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Cinikin Bayi a Tekun Indiya

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Kasuwancin bayi na Tekun Indiya, wani lokaci ana kiransa da cinikin bayi na Gabashin Afirka, ya haɗa da kamawa da jigilar bayin Afirka da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara galibinsu a bakin teku, irin su gabar tekun Swahili da Gabashin Afirka, da kuma ta Tekun Indiya . Yankunan da abin ya shafa sun hada da Gabashin Afirka, Kudancin Larabawa, gabar tekun yammacin Indiya, tsibiran tekun Indiya (ciki har da Madagascar ) da kudu maso gabashin Asiya ciki har da Java .

Tushen bayi ya kasance a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, amma kuma ya hada da Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, tsibiran Tekun Indiya, da Kudancin Asiya. Yayin da cinikin bayi a cikin Tekun Indiya ya fara shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata, ya faɗaɗa sosai a ƙarshen zamani (ƙarni na ɗaya CE) tare da haɓaka kasuwancin Byzantine da Sassanid . Kasuwancin bayi musulmi ya fara ne a karni na 7, tare da yawan kasuwancin da ke canzawa tare da tasowa da faduwar ikon gida. Tun daga karni na 16, ana cinikin bayi zuwa kasashen Amurka, gami da yankin Caribbean, yayin da kasashen Arewa, Yammacin Turai, da Kudancin Turai suka shiga cikin cinikin bayi. Kasuwanci ya ragu tare da kawar da bauta a karni na 19. [1] [2]

Tarihi

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Musulman tekun Indiya cinikin bayi

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Kasuwancin bayi a Tekun Indiya ya koma 2500 KZ. Babila na d ¯ a, Masarawa, Helenawa, Indiyawa, da Farisa duk sun yi cinikin bayi a ɗan ƙaramin ma'auni a fadin Tekun Indiya (wani lokaci kuma Bahar Maliya ). Kasuwancin bayi a cikin Bahar Maliya a kusa da lokacin Alexander the Great an kwatanta Agatharchides . [3] Strabo 's Geographica (wanda aka kammala bayan 23 AZ) ya ambaci Girkawa daga Masar suna cinikin bayi a tashar jiragen ruwa na Adulis da sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa a cikin Kahon Afirka . Tarihin Halitta na Dattijon Pliny (wanda aka buga a shekara ta 77 AZ) kuma ya bayyana cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya. [3]

A karni na 1 AZ, Periplus na Tekun Erythraean ya ba da shawarar damar cinikin bayi a yankin, musamman a cinikin "kyakkyawan 'yan mata don ƙwaraƙwara." A cewar wannan littafin, an fitar da bayi daga Omana (wataƙila a kusa da Oman na zamani) da Kanê zuwa gabar tekun yamma na Indiya. [3] An sami damar yin cinikin bayi na tsohuwar tekun Indiya ta hanyar kera jiragen ruwa da za su iya ɗaukar adadi mai yawa na mutane a cikin Tekun Farisa ta amfani da itacen da aka shigo da su daga Indiya. Waɗannan ayyukan ginin jirgi sun koma zamanin Babila da Achaemenid .

'Yan kasuwan Gujarati sun samo asali ne daga farkon masu bincike na Tekun Indiya yayin da suke cinikin bayi da kayayyakin Afirka irin su hauren giwa da kunkuru. Gujaratis sun shiga cikin kasuwancin bauta a Mombasa, Zanzibar da, a wani lokaci, a yankin Kudancin Afirka. [4] Indonesiya kuma sun kasance mahalarta, kuma sun kawo kayan yaji don kasuwanci a Afirka. Da sun dawo ta Indiya da Sri Lanka da hauren giwa, baƙin ƙarfe, fatun, da bayi. [5]

Babban hanyoyin bayi a Afirka ta Tsakiya

Bayan daular Rumawa da Sasania suka shiga cinikin bayi a karni na 6 miladiyya, ta zama babbar sana'a.

Cosmas Indicopleustes ya rubuta a cikin Tarihinsa na Kiristanci (550 CE) cewa biranen tashar jiragen ruwa na Somaliya suna fitar da bayi da aka kama a ciki zuwa Masar ta Byzantine ta Bahar Maliya. Ya kuma ambaci shigo da eunuch da Rumawa suka yi daga Mesofotamiya da Indiya. [6] Bayan karni na 1, fitar da bakar fata daga kasashen Tanzaniya da Mozambique da sauran kungiyoyin Bantu zuwa kasashen waje ya zama wani abu na dindindin. A karkashin Sasaniyawa, cinikin tekun Indiya ya goyi bayan safarar bayi kawai, har ma da masana da 'yan kasuwa.

Kasuwancin bayi a Tekun Indiya na da

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Hoton garin dutse yana nuna tsohon kagara da fada daga shekara ta 1871 zuwa shekara ta 1875. Garin Dutsen Zanzibar tashar jiragen ruwa ce a cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya.
Masu fataucin bayi na Larabawa-Swahili da waɗanda suka yi garkuwa da su a bakin kogin Ruvuma a Mozambique

Duniyar musulmi ta fadada ta hanyoyin kasuwanci, kamar hanyar siliki a karni na 8. Yayin da karfi da girman cibiyoyin hada-hadar kasuwanci na musulmi ke karuwa, ‘yan kasuwan da ke kan hanyoyin sun zaburar da su shiga addinin Musulunci, domin hakan zai ba su damar samun hanyar sadarwa, hanyoyin kasuwanci da tagomashi dangane da dokokin ciniki a karkashin shugabancin musulmi. Ya zuwa karni na 11, Kilwa, dake gabar tekun Tanzaniya ta zamani, ta zama cibiya mai cike da wadata na cinikin bayi da zinare karkashin mulkin musulmi. [7]

An fara fitar da bayi ga al'ummar musulmi daga Tekun Indiya bayan da musulmi Larabawa 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa na Swahili suka sami nasarar kula da gabar tekun Swahili da hanyoyin teku a karni na 9 (duba Sultanate of Zanzibar ). Waɗannan 'yan kasuwa sun kama mutanen Bantu (Zanj) daga cikin gida a ƙasashen Kenya, Mozambique, da Tanzaniya a yau kuma suka kawo su bakin teku. A can, a hankali bayin suka shiga cikin yankunan karkara, musamman a tsibirin Unguja da Pemba . 'Yan kasuwa musulmi sun yi cinikin bayin Afirka kimanin 1000 a shekara tsakanin 800 zuwa 1700, adadin da ya girma zuwa c. 4000 a cikin karni na 18, da 3700 a lokacin 1800-1870.

William Gervase Clarence-Smith ya rubuta cewa kiyasin adadin bayin da aka yi ciniki ya jawo cece-kuce a fagen ilimi, musamman ma idan aka yi maganar cinikin bayi a yankunan Tekun Indiya da Bahar Maliya . [8] :1Lokacin da aka kiyasta adadin mutanen da aka yi bauta daga Gabashin Afirka, marubuci N'Diaye da masanin tarihin Faransa Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau [9] sun kiyasta miliyan takwas (8) a matsayin adadin mutanen da aka kwashe daga karni na 7 zuwa 1920, wanda ya kai kimanin mutane 5,700 a kowace shekara. Yawancin wadannan bayin da Tekun Indiya da Bahar Maliya suka yi jigilar su ta Zanzibar. [10]

Wannan ya kwatanta da kiyasin da suka yi na mutane miliyan 9 da ake bautar da su ta hanyar Sahara. An sayar da wadanda aka kama a gabas ta tsakiya da kuma gabashin Afirka. Wannan ciniki ya haɓaka yayin da manyan jiragen ruwa suka haifar da ƙarin ciniki da ƙarin buƙatun aiki akan shuka a yankin. A ƙarshe, ana ɗaukar dubun dubatar fursunoni a kowace shekara.

An samo aikin bauta a Gabashin Afirka daga Zanj, Bantu mutanen da ke zaune a bakin tekun Gabashin Afirka. An kwashe shekaru aru-aru ana jigilar Zanj a matsayin bayi daga ’yan kasuwa Musulmi zuwa duk kasashen da ke kan iyaka da Tekun Indiya. Khalifofin Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa sun dauki bayin Zanj da dama a matsayin sojoji, kuma tun a shekara ta 696 aka yi tawaye na sojojin bayi na Zanj a Iraki.

Rubutun Sinanci na ƙarni na 7 ya ambaci jakadu daga Java suna ba wa sarkin Sinawa bayin Seng Chi (Zanj) kyauta a shekara ta 614. Tarihi na karni na 8 da na 9 ya ambaci bayin Seng Chi sun isa kasar Sin daga masarautar Hindu ta Sri Vijaya a Java . Masanin tarihin Larabawa na karni na 12 al-Idrisi ya rubuta cewa mai mulkin tsibirin Kish na Farisa "ya kai hari kan kasar Zanj da jiragen ruwa kuma ya kama mutane da yawa." A cewar wani mai binciken Berber na ƙarni na 14 Ibn Battuta, sarakunan masarautar Kilwa suna yawan kai farmaki a yankunan da ke kusa da abin da ake kira Tanzaniya a yau don bayi.

Tawayen Zanj, jerin boren da suka faru tsakanin shekara ta 869 zuwa 883 miladiyya kusa da birnin Basra (wanda aka fi sani da Basara), wanda ke a kasar Iraki a yau, ana kyautata zaton ya hada da bautar Zanj wanda tun farko aka kama shi daga yankin manyan tafkunan Afirka da wasu yankunan kudu maso gabashin Afirka . Tawayen ya karu ya hada da bayi fiye da 500,000 da kuma 'yantattun mazaje da aka shigo da su daga ko'ina cikin daular musulmi tare da la'akari da "dubun dubatar rayuka a kasar Iraki". [11]

Zanj da aka kai a matsayin bayi zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya ana yawan amfani da su wajen aikin noma mai tsanani. Yayin da tattalin arzikin noman noma ya habaka, Larabawa kuma suka kara arziki, sai suka fara daukar aikin noma da sauran ayyukan hannu a matsayin wulakanci. Sakamakon karancin aiki ya haifar da karuwar kasuwar bayi.

Ya tabbata cewa an fitar da bayi da yawa daga kasashen gabashin Afirka ; Mafi kyawun shaida a kan haka shi ne girman tawayen Zanj a Iraki a karni na 9, kodayake ba duka bayin da abin ya shafa ba ne Zanj. Akwai 'yan kaɗan na shaida na wani yanki na gabashin Afirka da Zanj ya fito, domin a nan ana amfani da sunan a ma'anarsa gaba ɗaya, maimakon a keɓe wani yanki na bakin teku, daga kusan 3°N. ku 5°s. , wanda kuma aka sanya sunan. [12]

Ana buƙatar Zanj don noma:

Tigris-Euphrates delta, wanda ya zama ƙasar da aka yi watsi da shi a sakamakon ƙauran ƙaura da yawaitar ambaliya, [da] [sic] za a iya dawowa ta hanyar aiki mai tsanani. Mawadata masu arziki "sun sami tallafi mai yawa na ƙasar tuddai bisa sharaɗin za su yi noma." Rake ya yi fice a cikin amfanin gonakin gonakinsu, musamman a lardin Khūzestān . Zanj kuma ya yi aikin ma'adinan gishiri na Mesofotamiya, musamman a kusa da Basra . [13]

Ayyukansu shine kawar da ƙasan nitrous wanda ya sanya ƙasar noma. An yi la'akari da yanayin aiki a matsayin mai tsanani da wahala. An shigo da wasu mutane da dama a matsayin bayi zuwa yankin, baya ga Zanj. [14]

Zanj bawan Zanzibar (1889)

Masanin tarihi MA Shaban ya bayar da hujjar cewa tawaye ba tawaye ba ne na bayi, amma tawaye ne na baƙar fata ( zanj ). A ra'ayinsa, ko da yake wasu tsirarun bayi da suka gudu sun shiga tawaye, yawancin mahalarta taron Larabawa ne kuma Zanj 'yantacce. Ya yi imanin cewa, da a ce wannan tawaye ya kasance a hannun bayi, da ba su da abin da ya dace don yakar gwamnatin Abbasiyawa muddin suka yi. [15]

A Somaliya, 'yan Bantu 'yan tsiraru sun fito ne daga kungiyoyin Bantu da suka zauna a Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka bayan fara fadadawa daga Najeriya/Cameroon. Don biyan buƙatun ƙwaƙƙwara, Bantus daga Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka da 'yan kasuwan bautar Somaliya suka kama, an sayar da su da yawa a cikin ƙarni ga abokan ciniki a Somaliya da sauran yankuna a arewa maso gabashin Afirka da Asiya . Mutanen da aka kama a cikin gida lokacin yake-yake da hare-hare, galibi 'yan asalin Oromo da Nilotic, suma a wasu lokutan Somaliyawa suna bautar da su. Duk da haka, hasashe, kamawa, kulawa da ayyukan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin biyu na bayi sun bambanta sosai. [16] [17]

Daga 1800 zuwa 1890, ana tsammanin an sayar da bayin Bantu tsakanin 25,000 zuwa 50,000 daga kasuwar bayi ta Zanzibar zuwa gabar tekun Somaliya. [18] Yawancin bayin sun fito ne daga kabilun Majindo, Makua, Nyasa, Yao, Zalama, Zaramo, da kuma kabilun Zigua na Tanzania, Mozambique da Malawi . Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin Bantu ana kiran su Mushunguli, wanda shine kalmar da aka karɓa daga Mzigula, kalmar kabilar Zigua don "mutane" (kalmar tana riƙe da ma'anoni da yawa da suka haɗa da "ma'aikaci", "baƙo", da "bawa").

Matafiyi na ƙarni na 14 Ibn Battuta ya sadu da wata ƴar Balarabe ɗan ƙasar Siriya daga Damascus wadda aka tsare a matsayin baiwar wani baƙar fata gwamna a ƙasar Mali . Ibn Battuta yayi hira da ita cikin harshen larabci. Bakar fata malamin addinin musulunci ne mai suna Farba Sulaiman. Ya fito fili yana karya doka a Musulunci kan bautar Larabawa. [19] [20]

An yi safarar ‘yan matan Syria ne daga Syria zuwa Saudiya har zuwa lokacin da aka fara yakin duniya na biyu. An aurar da su da maza Larabawa domin a kawo su kan iyaka a bisa doka amma sai aka sake su aka ba su wasu mazan. Ana zargin 'yan kasar Siriya Dr. Midhat da Shaikh Yusuf da hannu cikin wannan safarar 'yan matan Siriya don kai su Saudiyya. [21]

Tekun Bengal da Malabar a Indiya sun kasance tushen safa na kotun Safavid na Iran, a cewar Jean Chardin . Sir Thomas Herbert ya raka Robert Shirley a 1627-9 zuwa Safavid Iran. Ya ba da rahoton ya ga bayin Indiya da aka sayar wa Iran, "sama da bayi ɗari uku waɗanda Farisa suka saya a Indiya: Persees, Ientows (al'ummai [watau Hindu]) Bannaras [Bhandaris?], da sauransu." aka kawo wa Bandar Abbas ta jirgin ruwa daga Surat a shekara ta 1628.

A cikin 1760s, Balarabe Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie ya bautar da sauran musulmai ga jama'a yayin da yake kai farmaki a gabar tekun Borneo wanda ya saba wa shari'a, kafin ya kafa daular Pontianak Sultanate .

Jigo da sufuri

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Kimanta adadin bayi da aka fitar daga Afirka, ta hanya[22]

Daga hujjojin da ke cikin takardun zane da kuma labaran matafiya, mutane suna yin tafiya da dhows ko jalbas, jiragen ruwa na Larabawa da ake amfani da su a matsayin hanyar sufuri a cikin Tekun Bahar Maliya. Wucewa ta Tekun Indiya yana buƙatar tsara abubuwa da kyau da kuma samun albarkatu fiye da na hanyoyin ƙasa. Jiragen ruwa da suka fito daga Zanzibar sukan tsaya a Socotra ko a Aden kafin su wuce zuwa Persian Gulf ko Indiya. Bayi sun kai har zuwa Indiya ko kasar China: wani koloni na ‘yan kasuwa Larabawa ya kasance a Canton. Serge Bilé ya ambato wani rubutu daga karni na 12 wanda ya bayyana cewa mafi yawan iyalai masu kuɗi a Canton, China suna da bayi bakake. Duk da cewa ‘yan kasuwa Sinawa suna sayen bayi (Seng Chi wato Zanj[23]) daga hannun dillalan Larabawa ko kuma suna "tara su" kai tsaye daga bakin tekun yankin Somaliya na yanzu, mutanen yankin Somaliya ba su kasance cikin bayin ba.[24] (A zamanin da, Larabawa da kuma Helenawa suna kiran mutanen yankin da suna Baribah da Barbaroi (Berbers) bi da bi (duba Periplus of the Erythraean Sea),[25][26][27] kuma su ma suna kama bayi, suna rike su, kuma suna kasuwancin bayi.[28]

Bayin da suka fito daga sauran sassan Gabashin Afirka suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a matsayin kaya da aka safarar da su ta hanyar jiragen ruwa zuwa Somaliya. A karni na 19, kasuwancin bayi na Gabashin Afirka ya ƙaru ƙwarai saboda buƙata daga Larabawa, Fotugis, da Faransawa. Dillalan bayi da masu kai hare-hare suna bazuwa a gabashi da tsakiyar Afirka don cika wannan buƙata mai ƙaruwa. Mutanen Bantu da ke zama a Somaliya sun samo asali daga ƙabilun Bantu da suka zauna a Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka bayan yaɗuwar farko daga Najeriya/Kameroon. Daga baya an kama su an sayar da su a matsayin bayi.[17] Mutanen Bantu sun bambanta da Somaliya ta fuskar ƙabila, jiki, da al'ada, kuma har yanzu suna cikin gefe tun zuwansu a Somaliya.[29][30]

Birane da tashoshin ruwa da suka shafi

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.

Hotuna

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  • Kasuwar Bayi ta Zanzibar, 1860 - Stocqueler
    Kasuwar Bayi ta Zanzibar, 1860 - Stocqueler
  • Zane na zamani na kasuwar bayi ta Zanzibar – Kasuwar bayi ta ƙarshe da ba a rufe ba a duniya – Waje da Cocin Anglican – Stone Town – Zanzibar – Tanzaniya
    Zane na zamani na kasuwar bayi ta Zanzibar – Kasuwar bayi ta ƙarshe da ba a rufe ba a duniya – Waje da Cocin Anglican – Stone Town – Zanzibar – Tanzaniya
  • Bayin Zanzibar kewaye – RMG E9083
    Bayin Zanzibar kewaye – RMG E9083
  • Mace bawa ko mai aikin gida a Mogadishu
    Mace bawa ko mai aikin gida a Mogadishu
  • Kama bayi a Tekun Indiya (1873)
    Kama bayi a Tekun Indiya (1873)
  • Kama bayi a Tekun Indiya (1873)
    Kama bayi a Tekun Indiya (1873)
  • Kama jirgin bayi na Larabawa da HMS 'Penguin' a Tekun Aden – ILN 1867
    Kama jirgin bayi na Larabawa da HMS 'Penguin' a Tekun Aden – ILN 1867
  • Kama bayi a Tekun Indiya (1873)
    Kama bayi a Tekun Indiya (1873)
  • Harper's Weekly (1867)
    Harper's Weekly (1867)
  • Mishan na Kiristoci da cigaban zamantakewa; Nazarin zamantakewa na ayyukan mishan na ƙasashen waje (1897)
    Mishan na Kiristoci da cigaban zamantakewa; Nazarin zamantakewa na ayyukan mishan na ƙasashen waje (1897)

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Indian Ocean and Middle Eastern Slave Trades". obo (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  2. ↑ Harries, Patrick (17 June 2015). "The story of East Africa's role in the transatlantic slave trade". The Conversation (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named indianocean22
  4. ↑ "'Even British were envious of Gujaratis'". The Times of India. 2013-09-28. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  5. ↑ Beale, Philip. "From Indonesia to Africa:Borobudur Ship Expedition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2025-05-27.
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named indianocean42
  7. ↑ Michalopoulos, Stelios; Naghavi, Alireza; Prarolo, Giovanni (2018-12-01). "Trade and Geography in the Spread of Islam". The Economic Journal (in Turanci). 128 (616): 3210–3241. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12557. ISSN 0013-0133. PMC 8046173 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33859441 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. ↑ William Gervase Clarence-Smith. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ↑ Lacoste, Yves (2005). "Hérodote a lu : Les Traites négrières, essai d'histoire globale, de Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau" [Book Review: African Slave Trade, an Attempted Global History, by Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau]. Hérodote (in Faransanci). 117 (117): 196–205. doi:10.3917/her.117.0193. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  10. ↑ "Focus on the slave trade". BBC. 3 September 2001. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017.
  11. ↑ Asquith, Christina. "Revisiting the Zanj and Re-Visioning Revolt: Complexities of the Zanj Conflict – 868–883 Ad – slave revolt in Iraq". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
  12. ↑ Talhami, Ghada Hashem (1 January 1977). "The Zanj Rebellion Reconsidered". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 10 (3): 443–61. doi:10.2307/216737. JSTOR 216737.
  13. ↑ "the Zanj: Towards a History of the Zanj Slaves' Rebellion". Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
  14. ↑ "Hidden Iraq". William Cobb. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  15. ↑ Shaban 1976.
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named USRCLS2
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refugees Vol. 3, No. 128, 2002 UNHCR Publication Refugees about the Somali Bantu" (PDF). Unhcr.org. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  18. ↑ "The Somali Bantu: Their History and Culture" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  19. ↑ (Kathryn A. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ↑ (Jay ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ↑ "Margins Of The Market: Trafficking And Capitalism Across The Arabian Sea [PDF] [4ss44p0ar0h0]". vdoc.pub.
  22. ↑ Saleh, Mohamed; Wahby, Sarah (30 March 2022). "Boom and Bust". Migration in Africa: 56–74. doi:10.4324/9781003225027-5. ISBN 978-1-003-22502-7.
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Oliver
  24. ↑ David D. Laitin, Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience, (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), p. 52
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bagley
  26. ↑ Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia, (Greenwood Press: 2001), p. 13
  27. ↑ James Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12: V. 12, (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p. 490
  28. ↑ Henry Louis Gates, Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, (Oxford University Press: 1999), p. 1746
  29. ↑ "The Somali Bantu: Their History and Culture – People". Cal.org. Retrieved 21 February 2013.[permanent dead link]
  30. ↑ L. Randol Barker et al., Principles of Ambulatory Medicine, 7 edition, (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 2006), p. 633
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