Cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka
 Cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
intellectual property infringement (en)  |
| Applies to jurisdiction (en) | Jamus |
Cin zarafin Hakkin mallaka shine kaddamar da wani haramtaccen aiki game da kirkira Hakkin mallaka ba tare da izini daga mai rike da Hakkin mallaka ba. Ana iya ba da izini yawanci ta hanyar lasisi . Sannan Kuma Ma'anar ketare Hakkin mallaka na iya bambanta ta hanyar hurumi, amma yawanci ya hada da amfani ko siyar da Kirkirar Hakkin mallaka. A cikin kasashe da yawa, ana bukatar amfani don zama kasuwanci (ko don samun manufar kasuwanci ) don zama ketare ikon mallaka.[ana buƙatar hujja]
An ayyana iyakar Kirkirar Hakkin mallaka ko iyakar kariya a cikin ikirarin da aka ba da Hakkin mallaka. Kuma Ma'ana, sharuddan da'awar suna sanar da jama'a abin da ba a yarda da shi ba tare da izinin mai Hakkin mallaka ba.
Halayen Hakkin mallaka yanki ne, kuma cin zarafi ba zai yiwu ba ne kawai a cikin kasar da ake aiki da Hakkin mallaka. Misali, idan an ba da Hakkin mallaka a Amurka, sannan Kuma to duk wani mutum a kasar Amurka an hana shi yin, amfani, sayarwa ko shigo da abin da aka mallaka, yayin da mutane a wasu kasashe na iya samun ’yancin yin amfani da Kirkirar kirkira a kasarsu. Iyakar kariyar na iya bambanta daga kasa zuwa kasa, saboda ana bincika alamar Hakkin mallaka - ko a wasu kasashe ba a bincikar su sosai - ta ofishin Hakkin mallaka a kowace kasa ko yanki kuma yana iya kasancewa karkashin bukatun ikon mallaka daban-daban.
Bayanin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yawanci, kungiya (banda mai Hakkin mallaka ko mai lasisi na mai mallakar Hakkin mallaka) wanda ke kera, shigo da shi, amfani, siyarwa, ko bayar da siyar da fasahar Hakkin mallaka ba tare da izini/lasisi Kuma daga mai Hakkin mallaka ba, a cikin wa'adin Hakkin mallaka da kuma cikin kasar da ta bayar. patent, ana la'akari da keta Hakkin mallaka.
Gwajin ya bambanta daga kasa zuwa ƙasa, amma gaba daya yana bukatar samfurin bangaren da ya keta (ko hanya, sabis, da sauransu) ya fadi cikin daya ko fiye na ikirarin ikon mallaka. Tsarin da ake amfani da shi ya kunshi kunshi "karanta" da'awar akan fasahar sha'awa. Idan an sami duk abubuwan da'awar a cikin fasaha, sannan da'awar an ce "karanta" fasahar; idan kashi daya daga cikin da'awar ya bace daga fasaha, da'awar ba ta karanta a zahiri akan fasaha ba kuma fasahar gaba daya ba ta keta Hakkin mallaka dangane da waccan da'awar, sai dai idan an yi la'akari da koyaswar daidaitawa .
Dangane da zarge-zargen cin zarafi, wanda ake zargi da laifin keta haddi yakan tabbatar da daya ko fiye daga cikin masu zuwa:
- cewa ba ta aiwatar da Kirkirar Hakkin mallaka ba, watau Kirkirar da aka yi da'awar a cikin Hakkin mallaka (da'awar ta fayyace iyakar kariyar da wani Hakkin mallaka ke bayarwa);
- cewa ba ta yin duk wani aiki na cin zarafi a cikin yankin da ke karkashin ikon mallaka (hakika Hakkin mallaka na yanki ne);
- cewa Hakkin mallaka ya Kare (tun da ikon mallaka yana da kayyadaddun ikon mallaka, watau iyakacin rayuwa);
- cewa Hakkin mallaka (ko takamaiman da'awar da ake zargin an keta) ba shi da inganci, saboda Kirkirar da ake magana a kai ba ta cika bukatun Hakkin mallaka ba ko kuma ya hada da nakasu na yau da kullun, wannan yana mai da ikon mallakar ya zama mara inganci ko ba a iya aiwatar da shi;
- cewa ya sami lasisi a karkashin patent.
Hakanan bangarorin na iya warware takaddamarsu a cikin sulhu, wanda zai iya hada da yarjejeniyar lasisi, kamar yarjejeniyar ba da lasisi . Kuma Masu zaman kansu kauyuka na iya ba ko da yaushe bauta wa jama'a sha'awa, "saboda shari'ar lamban kira rigingimu zuwa kammala o Karin tabbatar da samar da tabbatacce externalities, sannan ta bayyana da iyaka da lamban kira kariya idan da lamban kira da aka kiyaye ko karfafa fadi amfani da bidi'a idan lamban kira ya lalace".
Cin zarafi kai tsaye[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin wasu hukunce-hukuncen, akwai wani lamari na musamman na keta Hakkin mallaka wanda ake kira "indirect infringement." Kuma Za a iya cin zarafi kai tsaye, misali, lokacin da aka yi da'awar na'ura a cikin Hakkin mallaka kuma wani bangare na uku ya ba da samfur wanda za'a iya amfani da shi kawai don yin na'urar da'awar.
Doka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ostiraliya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A Ostiraliya, cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutum, wanda ba shi ba, sannan ya yi amfani ko ba da izini ga wani mutum ya yi amfani da haƙƙin mallaka da ake tambaya. [1]
'Amfani' a cikin wannan mahallin ya haɗa da: [2]
- (i) Yi, hayar, siyarwa ko kuma zubar da wani Hakkin mallaka; ko
- (ii) Bayar don yin, siyarwa, hayar ko in ba haka ba zubar da samfur mai haƙƙin mallaka; ko
- (iii) Yi amfani ko shigo da samfurin haƙƙin mallaka; ko
- (iv) A kiyaye shi don dalilai na yin (i), (ii) ko (iii); ko
- (v) Yi amfani da Hakkin mallaka ko tsari; ko
- (vi) Yi duk wani aiki da aka ambata daga (i) zuwa (iv) a sama dangane da samfurin da ya samo asali daga amfani da wata hanya ko tsari.
Kanada[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A Kanada, Kididdiga ta Patent tana gudanar da Hakkin mallaka, kuma an taƙaita Hakkokin mai Hakkin mallaka a s. 42:
Ta hanyar samar da kayan aikin mallaka na musamman, sannan gata da 'yanci na yin, gini ne da cewa duk wani mutum yin, ko kuma sayar da sabuwar hali na da ke haifar da cewa yana nuna cewa patent. Ko an sami keta haƙƙin mallaka yawanci tambaya ce ta gaskiya .
Ana ɗaukar Kanada a matsayin mafi abota ga masu haƙƙin mallaka fiye da na Amurka, saboda babban bambance-bambance tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen biyu:
- Patents a Kanada suna ƙarƙashin wani m gini, wanda ya dogara a kan karanta biyu da'awar da kuma bayani dalla-dalla domin sanin ikon yinsa, da ikon mallakar, da extrinsic shaida ba a yarda, kai ga rashi na tuhuma tarihi estoppel .
- Yayin da alkalai ke sauraron shari'ar mallakar haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka, alkali ne kawai ke sauraren shari'ar Kanada, don haka ana yin iƙirarin iƙirarin haƙƙin mallaka na Kanada sau ɗaya kawai a matsayin wani ɓangare na hukuncin da alkali mai shari'a ya yanke kan ingancin shari'ar gaba ɗaya. Dangane da haka, Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba a yarda da kararrakin Markman a karkashin dokar Kanada.
- A Kanada, mai nema ba shi da wani takalifi don bayyana kayan kafin fasaha, don haka ba za a iya ɓarna abubuwan haƙƙin mallaka ba akan haka.
- Irin wannan rashin takalifi kuma yana nufin cewa dokar gasa ba za ta shigo cikin wasa ba, sabanin abin da ke faruwa tare da dokar hana amana a Amurka.
- Tsarin gano Kanada ya fi tsarin tsarin Amurka, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin farashi da lokaci wajen aiwatar da ƙarar, kuma yana da wata ƙa'idar aiki mai ma'ana, hana amfani da bayanan da aka samarwa ko bayyana a cikin ganowa daga kowace manufa banda shari'ar da ake ciki yanzu ( banda izinin kotu).
- Dokokin Kanada sun ba mai ƙara damar zaɓar don neman ko dai diyya ko lissafin riba, wanda zai iya zama ko dai ya zama abin hana cin zarafi ko kuma abin ƙarfafawa don cimma matsaya kafin shari'a.
- Samuwar farashi a kotunan Kanada babbar fa'ida ce ga mai shigar da kara yana da kwarin guiwar samun nasara, amma kuma yana hana bin wasu kararraki masu hasashe.
- Ba a bayar da lamuni na kututture a kotunan Kanada, kuma ba a yi yuwuwar bayar da diyya ta hukunci ba.
Turai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin Turai, cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka na haƙƙin mallaka na ƙasa da haƙƙin mallaka na Turai da gaske ne kotunan ƙasa ke aiwatar da su. Sannna Ko da yake ana ba da haƙƙin mallaka na Turai ta Ofishin Ba da Lamuni na Turai, waɗannan jagorar haƙƙin mallaka na Turai ana aiwatar da su a matakin ƙasa, watau a kowace ƙasa. Yawancin ƙasashe memba na Tarayyar Turai sun amince su kafa tsarin ikon mallakar ƙasa (wanda a da ake kira Community patent ), Kuma bisa ga abin da haƙƙin mallaka za su kasance a tsakiya a gaban Kotun Haɗin Kan Haɗin Kai . Koyaya, rubutun doka masu dacewa ba su fara aiki ba tukuna.
Japan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An bayyana cin zarafi a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin mallaka a Japan ta hanyar Mataki na ashirin da 101 na Dokar Haɓaka (Dokar 121 ta shekarata 1959), [3] wanda ke nuna waɗannan ayyukan za a ɗauka su zama cin zarafi na haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ko keɓaɓɓen lasisi:
- (i) inda aka ba da izinin ƙirƙira samfur, ayyukan samarwa, sanyawa, da dai sauransu, shigo da kaya ko bayar da aiki, da dai sauransu duk wani samfurin da za a yi amfani da shi kawai don samar da wannan samfurin a matsayin kasuwanci;
- (ii) inda aka ba da izinin ƙirƙira samfur, ayyukan samarwa, sanyawa, da dai sauransu, shigo da ko bayar da aiki, da dai sauransu kowane samfur (ban da waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin Japan) don amfani da su don samarwa samfurin da aka ce kuma ba makawa don magance matsalar ta hanyar ƙirƙira a matsayin kasuwanci, sanin cewa ƙirƙirar da aka ce ƙirƙira ce ta haƙƙin mallaka kuma samfurin da aka faɗi ana amfani da shi don aikin ƙirar;
- (iii) inda aka ba da haƙƙin mallaka don ƙirƙirar tsari, Kuma ayyukan samarwa, sanyawa, da dai sauransu, shigo da kaya ko bayar da aiki, da dai sauransu duk wani samfurin da za a yi amfani da shi na musamman don amfani da wannan tsarin azaman kasuwanci; kuma
- (iv) inda aka ba da izini don ƙirƙirar tsari, ayyukan samarwa, sanyawa, da dai sauransu, shigo da ko bayar da aiki, da dai sauransu kowane samfur (ban da waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin Japan) don amfani da su don amfani da Hanyar da aka fada kuma ba makawa don magance matsalar ta hanyar kirkirar da aka ambata, sannan sanin cewa wannan ƙirƙirar ƙirƙira ce ta haƙƙin mallaka kuma samfurin da aka faɗi ana amfani da shi don yin aikin ƙirƙira azaman kasuwanci.
Ƙasar Ingila[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An fayyace cin zarafi a ƙarƙashin dokar mallakar mallaka ta United Kingdom ta Sashe na 60 na Dokar Ba da Lamuni ta Burtaniya 1977 (kamar yadda aka gyara), wanda ya tsara nau'ikan cin zarafi masu zuwa:
- Inda abin ƙirƙira wani samfuri ne, ta hanyar yin, zubarwa, miƙawa don zubar, amfani, shigo da ko adana haƙƙin mallaka.
- Inda ƙirƙira wani tsari ne, ta amfani, ko tayin amfani inda aka san cewa amfani da tsarin zai zama ƙeta. Hakanan, ta hanyar zubar, tayin zubar, amfani ko shigo da samfurin da aka samu kai tsaye ta hanyar wannan tsari, ko kiyaye kowane irin wannan samfur na zubarwa ko akasin haka.
- Ta hanyar samarwa, sannan ko tayin bayarwa, a cikin Burtaniya, mutumin da ba shi da ikon yin aikin ƙirƙira, tare da kowace hanya, da ta shafi wani muhimmin abu na ƙirƙira, don sanya abin da aka ƙirƙira ya fara aiki, lokacin da aka sani (( ko yana da kyau a yi tsammanin irin wannan ilimin) cewa waɗannan hanyoyin sun dace don sanyawa, kuma ana nufin sanya, ƙirƙira ta fara aiki a cikin Burtaniya.
Amurka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin dokar Amurka, Kuma za a iya cin zarafi a inda wanda ake tuhuma ya yi, yayi amfani, ko ya sayar, ko yayi tayin siyarwa, ko shigo da wata ƙirƙira mai cin zarafi ko makamancinta . [4] Har ila yau, wani yana aikata laifin cin zarafi a kaikaice idan da gangan ya sa wani ya yi laifi, kuma yana da alhakin wannan laifin. Nau'o'in "cin zarafi na kai tsaye" sun haɗa da "cin zarafin gudummawa" da "cin zarafin da aka jawo."
Ba za a iya fara wani ƙeta ba har sai an ba da haƙƙin mallaka. Koyaya, kariya ta riga-kafi tana samuwa ƙasa 35 USC § 154 (d), wanda ke ba mai mallakar haƙƙin mallaka damar samun madaidaicin diyya na sarauta don wasu ayyukan cin zarafi waɗanda suka faru kafin ranar bayar da haƙƙin mallaka. Kuma Wannan haƙƙin samun diyya na ɗan lokaci yana buƙatar mai riƙe da haƙƙin mallaka don nuna cewa (1) ayyukan cin zarafi sun faru bayan buga aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka, (2) da'awar haƙƙin mallaka sun yi daidai da da'awar a cikin aikace-aikacen da aka buga, da (3) ƙetare yana da "ainihin sanarwa" na aikace-aikacen patent da aka buga.
A cikin Amurka akwai amintattun tanadin tashar jiragen ruwa don amfani da ƙirƙirar ƙirƙira don dalilai na tattara bayanai don ƙaddamar da tsari .
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Binciken izini, wanda kuma ake kira neman 'yancin yin aiki (FTO) ko binciken cin zarafi, [5] bincike ne da aka yi akan haƙƙin mallaka ko kan aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka don sanin ko samfur ko tsari ya keta kowane ɗayan da'awar haƙƙin mallaka ko aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka. Kuma Binciken sharewa yana iya haɗawa da fasahar da ta ƙare wanda ke aiki azaman 'tashar ruwa mai aminci' wanda ke ba da izinin samfur ko tsari don amfani da shi dangane da haƙƙin mallaka a cikin jama'a. Sannan Ana yin waɗannan binciken sau da yawa daga ɗaya ko fiye da ƙwararrun masu binciken haƙƙin mallaka waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin lauyoyin ɗaya ko fiye da haka.
Hakanan ana iya yin binciken sharewa akai-akai (misali, kowane wata) idan mutum ya damu da ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka a wata masana'anta ko game da wani samfur.
Binciken izini na iya bin ra'ayi na izini, watau ra'ayin doka wanda ɗaya ko fiye da lauyoyin ƙirƙira suka bayar game da ko samfur ko tsari da aka bayar ya keta iƙirarin ɗaya ko fiye da aka bayar da haƙƙin mallaka ko aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka. Kuma Ana iya yin ra'ayoyin sharewa a haɗe tare da ra'ayi "inganci da tilastawa". Ingantacciyar ra'ayi da tilastawa ra'ayi ne na doka dangane da ko takardar shaidar da aka bayar tana da inganci da/ko ana iya aiwatarwa. A wasu kalmomi, ra'ayi ingantacce ra'ayi ne ko wasiƙa na shari'a wanda lauyan haƙƙin mallaka ko wakilin haƙƙin mallaka ya yi nazarin abin da aka bayar tare da ba da ra'ayi kan yadda kotu za ta yanke hukunci kan ingancinsa ko aiwatar da shi. [6] Ana yawan neman ingantaccen ra'ayi kafin shari'ar da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin mallaka. Matsakaicin farashi na ingantaccen ra'ayi (bisa ga binciken shekarata 2007 ɗaya) ya haura $15,000, tare da binciken cin zarafi yana ƙara $13,000.
Farashin waɗannan ra'ayoyin don haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka na iya gudana daga dubun zuwa ɗaruruwan dubunnan daloli (ko fiye) dangane da takamaiman ikon mallaka, adadin kariya da nassoshi na fasaha na farko, tsawon tarihin fayil ɗin gabatar da ƙara, da sarkar da fasahar da ake tambaya.
Wani ra'ayi na ban mamaki (bayyana dalilan da ba a keta haƙƙin mallaka ba, ko samar da wasu kariya kamar amfani da farko, haƙƙoƙin shiga tsakani, ko kuma ƙirƙira da ta gabata) Hakanan yana yiwuwa.
Inshorar keta haƙƙin mallaka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Inshorar keta haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka wata manufar inshora ce ɗaya ko fiye da kamfanonin inshora ke bayarwa don kare ko dai mai ƙirƙira ko Kuma wani ɓangare na uku daga haɗarin keta haƙƙin mallaka ba da gangan ba.
A watan Yuni Shekarata 2006, an buga wani nazari ga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai game da yuwuwar tsarin inshorar inshora game da haɗarin haƙƙin mallaka. [7] Rahoton ya kammala da cewa ci gaba da halin da ake ciki tare da ƙarancin kuɗi kaɗan, rashin daidaituwa, inshorar ƙira ta ba da izini (PLI) ba zai cimma wata manufa ta tsarin inshora mai yuwuwa ba. Madadin haka, kawai wani tsari na tilas ne kawai aka yi la’akari da cewa zai iya yiwuwa don samar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki da fasaha ga EU da masu haƙƙin mallaka na kowane mutum wanda zai taso daga tsarin PLI mai yaɗuwa.
"Piracy"[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tun daga shekarun 1840, an yi amfani da kalmar "dan fashin teku" a matsayin wani lokaci mai ƙaranci don kwatanta waɗanda suka keta haƙƙin mallaka kuma suka ƙi amincewa da fifikon mai ƙirƙira . Samuel FB Morse, mai ƙirƙira na telegraph, alal misali, ya yi gunaguni a cikin wasiƙa zuwa aboki a shekarata 1848
An kuma yi amfani da kalmar "dan fashin teku" don bayyana masu mallakar haƙƙin mallaka waɗanda ke ƙwaƙƙwaran aiwatar da haƙƙin mallaka. Don haka ko da yake gangan mutum ya keta haƙƙin mallaka ko kuma da ƙarfi ya aiwatar da haƙƙin mallaka, waɗanda ke jin sun zarce iyakokinsu na iya kiransu da ƴan fashin teku.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Barazanar kawo matakin keta haƙƙin mallaka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
"Tsarin kawo wani matakin keta haƙƙin mallaka na iya yin tasiri sosai kan harkokin kasuwanci na mutumin da aka yi barazanar, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa dokar wasu ƙasashe, Kuma ciki har da Burtaniya, ta tanadi cewa yin barazanar da ba ta da tushe ba ta da tushe, a cikin wasu a hankali. iyakokin da aka tsara, kuskuren da za a iya aiwatarwa a kanta." [8] Duk da haka ba haka lamarin yake ba a Amurka.
Duba wasu abubuwan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Anton Piller odar (hanyar gama gari a wasu ƙasashe don samun hujjojin keta)
- Tsaida kuma daina oda
- Cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka
- Rarraba cin zarafi
- Leken asirin masana'antu
- Rashin adalci
- Kotun mallaka
- Haɗin kai (lalata)
- Lasisin lasisin wayar hannu da ƙararraki
- Saisie-contrefaçon
- IP mai laushi
- Haɗin software
- Bayar da lasisi
Sanannun lamuran cin zarafi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Monsanto Canada Inc. Schmeiser - Wani manomi dan kasar Canada ya kai kara kan noman canola da Monsanto ya mallaka.
- Apple Inc. v. Abubuwan da aka bayar na Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
- Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola Inc.
- nutsewa v. Sony
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Patents Act 1990 (Cth) s 3(1).
- ↑ Ibid sch 1.
- ↑ Patent Act in Japan
- ↑ "[F]or a court to find infringement, the plaintiff must show the presence of every element or its substantial equivalent in the accused device." Wolverine World Wide, Inc. v. Nike, Inc., 38 F.3d 1192, 1199 (Fed. Cir. 1994)
- ↑ UK Intellectual Property Office, Freedom-to-operate (FTO) patent search (infringement search). Consulted on October 9, 2009.
- ↑ M. John Sterba Legal opinion letters: a comprehensive guide to opinion letter practice Aspen Publishers Online, 2002
- ↑ Patent Litigation Insurance
- ↑ Jeremy Phillips, From when must a threat be compensated?, IPKat, June 14, 2008. Consulted on June 15, 2008.
Ci gaba da karatu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Kesan, Jay P. da Ball, Gwendolyn G., Ta yaya Ake Magance Matsalolin Ƙira? Jarabawar Ƙwararren (2005). Jami'ar Illinois Dokar & Takardun Bincike na Tattalin Arziki
- Dubi Phillips Archived 2022-02-16 at the Wayback Machine Don ra'ayin da'irar tarayya na baya-bayan nan game da ginin da'awar (Dokar mallakar mallaka ta Amurka).