Cin zarafin mata na 'yan asalin Amurka
Mata 'yan asalin Amurka suna fuskantar matsanancin tashin hankali na jima'i daga cin zarafin baki zuwa lahani na jiki, gami da amma ba'a iyakance su ga cin zarafin gida da na jima'iwa ba. Irin waɗannan cin zarafin ba wai kawai suna haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin su ba har ma suna sakewa a duk al'ummarsu, suna kara ƙalubalen zamantakewa.[1]
Ɗaya daga cikin shawarwari ya jaddada maido da ikon kabilanci a cikin gurfanar da laifuka da aka aikata a cikin yankunan 'yan asalin ƙasar, dabarar da aka nufa don inganta lissafi da adalci a cikin al'umma. Masu ba da shawara suna yin kira ga gyare-gyaren majalisa don tabbatar da cewa ana ɗaukar maza da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba a ƙarƙashin dokokin gida ko na ƙasa.[2]
Kididdiga
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rahoton Amnesty International na "Maze of Injustice"
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Amnesty International, a cikin rahotonta "Maze of Injustice: Rashin kare mata 'yan asalin daga cin zarafin jima'i a Amurka", ya gabatar da muryoyin wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafinsu.[3] Wannan binciken, wanda aka gudanar a cikin 2005 da 2006 a fadin Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, Oklahoma, da Alaska, ya haɗa da ganawa da wadanda abin ya shafa, kabilanci, jihohi, da jami'an tilasta bin doka na tarayya, masu gabatar da kara, da alƙalai na kabilanci. Rahoton ya nuna cewa akwai tsoro da aka samu a tsakanin 'yan asalin mata cewa hare-haren da suka yi ba za a magance su ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da karancin rahoto.[3]
Binciken adalci ga waɗannan mata sau da yawa yana nufin kewayawa a cikin kabilanci, jihohi, da dokar tarayya, inda tambayoyin iko ke jinkirta ko ma hana shari'o'i daga jin. Rahoton ya gano dalilai da yawa da ke taimakawa ga waɗannan rashin adalci, gami da rashin horo da rashin isasshen martani daga jami'an 'yan sanda, rashin biyan kuɗi na tsarin adalci, ƙuntatawa na tarayya akan ikon kotunan kabilanci, da nuna bambanci na tsarin. Shari'ar Oliphant v. Suquamish ta 1978, wacce ta hana kotunan kabilanci gurfanar da wadanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, ta kara rikitar da lamarin.[3]
Rahoton Binciken Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wani rahoto na 2016 da Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa ta fitar, ya tattara bayanai daga Indiyawan Amurka 3,978 da 'yan asalin Alaska (mata 2,473 da maza 1,505), kuma ya gano cewa fiye da rabin matan da aka bincika sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jima'i a wani lokaci. Musamman, kashi 56.1% sun ba da rahoton fuskantar tashin hankali na jima'i a lokacin rayuwarsu, kuma kashi 14.4% sun fuskanci irin wannan tashin hankali a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.[4] Rahoton ya kuma nuna yawan tashin hankali na jiki da abokan hulɗa suka yi, tare da kashi 55.5% na mata masu amsawa da suka ba da rahoton fuskantar irin wannan tashin hankali a rayuwarsu. A cikin shekara kafin binciken, kashi 8.6% na mata sun ba da rahoton cewa sun kasance wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na abokin tarayya.[4]
Abokin hulɗa na kasa da Binciken Cin zarafin Jima'i
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Waɗannan binciken da aka yi daga Binciken Abokan Hulɗa da Cin Zarafin Jima'i na Ƙasa (NISVS) sun nuna tashin hankalin da manyan 'yan asalin Amurka da Alaska suka fuskanta.[1] alkaluman da aka ruwaito sun nuna cewa kashi 83 cikin 100 na waɗannan mutane, ko kusan mutane miliyan 3, sun fuskanci wani nau'in tashin hankali a rayuwarsu. Wannan tashin hankalin ya kama daga cin zarafi ta fuskar tunani zuwa cin zarafi ta zahiri ta hanyar abokan hulɗa na kud da kud, cin zarafi, ko cin zarafin jima'i. Mata da maza a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi ana cin zarafi a irin wannan adadin, tare da kashi 84.3 cikin 100 na mata da kashi 81.6 cikin 100 na maza. [tabbacin da ya gaza] Duk da haka, mata suna fuskantar yawan cin zarafi da cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i idan aka kwatanta da maza.
Dangane da cin zarafi a rayuwa, matan 'yan asalin Amurka da Alaska sun fuskanci cin zarafi sau 1.2 fiye da matan 'yan asalin Caucasian, yayin da maza daga waɗannan al'ummomin ke fuskantar cin zarafi sau 1.3 fiye da mazan Caucasian. Fiye da mata biyu cikin biyar 'yan asalin Amurka da Alaska sun sami rahoton raunuka na jiki sakamakon wannan tashin hankalin, kuma kusan rabin ayyukan da ake buƙata, galibi kula da lafiya da ayyukan shari'a. Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku ba su sami damar samun waɗannan ayyukan ba. Yawancin waɗanda aka ci zarafin sun fuskanci aƙalla wani tashin hankali ɗaya da wani ɗan wata kabila daban ya aikata. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] Wannan adadin shine kashi 97 cikin ɗari ga mata da kashi 90 cikin ɗari ga maza, yayin da ƙarancin waɗanda aka ci zarafin sun fuskanci tashin hankali daga Ba'amurke Ba'amurke ko Ba'amurke ...
Ƙoƙarin Tarayya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shirin Harin Jima'i na Ƙabilar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shirin Ayyukan Harin Jima'i na Ƙabilar (TSASP), wanda Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ke gudanarwa, wani shiri ne na ingantawa da fadada ayyuka ga wadanda aka yi wa fyade a cikin al'ummomin kabilanci. Matsayin shirin yana da faɗi sosai, yana rufe ƙauyukan Indiya da Alaska Native.[5] An tsara ayyukan TSASP don samar da sabis kai tsaye ga wadanda aka yi wa fyade, kamar shiga cikin rikici, biye da hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da shari'a, shawarwari, da sauran ayyukan tallafi. Shirin kuma yana da niyyar inganta ikon kabilun, kungiyoyin kabilun da kungiyoyin kabilu marasa riba don amsa bukatun wadanda aka yi wa fyade yadda ya kamata da kuma hankali.[5]
Hakanan ana iya amfani da kudade daga shirin don haɓaka da haɓaka dabarun da suka dace da al'adu da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi rauni. Manufar ba kawai don samar da taimako nan take ga wadanda abin ya shafa ba har ma da ƙirƙirar canji na tsarin a cikin al'ummomin kabilanci don magance cin zarafin jima'i da sakamakonsa.[5] Baya ga ayyukan kai tsaye, TSASP tana inganta daidaituwa tsakanin hukumomin tilasta bin doka da masu gabatar da kara na kabilanci, tarayya, da jihohi don tabbatar da amsa mai tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafin jima'i a cikin ikon kabilanci. Babban burin shirin shine rage yaduwar tashin hankali na jima'i a cikin al'ummomin kabilanci da kuma inganta damar samun adalci da ayyukan warkarwa ga wadanda abin ya shafa.[5]
Rahoton Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sa'an nan, don mayar da martani ga matakan tashin hankali na cikin gida, cin zarafin jima'i, da kuma bin diddigin da matan 'yan asalin Amurka suka samu, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka (DOJ) ta fara matakai da yawa don inganta martani na tarayya ga waɗannan laifuka da tallafawa kokarin kabilanci don tabbatar da lafiyar mata 'yan asalin ƙasar. [6]
Wani rahoto na DOJ na 2004 wanda ya yi amfani da bayanai daga 1992-2002, ya gano cewa mutanen da ke cikin Amurka masu shekaru 12 da haihuwa suna fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i 5,900 a kowace shekara. Rahoton ya kuma gano cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar a Amurka suna da sau biyu da za su fuskanci fyade / cin zarafin jima'i idan aka kwatanta da sauran kabilu.[7]
Kusan rabin dukkan matan 'yan asalin Amurka sun fuskanci fyade, tashin hankali na jiki, ko bin abokin tarayya na kusa, kuma daya daga cikin mata uku na Indiya za su fuskanci raunin fyade a wani lokaci a rayuwarta. Bugu da ƙari, yawan kisan gillar matan 'yan asalin Amurka a wasu wuraren ajiya ya wuce matsakaicin ƙasa sama da sau goma.[6] Don yaki da wannan yanayin, DOJ ta kaddamar da wani shiri kan tsaron jama'a a cikin al'ummomin kabilanci, ta umarci Lauyoyin Amurka da su ba da fifiko ga tashin hankali ga mata a ƙasar Indiya, kuma ta kara da sabbin Mataimakin Lauyoyin Indiya 28 a cikin 2010 don kara yawan tuhumar manyan laifuka.[6]
An kafa rundunar sojin cin zarafin mata ta tarayya / ta kabilanci don taimakawa wajen bunkasa shawarwarin da suka fi dacewa da kayan aiki game da gurfanar da cin zarafin laifukan mata a kasar Indiya. Ofishin kan tashin hankali kan mata (OVW) ya kirkiro wani yanki na kasa kan cin zarafin mata na 'yan asalin ƙasar kuma ya aiwatar da aikin SAFESTAR don magance tattarawa da adana shaidar cin zarafin jima'i a yankunan karkara da yankunan da ke ware.[6]
Ofishin wadanda ke fama da aikata laifuka (OVC) na tallafawa kokarin inganta ikon Indiyawan Amurka da Alaska 'yan asalin ƙasar don samar da sabis ga wadanda aka yi wa fyade ta hanyar Jinya ta Jima'i ta Jima-Jima'i (SANE-SART). Don taimakawa wajen samar da cikakkun bayanai ga gwamnatocin kabilun Indiya, OVW ta fitar da takardar neman izinin Tsaro na Kasa. Har ila yau, OVW ta ba da sanarwar zabar kabilun huɗu don Cin zarafin Mata na Musamman na Ƙabilar Amurka (SAUSA), wanda ke da niyyar kara yiwuwar cewa ana gurfanar da kowane tashin hankali da za a yi wa mata laifi.[1]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Ending Violence Against Native Women | Indian Law Resource Center". indianlaw.org. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
- ↑ "Ending Violence Against Native Women | Indian Law Resource Center". indianlaw.org. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Maze of Injustice: the failure to protect indigenous women from sexual violence in the USA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-24. Retrieved 2023-07-02. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Violence Against American Indian and Alaska Native Women and Men". National Institute of Justice (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-07-02.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) | Tribal Sexual Assault Services Program | United States Department of Justice". www.justice.gov (in Turanci). 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2023-07-02. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Protecting Native American and Alaska Native Women from Violence: November is Native American Heritage Month". www.justice.gov (in Turanci). 2012-11-29. Retrieved 2023-06-16. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Ending Violence Against Native Women | Indian Law Resource Center". indianlaw.org. Retrieved 2023-07-02.