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Cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya

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Cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya
slave trade (en) Fassara
Wuri
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 22°N 38°E / 22°N 38°E / 22; 38
Kasuwancin bayi na Afirka
Hanyoyin cinikin bayi na Daular Habasha
Hanyoyin cinikin bayi ta Habasha
Ana amfani da Doos wajen jigilar kayayyaki da bayi.
Bayi da aka kama daga cikin jirgin ruwa

Kasuwancin bayi na Bahar Maliya, wani lokaci ana kiransa da cinikin bayi na Musulunci, cinikin bayi na Larabawa, [1] ko cinikin bayi na Gabas, [1] cinikin bayi ne da ke ratsa tekun Bahar Maliya, ana fataucin 'yan Afirka daga nahiyar Afirka zuwa bautar da su a yankin Larabawa da Gabas ta Tsakiya tun a zamanin da har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 20.[1]

An san cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sana’o’in bayi mafi daɗewa a duniya, kamar yadda aka sani tun da daɗewa har zuwa shekarun 1960, lokacin da aka kawar da bauta a ƙasashen Saudiyya da Yemen daga ƙarshe. Lokacin da aka dakatar da sauran hanyoyin cinikin bayi, cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya ya zama sananne a duniya a matsayin cibiyar kasuwancin bayi a lokacin tsaka-tsakin lokaci. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ƙaruwar matsin lamba na ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙarshe ya haifar da dakatarwar hukuma ta karshe a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20.[1][2][3]

Bahar maliya da sahara da tekun Indiya su ne manyan hanyoyi guda uku da ake jigilar bayin Afirka ta gabas zuwa duniyar musulmi.[4]

Tarihin Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasuwancin bayi daga Afirka zuwa yankin Larabawa ta hanyar Bahar Maliya yana da daɗaɗɗen tushe. Yayin da a Jahirar Larabawa, fursunonin yaƙi na Larabawa sun kasance wuraren bauta na yau da kullum, ana shigo da bayi daga Habasha a kan Tekun Bahar Maliya.[5] :144Da alama an kafa cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya aƙalla tun daga ƙarni na 1 zuwa gaba, lokacin da aka yi safarar ƴan Afirka bayi a haye ta Bahar Maliya zuwa Larabawa da Yemen.[5] :143

A cikin ƙarni na 9, an kwashe bayi daga cinikin bayi daga Bahar Maliya zuwa Jeddah, Makka, da Madina, da ayari a kan hamada zuwa Bagadaza da kuma bauta a cikin Halifancin Abbasiyawa.[6][7] Har ila yau ana ci gaba da cinikin bayi bayan ƙarni da yawa, sa’ad da matafiya na Yamma suka lura da ita.

Richard Francis Burton ya bayyana kasuwar bayi a Madina a cikin shekarun 1850:

"Basarar da ke Al-Madinah matalauta ne kuma kamar yadda kusan dukkanin bayi aka kawo su daga Makka ta hanyar Jallabs ko direbobi bayan fitar da mafi kyawun zuwa Misira garin yana karɓar sharar gida kawai.... wasu daga cikin waɗannan bayi sun fito ne daga ƙasar Galla kuma ana fitar da su a tashar jiragen ruwa na bakin tekun Somaliya, Berberah, Tajoura da Zayla. Kamar yadda suke ado kamar bayi 2000 daga tsohuwar wurin, kuma 4000 daga baya, suna fitowa da sauri a kan titin su.

A cewar wani rahoto na Burtaniya, an tura bayi 320 ta hanyar cinikin bayi ta tekun Bahar Maliya zuwa Jeddah a watan Mayun 1879.

Bayi inda suke tafiya da sarƙoƙi daga Tekun Yamma zuwa gaɓar Sudan, Habasha da Somaliya, aka sanya su a kan jiragen ruwa da safarar su ta tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Fasha ko Aden, ko kuma haye Bahar Maliya zuwa Larabawa da Aden, tare da raunana bayi a cikin teku.[8] :16

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Gabashin Tekun Bahar Maliya ya kafa ƙasa mai zaman kanta a matsayin Masarautar Hejaz (1916–1925). Hejaz bai ɗauki kansa a matsayin wajibi ga bin dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin da Daular Usmaniyya ta rattabawa hannu ba dangane da bauta da cinikin bayi. A lokacin Interwar period, an san daular Hejaz a matsayin cibiyar kasuwancin bayi na yanki.

Tushen samarwa da hanyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mabubbugar da ke ba da cinikin bayi a ƙetaren Tekun Bahar Maliya galibi suna cikin Afirka. Sun haɗa da hanyoyin kai tsaye ta tekun Bahar Maliya daga babban yankin Afirka, da kuma hanyar da ke da alaka da cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya, inda aka fara safarar bayi ta hanyar cinikin bayi ta tekun Indiya daga nan kuma aka shiga ta tekun Bahar ta Yaman. Asalin bayin galibin 'yan Afirka ne, amma akwai wasu tsiraru na sauran ƙabilun da aka samar ta hanyar cinikin bayi a tekun Indiya, galibin Asiya.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Miran, Jonathan (2022-04-20), "Red Sea Slave Trade", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History (in Turanci), doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.868, ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4, retrieved 2023-11-28
  2. ↑ Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2013-12-16). The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century (in Turanci) (0 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315035383. ISBN 978-1-135-18214-4.
  3. ↑ Nunn, Nathan (2008). "The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 123 (1): 139–176. doi:10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.139. ISSN 0033-5533. JSTOR 25098896.
  4. ↑ Nunn, Nathan (2008). "The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 123 (1): 139–176. doi:10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.139. ISSN 0033-5533. JSTOR 25098896.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing.
  6. ↑ Black, J. (2015). The Atlantic Slave Trade in World History. USA: Taylor & Francis. p. 14 [1]
  7. ↑ [2] Hazell, A. (2011). The Last Slave Market: Dr John Kirk and the Struggle to End the East African Slave Trade. Storbritannien: Little, Brown Book Group.
  8. ↑ Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-0340-5.
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