacin da Nimr ya nuna rashin amincewa da cewa wannan ba zai yiwu ba, Ismail ya buge shi a fuska tare da sauyawar hawa (ko, bisa ga wasu asusun, dogon bututun Ottoman). Sauran shugabannin Ja'ali sun shiga tsakani don warware rikici, amma, ba tare da hikima ba, Ismail ya kwana a wani gida a gefen Kogin Nilu ga sojojinsa. Ja'alin ya sanya sojojinsa a cikin wani hari na dare a gefe ɗaya na kogi, yayin da gidan da Ismail ke barci a ciki ya ƙone shi a ɗayan. Yayin da ginin ya ƙone, an yanke Ismail da magoya bayansa.

Yayin da labarai game da tawaye a Shendi suka bazu, dole ne a kwashe garuruwan Masar a Karari, Khartoum_North" id="mwATE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Khartoum North">Halfaya, Khartoum, Al-Aylafun da Al-Kamlin kuma su koma babban hedikwatar a Wad Madani. Yawancin sabbin yankunan da aka ci nasara sun kasance masu aminci ga Masar duk da haka; Dongola da Nubia sun kasance masu tsaro, kamar yadda Berber, wanda Mahu Bey ke riƙe, yayin da Shayqiyya ma ya kasance masu aminci. An yi tawaye da farko ga Ja'alin a ƙarƙashin Mek Nimr da wasu abubuwa a Sennar a ƙarƙashin Arbab Dafa'Allah da kuma Hamaj regent Hasan wad Rajab . Muhammad Said ya jagoranci rundunar Shayqiyya a kudancin Sennar kuma ya ci Hasan da Dafa'Allah a Abu Shawka.

Wadannan kamfen na azabtarwa a cikin Jezirah sun nuna kafa mulkin Masar na karshe a tsakiyar Sudan. A cikin 1824, aikinsa ya yi, Osman Bey Jarkas al-Birinji ya maye gurbin Defterdar Bey a matsayin babban kwamandan Sudan, kuma ya koma Alkahira. Osman Bey ya kawo tare da shi rundunar soja ta farko da aka kama a Sudan kuma an horar da su a fannin soja na zamani a Misira, wanda aka sani da jihadiyya, tare da su ya kiyaye tsari mai tsauri a kasar. Osman Bey da kansa ya mutu a shekara ta 1825.

Ƙarfafawa

Ba a ci nasara da yankuna da yawa a Sudan ta zamani da Sudan ta Kudu a nasarar 1822-24, amma an kara su bayan kamfen a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Wadannan sun hada da yankin Kassala a 1840, yankin Upper White Nile a kusa da Fashoda a 1855, Suakin da bakin tekun Red Sea a 1865, Equatorial a 1870, da Darfur a 1874.