Jump to content

Cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam a lokacin mulkin Gaddafi

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam a lokacin mulkin Gaddafi
Bayanai
Fuskar human rights abuse (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Libya
Zangon lokaci Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (en) Fassara

A lokacin mulkin Muammar Gaddafi a kan Libya, sojojin gwamnati sun aikata laifuka da yawa a kan bil'adama a kan jama'ar Libya. Wannan ya haɗa da kashe-kashen da ba a yi la'akari da shi ba, kashe-kisan jama'a, tsaftace kabilanci, da azabtar da fararen hula. A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya a shekara ta 2011, sojojin Gaddafi sun kashe masu zanga-zangar da ake zargi da rashin makamai kuma sun jefa bam a yankunan farar hula, wanda hakan ya jawo zargi daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam.

zanga-zangar dalibai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1976, daliban jami'a a ko'ina cikin Libya sun yi zanga-zanga game da take hakkin dan adam da kuma ikon soja na mulkin mallaka a kan dukkan fannoni na rayuwar farar hula. Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a gudanar da zabe na kyauta da adalci da kuma aiwatar da tsarin dimokuradiyya a Libya. Wadannan zanga-zangar sun kasance cikin tashin hankali ta hanyar harbe-harbe da duka, tare da kama da yawa daga cikin daliban kuma an tsare su. Jami'o'i da makarantun sakandare duk Gaddafi ne ya kai hari don "shiru da kawar da" masu zanga-zangar.[1][2]

An tsare daliban da aka tsare a kurkuku har zuwa Afrilu 7, 1977, ranar tunawa da taron, wanda Gaddafi ya kira "Ranar Shari'a". A wannan rana, an kashe daliban a fili ta hanyar ratayewa a Benghazi tare da dubban mutane da suka halarta da kallon taron kai tsaye a talabijin.[3] Afrilu 7 ya zama ranar tunawa da aka yi bikin ta hanyar kashe fararen hula da kuma jami'an gwamnati da suka sauya sheka. Wannan ya kasance har zuwa ƙarshen 80s-farkon 90s.[4]

Yaƙi da Chadi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yaƙin Gaddafi da Chadi ba wai kawai yana da mummunar tasiri ga Chadi ba, yana da mummuna ga tattalin arzikin Libya da sojoji. A cikin Yakin Toyota kadai, Libya ta rasa sama da dala biliyan 1.5 da kayan aikin soja da yawa. Jama'ar Libya sun yi Allah wadai da wannan yakin saboda sun ji ba su da damar mamaye wata ƙasa da ba ta nasu ba.

A lokacin wannan yaƙin, dubban ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na Libya sun sace daga makarantu (a Benghazi, Tripoli, da Kudu) ta gwamnati ba tare da yardar ko sanin iyayensu ba. Bayan an fitar da wadannan yara maza daga makarantun su, an ɗora su a kan bas kuma an aika su zuwa Chadi. An kashe wasu daga cikinsu a yaƙi, kuma sojojin Libya sun bar wasu a Chadi. Dubban iyalai sun kasance cikin rikicewa kuma ba su san abin da ya faru da 'ya'yansu maza ba, kuma mafi yawansu ba su sake jin su ba.[5]

Kashewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Gaddafi ta shahara ne saboda yawan amfani da kisan gilla a matsayin hukunci ga 'yan Libya waɗanda ko dai suka yi magana game da mulkin, ko kuma suka zauna a kasashen waje kuma sun kasance wadanda Gaddafis ya shafa "kisan jiki" a kan 'yan Libya. Wadannan za su zo ne a cikin hanyar ratayewa ta jama'a da kuma harbe-harbe.[6]

Sadek Hamed Shuwehdy

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun kisan gillar Libya shine kisan Al-Sadek Hamed Al-Shuwehdy . Sadek dalibi ne na Libya kuma injiniyan jirgin sama wanda ya dawo daga Amurka inda yake karatu, kuma ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya game da mulkin Gaddafi. An kama shi kuma an tsare shi na watanni da yawa kafin a yanke masa hukunci. Gwamnatin ta lakafta shi a matsayin "mai ta'addanci daga Muslim Brotherhood" don tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke masa. Daga nan aka kashe shi a babban filin wasan kwando tare da dubban mutane suna kallon shi daga masu tsayawa, galibi yara waɗanda aka tilasta su halarta a matsayin tafiyar makaranta

Tsabtace kabilanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Gaddafi ta shahara ne saboda tsananta wa kabilun da yawa, kamar su Amazigh, Toubou, da Mutanen Tuareg. Tsanantawar ta kasance ta hanyar tsaftace kabilanci, wanda ya haɗa da haramta duk harsunan 'yan asalin ƙasar da rushe ƙauyukan Berber da yawa don maye gurbin su da Larabawa. Gaddafi akai-akai ya bayyana wadannan 'yan tsiraru a matsayin "' ya'yan Shaidan". [7]

Harsuna da al'adu da aka haramta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin ta haramta yaren Amazigh gaba ɗaya tun lokacin da Gaddafi ya gan shi a matsayin "Invention na Imperialist". Ya bayyana cewa duk wanda ke nazarin harshen Amazigh yana shan "madara mai guba daga ƙirjin mahaifiyarsa". An tattara masu gwagwarmayar Berber da mutanen da ke magana da harshen Amazigh a bainar jama'a kuma an daure su.[8] Waƙoƙin gargajiya na Berber ya sa su cikin matsala. Wadanda ke ƙoƙarin inganta al'adun Amazigh, al'adu da haƙƙoƙi an tsananta musu, an ɗaure su kuma an kashe su. Bayan "juyin juya halin al'adu" na Gaddafi a cikin 1973, gwamnatin ta haramta sunayen Berber gaba ɗaya, kuma an tilasta wa mutane da yawa su ɗauki sunayen Larabci.[9]

A shekara ta 1984, an gabatar da dokar da ta haramta harshe a cikin inganta Larabci. Dokar No. (12) kan hana amfani da harsunan waje da lambobi a duk ma'amaloli sun ba da umarnin amfani da Larabci kawai a cikin jama'a. Daga baya, gwamnatin Gaddafi ta zartar da dokar harshe mai hanawa: Dokar No. (24), wacce ta haramta duk amfani da harshen Amazigh, wanda ya haɗa da haramta sunayen titunan Berber, rubutu a kan motoci, gine-gine, posters, magungunan likita, da sunayen cibiyoyin.[10][11][12]

A cikin shekara ta 2012, harshen Amazigh ya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin karatun makaranta a Zuwara da sauran ƙananan garuruwan Berber, sannan aka kara shi zuwa tsarin karatun makarantar Libya a cikin shekara ta 2023.[13]

Gallazawa da Tsare 'Yan Gwagwarmayar Berber

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yan gwagwarmayar Berber sun fuskanci gallazawa sosai da kuma tauye 'yancinsu daga gwamnatin Gaddafi. Wasu da dama sun shiga hannun jami'an tsaro inda aka tsare su tare da azabtarwa ko kuma aka kai musu harin kisa. Wasu ma aka tsare su ne kawai saboda suna da littattafai da aka rubuta cikin harshen Tamazight.[14]

Said Mahrooq, sanannen mai rajin Berber daga birnin Jadu, ya fuskanci cin zarafi daga 'yan sanda sau da dama da kuma azabtarwa. An gurfanar da shi daga kugu zuwa ƙasa, kuma an karya masa ƙwalwar kai bayan an buge shi da mota a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1979. Wasu 'yan gwagwarmayar Berber sun zargi gwamnatin da shirya wannan hari, duba da yadda jami'an leƙen asirin Libiya suka bi sawunsa sau da yawa kafin wannan yunkurin kisan.[15]

Azaba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 2011, wasu takardu na sirri da aka gano a Tripoli a ofishin tsohon shugaban leƙen asirin Gaddafi, Moussa Koussa, ta ƙungiyar Human Rights Watch sun tabbatar da cewa CIA da MI6 sun tura waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci zuwa Libya, inda aka ci mutuncinsu ta hanyar azabtarwa.[16][17][18][19] A shekara ta 2012, Human Rights Watch ta wallafa rahoto dangane da hirarrakin da ta yi da tsoffin fursunonin Libya guda 14, wanda ya bayyana yadda waɗanda suka ƙi mulkin Gaddafi aka tura su zuwa Libya ba tare da izini ba, inda aka ci gaba da azabtar da su a kurkukun Libya bayan an azabtar da su a cibiyoyin CIA da hanyoyi kamar waterboarding. Wannan ya haɗa da mambobin Ƙungiyar Yaƙin Musulunci ta Libya.[20]

A cewar shugaban Ƙungiyar Yaƙin Musulunci ta Libya, Abdel-Hakim Belhaj, shi da abokinsa Sami al-Saadi an azabtar da su a gidan yari na Abu Salim ta hannun masu binciken Libya. Belhaj ya ce an sace shi a Bangkok a shekara ta 2004 tare da matarsa mai ciki Fatima Boudchar da ƴaƴansu huɗu, kuma ya danganta cafkarsu da bayanan da MI6 ta bayar. Matar Saadi da ƴaƴanta su ma an kama su.[21] An tambaye su tambayoyi daga jami’an leƙen asiri na Birtaniya, waɗanda suka yi amfani da bayanan da aka samu ta hanyar azaba domin tsare wasu Libiyawa a ƙasar Birtaniya.[22][23] Belhaj ya bayyana cewa an azabtar da shi kuma aka tsare shi na tsawon shekaru 6, matarsa ma an azabtar da ita kafin a sake ta bayan watanni huɗu.[24][25]

Lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Libya a 2011, an zargi jami’an tsaron Libya da azabtar da mayaƙan tawaye da fararen hula bayan tawaye sun kai hari yankin arewa maso yamma.[26] A cewar jaridar The Observer, an zargi Gaddafi da bayar da umarni na azabtar da Libiyawa a lokacin yaƙin.[27]


Kashe ba bisa ka'ida ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kisan kare dangi na Gidan Yari na Abu Salim

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Main article: Kisan kiyashi a Kurkukun Abu Salim

Kisan kare dangi na Gidan Yari na Abu Salim ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1996, inda aka kashe fursunoni 1,270 da aka yankewa hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba.[28] Kafin kisan, an tilasta wa fursunonin rayuwa a cikin mummunan yanayi, suna cin abinci mara kyau mai dauke da kwari da ciyawa, sunaye da shan ruwa daga kofin daya, rayuwa a cikin dakunan da beraye suka mamaye, da kuma wahala da dukan dutsen da sanduna daga jami'an tsaro.[29] Wannan ya sa fursunoni da dama suka kamu da cututtuka masu kisa da zazzabi. Ziyara daga iyalai ma ta kasance da tsauraran matakai.[30][31]

Jami'an Gadafi sun kashe waɗannan

Wani zanga-zangar fursunoni ya biyo baya sabo da mummunan halin da suke ciki, inda wasu daga cikin fursunonin suka raba abinci. Jami'an tsaro suka bude wuta, suka kashe fursunoni shida da jikkata 20. Wakilan gwamnati da suka hada da Abdullah Senussi suka gana da wakilan fursunoni inda suka nemi kyautata yanayi, kulawa da marasa lafiya, da gudanar da shari'a don tabbatar da rashin laifin wadannan fursunoni. Senussi bai amince a yi shari'ar ba, amma ya yarda da sauran bukatun bayan an sako jami'in tsaro da aka kama.[32] Fursunonin suka yarda. Daran marasa lafiya da wadanda suka jikkata aka ce za a kai su asibiti, aka kai su a cikin bas, ba a sake ganin su ba kuma har yanzu ba a san inda suke ba.[33]

Washegari, 29 ga Yuni, an tattara fursunoni da dama a cikin harabar gidan yari na tsakiya, kuma an harbe su daga rufin gine-gine. Wadanda suka tsira daga harin farko an kashe su da bindiga daga kusa. Shaidun kisan sun ce sun ji karar harbi na tsawon sa’o’i biyu ba tare da tsayawa ba. An kone gawarwakin, aka ni ƙasusuwa, aka zubar da su cikin teku.[34]

Mulkin Gaddafi ya musanta cewa wannan kisan ya taba faruwa tsawon shekaru.[35]

Kisan Yarmuk

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Main article: Kisan kiyashi na Yarmuk

A ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2011, an tsare wasu mutane a wani rumbun kaya da ke unguwar Khalida Ferjan a Salahaddin, kudu da Tripoli, kusa da sansanin sojojin Yarmuk. Wadanda aka tsare, kimanin 153, kusan dukkansu fararen hula ne. Ana dukan su, ana amfani da lantarki a jikin su, a hana su abinci, hatta a yi musu fyade.[36] Jami'an Khamis Brigade suka gudanar da lissafin wadanda aka tsare kuma suka kai hari mai muni. Wadanda suka tsira sun ce an bude wuta daga rufin rumbun kuma an jefa gurneti cikin ginin. Mutane da dama sun mutu a harin.[37][38] An gano 53 kashi-kashi a wuri guda, kuma wasu gawarwaki a kabarin da aka tono kadan amma an yi kokarin ɓoye shaidar. Akalla mutane 20 ne suka tsira.[38][39] An dauki bidiyo daga wurin harin, inda ake nuna ragowar jikin mutane, yawanci toka ne.[40][41][42]

Zliten waɗanda suka rasa rayuka a Kisan Kare Dangi na Yarmuk

Waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan suka bayar da shaidar abubuwan da suka faru. Abdulrahim Ibrahim Bashir, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsira, ya ce ya gudu ta hanyar tsallake bango yayin da masu tsaron ke cika bindigoginsu. Ya ɓoye a cikin wani gida da wasu waɗanda suka tsira, wasu daga cikinsu suna da raunuka. Bayan sun fito daga ɓoye bayan kwana uku, sun ga wuta, suka haɗu da mayakan 'yan tawaye, kuma suka gano wurin kone-kone.[43][44]

Abdulrahim ya bayyana yadda ya ga masu tsaro suna kashe waɗanda suka ji rauni, kuma ya gano ɗaya daga cikin masu aikata ta, soja mai suna Ibrahim daga Tajura.[37][45] Har ila yau, ya bayar da shaida cewa an tilasta masa ya maimaita Shahada da sunan Gaddafi, yana kiransa da Allah.[40]

2011

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harbin masu zanga-zangar da ba su dauke da makami

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lokacin da Guguwar Larabawa ta kai ga Libya, dubban 'yan kasar suka fito kan tituna suna neman adalci da 'yanci, da kuma gudanar da zabe na gaskiya da adalci.[46][47] Sojojin gwamnati tare da mayakan haya sun murkushe su da karfi, inda suka harbe daruruwan fararen hula da ba su da makami, har ma da murkushe wasu da tankokin yaki. An kashe daruruwan mutane, ciki har da mata da yara, sannan dubbai suka ji rauni a biranen gabas irin su Benghazi, Al-Beida, Derna da Tobruk. An fara tara gawawwaki a tituna, yayin da asibitoci suka cika da raunatawa masu yawa da wadanda ke dab da mutuwa,[48] yawancin raunukan kuma sun kasance ne saboda harbin bindiga a kai, wuya, da kirji.[49] Ganin ido ya bayyana yadda tankoki suka murkushe fararen hula da ke gabansu.[50][51] Sojojin gwamnati sun hana motocin daukar marasa lafiya shiga domin ceton wadanda aka harba.[52] Haka ma lamarin ya faru lokacin da aka yi zanga-zanga a Tripoli domin nuna goyon baya ga Benghazi.[53]

A cewar Luis Moreno Ocampo, babban mai gabatar da kara na Kotu ta Duniya a wancan lokaci, an kashe fararen hula tsakanin 500 zuwa 700 a watan Fabrairu 2011, kafin mayakan adawa su fara daukar makami.[54]

Harbe-harbe da bomabamai a yankunan fararen hula

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sojojin Gaddafi sun kai hari da manyan makamai a kusan dukkan birane, inda suka kashe fararen hula da dama ciki har da mata da yara. Gidaje da asibitoci sun sha bomabamai daga sojojin da ke biyayya ga Gaddafi.[55] Sojojin Gaddafi sun kai farmaki kan motocin fararen hula, inda aka kashe uwa da 'ya'yanta hudu, mafi girma daga cikinsu na da shekara 13.[56]

A Benghazi, an yi amfani da jiragen yaki wajen kai hare-hare kan gidaje a lokacin Yaƙin Benghazi na Biyu. Harbe-harbe sun hallaka mutane da dama ciki har da yara.[57]

A Yafran, sojojin Gaddafi sun yi amfani da rokokin Grad, tankoki da jiragen yaki wajen kai hare-hare kan gine-ginen fararen hula. Likitoci da marasa lafiya sun tsere daga asibitoci saboda yawan hare-haren.[58] Al-Qalaa ma ta sha mugun hari inda mata da yara da dama suka mutu.[59]

Misrata ta fuskanci kunci na watanni 4 daga dakarun Gaddafi. Daruruwan fararen hula sun mutu sakamakon harin gidaje da guraren yin burodi. An yi amfani da bamabaman klasita wadanda doka ta hana,[60] aka harba daruruwan roka a unguwannin birnin.[61] Gwamnatin Libya ta karkatar da ruwan najasa zuwa rijiyoyin ruwa na birni, lamarin da ya tilasta dubban mutane su sha ruwan da ya gurbace, wanda ya haddasa cututtuka da barazanar mutuwar mutane da yawa.[62] Wannan hali ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da mayakan 'yan tawaye suka kwato birnin.

Fyade ga mata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin yakin, sojojin Gaddafi sun fuskanci zargi na yin fyade da azabtar da mata da yara. Sama da rahotanni 8,000 na fyade aka bayar, kuma dukkan su ana zargin sojojin Gaddafi ne.[63] Wasu daga cikin matan an tube su tsirara, an yi musu fyade kuma an kashe su a gaban 'yan uwansu maza.[64]

Wasu mayakan haya da aka kama sun bayyana cewa an tilasta musu shiga gidaje, a daure maza, a harbe su sannan su yi wa matan fyade tare da sojojin Gaddafi.

Matan ba su ce komai ba, sun gaji kuma sun raunana saboda jami'ai 20 sun yi musu kafin mu. Lamarin ya faru da safe, ya dauki kusan awa daya da rabi. Jami'an sun kawo rediyo suna sauraron waka, suna shan taba da rawa yayin fyaden. Ina so in jaddada cewa jami'an ne suka tilasta mana yin fyade.

— Shedar wani mayaki da aka kama[65]

Likitar kwakwalwa daga Libya, Siham Sergewa, ta gudanar da bincike mai zurfi wanda ya nuna hotuna da rahotannin azabtar da mata ta hanyar fyade. Ta samu sakamako daga sama da mutane 50,000 da suka amsa tambayoyi a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira. Daga cikin su, mata 295 sun bayar da rahoton fyade, kuma dukkansu sun ce sojojin Gaddafi ne suka aikata.[66] Matan sun bayar da labaran azaba ciki har da fyade da aka yi musu gaban mazajensu da aka kashe su daga bisani. Sergewa ta mikawa Kotun Duniya bincikenta.[67]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Libya: The significance of 7 April; whether it is a day on which dissidents are hanged and if this practice has been in existence since 1970". webarchive.archive.unhcr.org. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  2. ↑ ""إعدام الطلاب والمعارضين"... جرائم تطارد نظام القذافي". aawsat.com (in Larabci). Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  3. ↑ "Egypt protests Gaddafi's war crimes".
  4. ↑ Cousins, Michel (2012-04-07). "April 7 1976: The start of Libya's Feb 17 Revolution?". LibyaHerald (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  5. ↑ "مشكلة التبو: ما بني وجود, وغياب الدولة يف مثلث تشاد ـ السودان ـ ليبيا" (PDF).
  6. ↑ "Libya: April Victims of Gaddafi Madness". sijill.tripod.com. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  7. ↑ "Language Log » Berbers in Libya". Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  8. ↑ "Berber culture reborn in Libya revolt". Reuters. 12 July 2011.
  9. ↑ "UNHCR Web Archive". webarchive.archive.unhcr.org. Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  10. ↑ bquallen (2023-12-20). "Gaddafi's Linguistic Genocide in Libya". genocidewatch (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  11. ↑ s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com (PDF) https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/public.ldil.dcaf/lois/17-Law%20No.%20(12)%20of%201984_EN.pdf. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2025-01-06. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com (PDF) https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/public.ldil.dcaf/lois/16-Law%20No.%20(24)%20of%202002_EN.pdf. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2025-01-06. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ "ليبيا: عودة اللغة الأمازيغية إلى المدارس بعد حظرها في عهد القذافي لعقود". مونت كارلو الدولية / MCD (in Larabci). 2023-03-29. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  14. ↑ Anderson, Liam D.; Shannon, Vaughn P. (2021). Federal solutions for fragile states in the Middle East: right-sizing internal borders. New Jersey: World Scientific. ISBN 978-1-80061-004-0.
  15. ↑ "SaÏd (Said) Sifaw al-Mah'rouq: Libyan Berber Poet, Linguist & Avtivist". www.temehu.com. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  16. ↑ "The Tripoli documents". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  17. ↑ "Secret Intelligence Documents Discovered in Libya | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2011-09-09. Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  18. ↑ "Files show MI6, CIA link to Gaddafi". France 24 (in Turanci). 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  19. ↑ "Libya: Gaddafi regime's US-UK spy links revealed". BBC News (in Turanci). 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  20. ↑ Pitter, Laura (2012-09-05). "Delivered Into Enemy Hands". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci).
  21. ↑ Ibrahim, Arwa. "UK apologises to Libyan dissident over rendition". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  22. ↑ "Britain's MI6 linked to Libya torture scandal". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  23. ↑ Ruhfus, Juliana. "Renditions: Inside Libya's Prisons". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  24. ↑ "Libyan rebel free to sue UK over 'torture'". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  25. ↑ "Libyan Torture Victims Get Long Overdue Apology From UK | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2018-05-10. Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  26. ↑ Kirkpatrick, David D.; Chivers, C. J. (2011-04-05). "Photos Found in Libya Show Abuses Under Qaddafi". The New York Times (in Turanci). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  27. ↑ Stephen, Chris (2011-06-18). "Gaddafi files show evidence of murderous intent". The Observer (in Turanci). ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  28. ↑ "Libya's notorious Abu Salim prison". geneva lunch. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
  29. ↑ "Rising from the shadows of Abu Salim Prison". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 2014-06-26. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  30. ↑ "Libya survivor describes 1996 prison massacre". Al Jazeera. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  31. ↑ "Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names – Human Rights Solidarity" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  32. ↑ "Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  33. ↑ "Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered". Human Rights Watch. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  34. ↑ Matar, Hisham (2017) [2016]. The Return. German translation. London: Vinking Penguin Random House UK / Luchterhand (German translation). p. 277 (German translation).
  35. ↑ "Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names". Human Rights Solidarity. 29 June 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  36. ↑ "The massacre of the Yarmouk camp holocaust". The massacre of the Yarmouk camp holocaust. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Libya: Evidence Suggests Khamis Brigade Killed 45 Detainees". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2011-08-29. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Cousins, Michel (2012-12-27). "Yarmouk camp massacre trials to start in 10 days' time". LibyaHerald (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  39. ↑ "32nd Brigade Massacre: Evidence of War Crimes" (PDF). PHR.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 BBC (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-09 – via www.youtube.com.
  41. ↑ Grari, Tawfiq. "الإنسانية لا تتجزأ. جريمة محرقة معسكر اليرموك". Twitter.
  42. ↑ كنت هناك | محرقة اليرموك - ليبيا (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-09 – via www.youtube.com.
  43. ↑ "Evidence Suggests Khamis Brigade Killed 45 Detainees - Libya". ReliefWeb (in Turanci). 2011-08-29. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  44. ↑ "Evidence of Libya detainee massacre: Human Rights Watch". NationalPost. Agence France-Presse. 29 August 2011.
  45. ↑ "لقاء مع أحد مرتكبي مجزرة معسكر اليرموك". BBC News عربي (in Larabci). 2014-02-05. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  46. ↑ "2011 Libya Civil War Fast Facts". CNN. 2013-09-20. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  47. ↑ "The Libyan Revolution and the Rise of Local Power Centres". www.iemed.org. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  48. ↑ "Libya unrest: Scores killed in Benghazi 'massacre'". BBC News. 2011-02-20. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  49. ↑ "تصاعد الاحتجاجات و"مجازر" ببنغازي". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  50. ↑ Black, Ian; Bowcott, Owen (2011-02-18). "Libya protests: massacres reported as Gaddafi imposes news blackout". The Guardian. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  51. ↑ Michael, Maggie; Press, Associated (2011-02-19). "Nearly 100 killed in Libyan crackdown on unrest". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  52. ↑ "اتهامات للأمن بارتكاب مجزرة ببنغازي". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  53. ↑ طرابلس تقول بالروح بالدم نفديك يا بنغازي, 23 February 2011, retrieved 2024-03-04
  54. ↑ Simons, Marlise; MacFarquhar, Neil (2011-05-04). "Hague Court Seeks Warrants for Libyan Officials". The New York Times. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
  55. ↑ "Libya: Government Attacks in Misrata Kill Civilians". Human Rights Watch. 10 April 2011.
  56. ↑ "Rebels battle Gaddafi forces as coalition pursues strikes". France 24. 2011-03-22. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  57. ↑ Al Jazeera English (2011-03-19). Gaddafi forces approach Benghazi. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  58. ↑ "Libya: Rocket Attacks on Western Mountain Towns". Human Rights Watch. 27 May 2011.
  59. ↑ "Gaddafi troops shell mountain towns". Times of Malta. 2011-04-20. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  60. ↑ "Gaddafi using illegal cluster bombs, rights group says". France 24. 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  61. ↑ Sherwood, Harriet (2011-04-15). "Libya: Gaddafi forces 'using cluster bombs in Misrata'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  62. ↑ "Libya Live Blog - April 5 | Al Jazeera Blogs". 2011-06-24. Archived from the original on 2011-06-24. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  63. ↑ "ليبيات يطالبن بدعم ضحايا الاغتصاب". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
  64. ↑ "Libya rape victims 'face honour killings'". BBC News. 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  65. ↑ "Libya: 'Forced to rape in Misrata'". BBC News. 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  66. ↑ "Psychologist: Proof of hundreds of rape cases during Libya's war". www.cnn.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  67. ↑ "Hundreds of women report rapes by Qaddafi forces - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 2011-06-01. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cin_zarafin_%27yancin_dan_adam_a_lokacin_mulkin_Gaddafi&oldid=663643"