Cinikin bayi na Barbari

Cinikin bayi na Barbary
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	slave trade (en)
Fuskar	African slave trade (en)

Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya haɗa da kamawa da sayar da bayi na Turai a kasuwannin bayi a cikin jihohin Barbary na Ottoman ( Arewacin Afirka ). Ƴan fashin Barbary sun kama bayin Turawa a farmakin da bayi suka kai kan jiragen ruwa daga Barbary corsairs da kuma farmakin da aka kai a garuruwan bakin teku daga Italiya zuwa Ireland, gabar tekun Spain da Portugal, har zuwa arewacin Iceland da kuma zuwa Gabashin Bahar Rum .

Gabashin Ottoman na Gabashin Mediterrenean ya kasance wurin da ake yawan fashin teku. [1] A ƙarshen karni na 18, fashin teku ya ci gaba da zama "barazana mai dorewa ga zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa a cikin Aegean ". [2]

Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya zo karshe a farkon karni na 19, bayan da Amurka da kawayen Turai na yammacin Turai suka yi nasara a yakin Barbary na daya da na biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku kuma Faransa ta mamaye yankin, wanda ya kawo karshen cinikin a shekarun 1830. [1] [2] [3]

Yawancin mutanen da aka kama, ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma’aikatan jirgin da aka tafi da su da jiragen ruwansu, amma akwai masunta da kuma mazauna bakin teku da yawa da aka kama. Galibin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga kasashen da ke kusa da tekun Bahar Rum, musamman daga Italiya. [1] [2]

Yawan

Hukumomin Ottoman da na zamanin Ottoman ba su adana bayanan da suka dace ba, amma masu lura da al'amura sun kiyasta cewa an gudanar da bayin Turai kusan 35,000 a cikin karni na 17 a gabar tekun Barbary, a fadin Tripoli da Tunis, amma galibi a Algiers . [1] [2] [3] [4] Yawancin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne (musamman waɗanda suke Ingilishi), waɗanda aka ɗauke su da jiragensu, amma wasu masunta ne da ƙauyen bakin teku. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da Arewacin Afirka, musamman Italiya . [5]

Robert Davis, marubucin Bawan Kirista, Malaman Islama, ya kiyasta cewa masu cinikin bayi daga Tunis, Algiers, da Tripoli sun kai miliyan 1 zuwa 1.25. Turawa miliyan sun bautar da Arewacin Afirka, daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18. [1] [2] Don fitar da lambobinsa, Davis ya ɗauka cewa adadin bayin Turawa da 'yan fashin teku Barbary suka kama sun kasance a koyaushe har tsawon shekaru 250. [3]

Wasu masana tarihi sun ƙalubalanci lambobin Davis. ^[1]

John Wright yayi gargadin cewa kiyasi na zamani sun dogara ne akan ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan daga kallon ɗan adam. [1] Littafi na biyu na Davis, Yaƙin Mai Tsarki da Bautar ɗan adam: Tatsuniyoyi na Bautar Kirista-Musulmi a cikin Rum na Farko na Zamani, ya faɗaɗa mayar da hankali ga bautar da ke da alaƙa. [2]

Daga sansanonin da ke gabar tekun Barbary da ke arewacin Afirka, ' yan fashin tekun Barbary sun kai farmaki kan jiragen ruwa da ke bi ta tekun Mediterrenean da kuma yankunan arewaci da yammacin Afirka, inda suke kwashe kayansu tare da bautar da mutanen da suka kama. Daga akalla 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwa da kauyukan Italiya da Spain da Girka da Ireland da kuma Iceland inda suka kama maza da mata da yara. A cikin 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kama tsibirin Ischia, yana ɗaukar fursunoni 4,000, kuma ya bautar da wasu 2,000-7,000 mazauna Lipari . [1] [2] A cikin 1551, Ottoman corsair Dragut ya bautar da dukan mutanen tsibirin Maltese na Gozo, tsakanin 5,000 zuwa 6,000, ya aika da su zuwa Tripolitania Ottoman . A cikin 1554 jami'an tsaro karkashin Dragut sun kori Vieste, suka fille kawunan 5,000 na mazaunanta, kuma suka sace wasu 6,000. [3] An mamaye tsibirin Balearic a shekara ta 1558, kuma an kai mutane 4,000 bauta. [4] A shekara ta 1618 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya sun kai hari a tsibirin Canary inda suka yi garkuwa da 1,000 don sayar da su a matsayin bayi. [5] A wasu lokatai, an yi watsi da ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore a Ireland bayan wani hari, amma an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa 466 na fatauci ga barayin Barbary. [6]

A wasu lokuta, ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore, Ireland an yi watsi da su bayan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku na Barbary, kawai an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa 466 na fatauci ga barayin Barbary. ^[2]

Yayin da Barbary corsaers ke wawashe kayan jiragen da suka kama, babban burinsu shi ne su kama mutanen da ba musulmi ba don sayarwa a matsayin bayi ko kuma don neman fansa. Wadanda suke da dangi ko abokai da za su iya fansar su an tsare su; Mafi shahara daga cikinsu shi ne marubuci Miguel de Cervantes, wanda aka gudanar kusan shekaru biyar - daga 1575 zuwa 1580. An sayar da wasu zuwa nau'ikan bauta iri-iri. An ‘yantar da fursunoni da suka musulunta gaba daya, tunda an hana bautar da musulmi; amma wannan yana nufin ba za su taɓa komawa ƙasashensu na asali ba. [1] [2] [ bukatar magana don tabbatarwa ]

Kididdigar kwastam daga karni na 16 da 17 sun nuna cewa karin bayin da Istanbul ta shigo da su daga cinikin bayi na Bahar Black Sea ya kai kusan 2.5. miliyan daga 1450 zuwa 1700. [1] Kasuwanni sun ragu bayan Sweden da Amurka sun ci Barbary States a Barbary Wars (1800-1815). Wani balaguron sojan ruwan Amurka karkashin Commodore Edward Preble ya yi amfani da jiragen ruwa da kagara a Tripoli a shekara ta 1804.

Wata tawagar diflomasiyyar Burtaniya a Algiers ta kai ga Dey don amincewa da sakin wasu bayin Sardina. Duk da haka, lokacin da Birtaniyya ta fita, Dey ya ba da umarnin kashe Sardinawan. Irin wadannan jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya da wasu jiragen yakin kasar Holland suka hade, suka dawo suka kai harin bam na tsawon sa'o'i tara a Algiers a shekara ta 1816, wanda ya kai ga Dey ya amince da sabuwar yarjejeniya wadda a cikinta ya yi alkawarin kawo karshen ayyukan bautar da yake yi. Duk da haka, cinikin ya ci gaba, yana ƙarewa kawai bayan da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya (1830-1847). Masarautar Morocco ta riga ta murkushe masu fashin teku a lokacin.

Asalin

Satar fasaha na Arewacin Afirka ya samo asali ne sosai. Ya sami mahimmancin siyasa a cikin karni na 16, musamman ta hanyar Barbarossa (Khayr al-Dīn), wanda ya hada Aljeriya da Tunisia a matsayin jihohin soja a karkashin mulkin Ottoman kuma ya ci gaba da samun kudaden shiga ta hanyar fashi. Tare da zuwan ƙungiyoyin Moorish masu ƙarfi a Rabat da Tétouan (1609), Maroko ta zama sabuwar cibiyar 'yan fashin teku da kuma ga sarakunan 'Alawī, waɗanda cikin sauri suka sami iko da jamhuriyar biyu kuma suka ƙarfafa satar fasaha a matsayin tushen samun kuɗi mai mahimmanci. A cikin karni na 17, 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya da Tunusiya sun hada karfi da karfe, kuma a shekara ta 1650 sama da 30,000 na wadanda suka yi garkuwa da su aka daure a Algiers kadai. [1] [2]

An rubuta garuruwan da ke bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka a zamanin Romawa don kasuwannin bayi, kuma wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa zamanin da . Yankin Barbary ya karu da tasiri a karni na 15, lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta karbi ragamar mulkin yankin. Haɗe da wannan shi ne kwararowar Yahudawa Sephardi [1] da 'yan gudun hijirar Moorish, waɗanda aka kora daga Spain bayan Reconquista .

Tare da kariyar Ottoman da ɗimbin baƙi marasa galihu, ba da daɗewa ba bakin teku ya zama sananne ga fashin teku . Ma'aikatan jirgin da aka kama sun kasance bayi ne ko kuma an yi musu fansa . Tsakanin 1580 zuwa 1680, akwai a Barbary kusan 15,000 masu tuba, Kiristoci na Turai waɗanda suka musulunta. Rabin kyaftin din corsair a hakika sun koma ne. Wasu daga cikinsu bayi ne da suka musulunta, amma yawancinsu ba su taba zama bayi ba kuma sun zo Arewacin Afirka suna neman dama. [1]

Tashi na 'yan fashin Barbary

Bayan wani tawaye a tsakiyar karni na 17 ya rage mulkin Ottoman Pashas zuwa kadan fiye da adadi a yankin, garuruwan Tripoli, Algiers, Tunis, da sauransu sun zama masu zaman kansu ba tare da suna ba. Ba tare da babbar hukuma ta tsakiya da dokokinta ba, 'yan fashin da kansu sun fara samun tasiri sosai.

Hare-haren da 'yan fashin teku suka kai domin sayen bayi ya faru a garuruwa da kauyuka a kan tekun Atlantic na Afirka, da kuma a Turai. Daga kusan 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwan da ke bakin teku da kauyukan Italiya, Spain, Girka, Ireland, da kuma Iceland, inda suka kama maza da mata da yara, kuma wadannan hare-haren sun kai karshen karni na 19. Robert Davis ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin 1 zuwa 1.25 'Yan fashin sun kama turawa miliyan miliyan tare da sayar da su a matsayin bayi a Tunis, Algiers da Tripoli a cikin wannan lokacin. Ba a cikin wannan kiyasin cinikin bayi a Turawa a wasu sassan tekun Bahar Rum. Duk da haka, wasu ’yan tarihi irin su David Earle sun yi tambaya game da kiyasin Robert Davis: “Alkalumansa ba su da daɗi kuma ina tsammanin yana iya yin karin gishiri.” [1]

Shahararrun bayanan hare-haren bayi na Barbary sun hada da ambaton a cikin littafin diary na Samuel Pepys da wani hari da aka kai a kauyen Baltimore da ke gabar teku a Ireland, inda 'yan fashin suka bar tare da daukacin mazauna wurin. An kai harin ne karkashin jagorancin wani kaftin dan kasar Holland, Jan Janszoon van Haarlem, wanda aka fi sani da Murad Reis the Younger. Janszoon kuma ya jagoranci farmakin 1627 akan Iceland . Kimanin mutane 50 aka kashe kuma an kama kusan 400 aka sayar da su a matsayin bayi. [1] Irin wadannan hare-hare a cikin Bahar Rum sun kasance akai-akai kuma suna da barna har bakin tekun tsakanin Venice da Malaga [2] ya sha fama da raguwar yawan jama'a, kuma an hana yin sulhu a can. Hasali ma, an ce “ba wanda ya rage ya kama”. [3]

A cikin 1627, ƙungiyar da aka sani da Salé Rovers, daga Jamhuriyar Salé (yanzu Salé a Maroko ) sun mamaye Lundy har tsawon shekaru biyar. Waɗannan ƴan fashin teku na Barbary, ƙarƙashin umarnin Janszoon, sun ɗaga tutar Ottoman akan tsibirin. Barbary Pirates ne suka kai hare-hare daga Lundy, kuma an kama Turawan da aka kama a Lundy kafin a tura su Algiers don sayar da su a matsayin bayi. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Ƙarfi da tasirin waɗannan ƴan fashin a wannan lokacin ya kasance kamar yadda ƙasashe ciki har da Amurka suka ba da yabo don dakile hare-haren su. ^[3]

Wani ɗan ƙasar Ingila mai suna Thomas Pellow, wanda ya tsere daga ƙasar Maroko bayan shekaru 21 na bautar, ya buga wani asusun daga baya na cinikin a cikin 1740.

Bauta kafofin ta al'umma

Tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa farkon karni na 19, cinikin bayi na Barbary a kudu da yammacin Turai na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin bayi na Turawa zuwa Daular Usmaniyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, dayan kuma shine cinikin bayi na Crimea na zamani a Gabashin Turai.

Sojojin Barbary sun kai hari a kasashe daban-daban a Kudancin da Yammacin Turai, da kuma Amurka. Wasu daga cikin al'ummomin dai an kai musu hari ne ta hanyar ruwa, yayin da wasu kuma aka kai hare-haren bayi a kasa. Ko wace kasa na da manufofinta domin tinkarar lamarin, sannan gwamnatocin kasashen Turai daban-daban sun ci gaba da tattaunawa da jihohin Barbary domin biyan kudin fansa ga wadanda ake tsare da su, da hana kai hare-hare kan jiragen ruwa ko kuma kai farmaki a gabar tekun nasu. [1] An fara kai hare-hare da makami ne a karni na sha shida, lokacin da kasashen Ottoman da suke a yau, Aljeriya, Tunisia da Libya suka zama jahohin 'yan damfara masu cin gashin kansu wadanda suka rayu a bara, kuma sun ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na sha tara, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya ta zamani. [2] Tun daga karni na 16 zuwa karshen karni na 18, 'yan fashin tekun da suka kaddamar da hare-hare daga gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka sun kai farmaki kan yankunan gabar tekun Italiya (musamman a kudu maso yamma). Don kare kansu, mutanen da ke yankunan bakin teku sun ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa zuwa wurare masu tsaunuka da tuddai. Tasirin dogon lokaci na waɗannan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku ya ci gaba har sama da ƙarni zuwa 20th.

Biritaniya da Ireland

'Yan fashin Barbary Corsairs ne suka kai wa Biritaniya da Ireland hari a cikin teku amma kuma ta hanyar kai hare-hare a kan kasa. Tekun Irish ya yi kaurin suna saboda 'yan fashin Barbary suna yawan zuwa, duk da cewa yawancin wadanda aka kama daga tsibirin Birtaniyya ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa a kusa da Bahar Rum.

A cikin 1620-1621, gwamnatin James VI da ni mun ci gaba da tattaunawa mai tsawo don hana hare-hare, amma ba mu yi nasara ba.

A cikin shekarun 1620 da 1640, yankunan Cornwall da Devon a Ingila, da kuma Kudancin Ireland, sun fuskanci hare-hare daga Barbary corsairs, wadanda suka kai farmaki a bakin tekun bayan sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa a wajen gabar tekun.

Wataƙila wanda ya fi shahara a tarihi na hare-haren bayi na Burtaniya da Irish shine buhun Baltimore da corsairs daga Alger suka yi zuwa ƙauyen Baltimore na gabar teku a Yammacin Cork a Ireland a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1631, wanda shi ne hari mafi girma na bayi da 'yan kasuwa Barbary suka kai Ireland. [1] [2] Shekaru biyu bayan buhun Baltimore na 1631, wani harin bawan da ya kai kauyen Dungarvan na Irish ma ya yi sanadin kama mutane kusan hamsin. [3]

Ingila ta ba da wakilai zuwa Arewacin Afirka don sayen 'yan Ingila, wadanda ake tsare da su a matsayin bayi. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 1640, lamarin ya yi tsanani sosai har aka kafa kwamitin gwamnati, Kwamitin Algiers, don dawo da bayin Ingila daga Aljeriya. [1] A shekara ta 1643, an kai matuƙan jirgin ruwa da yawa daga Biritaniya a matsayin bayi zuwa Aljeriya har gwamnatin Ingila ta yi kira da a tara kuɗin fansa na ƙasa daga dukan majami’un da ke cikin Mulkin don a sami damar siyan su kyauta. [2] Sayen bayi mata ya fi tsada fiye da sayan bayi maza. [2]

Daga cikin mutanen Burtaniya da aka kashe a cinikin bayi na Barbary akwai Helen Gloag, Lalla Balqis, Elizabeth Marsh da Thomas Pellow, wadanda aka kama su daga jiragen ruwa.

Denmark - Norway

Masarautar Denmark-Norway ta fuskanci hare-haren Barbary a kan teku da kuma hare-haren bayi.

Tsibirin Faroe, wanda ke cikin Denmark, ya fuskanci hare-haren bayi daga Barbary corsairs a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 18. A shekara ta 1607, 'yan fashi na Barbary sun kai hari kan tsibirin Faroe wadanda suka sace mutane da yawa zuwa bautar.

Mafi shahararren hari na bayi a tsibirin Faroe shine hari na bayi na Suðuroy a lokacin rani na 1629, inda aka sace mutane talatin zuwa bautar, daga inda ba su sake dawowa ba.

Yaƙin Danish-Algeria daga 1769 zuwa 1772 tsakanin Denmark-Norway da Deliki na Algiers ya faru ne a wani bangare saboda fashi na Barbary a kan jiragen ruwa na Danish-Norwegian, waɗanda aka sayar da ma'aikatan su cikin bautar.

Daga cikin mutanen Danish da aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Barbary shine Hark Olufs .

Faransa

Haɗin gwiwar Franco-Ottoman, wanda ya kasance tsakanin 1536 da 1798, ya sanya Faransa a matsayi daban da sauran ƙasashen Turai a cikin mahallin. Kungiyar Franco-Ottoman ta kare Faransa fiye da sauran kasashe daga hare-haren 'yan fashi, wadanda a hukumance su ne talakawan Ottoman. Ya bambanta da sauran ƙasashen Turai Faransa na iya yin korafi game da 'yan fashi ga sultan Ottoman, wanda za a tilasta masa ya dauki mataki saboda haɗin gwiwar Franco-Ottoman. Sultan Ottoman bai goyi bayan hare-haren Ottoman a kan jiragen ruwa na Faransa ko hare-hares na gabar tekun Faransa ba, kuma ya bambanta da hare-harun da aka kai wa wasu kasashe da yawa, hare-harele a kan jiragen Faransa da gabar tekuna an dauke su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma daga Ottomans.[1]

A aikace duk da haka jihohin corsair na Arewacin Afirka sun kasance Ottoman ne kawai kuma ba lallai ba ne su girmama wajibai na sultan Ottoman, wanda ke da rauni a kan larduna, kuma Faransa ta fuskanci hare-haren su duk da kawancen Franco-Ottoman.

A cikin shekarun 1550, lardunan Faransa na Provence da Languedoc sun lalace ta hanyar bayi da 'yan fashi suka yi, wanda ya haifar da korafin Faransa ga sultan Ottoman, kuma birnin Marseilles ya roki Regent Catherine de 'Medici tare da daukar matakai daban-daban don 'yantar da' yan asalin bayi da kare tasoshin kasuwancin su, kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa sun rasa galleons goma sha biyu ban da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan jiragen ruwa.[1]

A aikace duk da haka jihohin corsair na Arewacin Afirka sun kasance Ottoman ne kawai kuma ba lallai ba ne su girmama wajibai na sultan Ottoman, wanda ke da rauni a kan larduna, kuma Faransa ta fuskanci hare-haren su duk da kawancen Franco-Ottoman.

Daga cikin mutanen Faransa da ke fama da cinikin bayi na Barbary shine Antoine Quartier .

Iceland

Iceland ta fuskanci hare-haren bayi da yawa daga 'yan fashi. A shekara ta 1607, 'yan fashi sun kai hari kan Iceland wadanda suka sace mutane da yawa zuwa bautar.

Mafi shahararren hari na bayi a Iceland shine sace-sacen Turkiyya wanda ya faru a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1627. [1] Kimanin mutane 400 ne aka kama su kuma aka sayar da su cikin bautar, [1] daga cikinsu mutane 50 ne kawai suka dawo daga bautar ta hanyar fansa, shekaru 9 zuwa 18 bayan haka. [2] [1]

Daga cikin mutanen Iceland da ke fama da cinikin bayi na Barbary akwai Ólafur Egilsson .

Italiya

Italiya ta kasance, tare da Spain, ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da suka fi shafa a cikin mahallin hare-haren bayi na Barbary corsair. Baya ga hare-hare kan jiragen ruwa na Italiya, 'yan fashi sun kai hare-haren bayi da yawa zuwa gabar tekun Italiya a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 17.

Italiya, wacce bayan shekarun 1550 ta kasance tana da alaƙa da babban abokin gaba na Ottoman Habsburgs, tana da matukar damuwa ga hare-haren bayi, saboda ta rabu da siyasa, bakin tekun ba su da garu, kuma dakarun tsaron yankinta sun raunana kuma sun warwatse, kuma bautar da ke kai hari a bakin tekun Italiya ta ci gaba zuwa cikakken masana'antu.[1] Kamar yadda yake a Spain, hare-haren bayi sun haifar da watsi da bakin teku da tsibirai, kuma an bayyana su a matsayin "yan rairayin bakin teku marasa kyau, tsibirai da aka watsar, masunta da ke tashi, da [jirage masu bautar].... da ke yawo a kan teku".[1]

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun hare-haren bayi a kan Italiya shine harin da rundunar Hayreddin Barbarossa ta kai a garuruwa da yawa a Kudancin Italiya tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 1534, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa, asarar tattalin arziki da dubban mutane da aka kashe da kuma bautar.[1] Marubucin zamani Gregorio Rosso ya bayyana mummunar hari kan Kudancin Italiya a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1534:

"A ƙarshen watan Yulin ya [Barbarossa] ya wuce hasken wuta na Messina, inda ya ƙone wasu jiragen ruwa, kuma masu tsaron baya sun yi yaƙi da wasu jiragen ruwa na Antonio d'Ora, wanda ke cikin wannan wurin. Sa'an nan suka kori Santo Lucito a Calabria, ba tare da barin rai ba. Bayan haka, kusa da Citraro, Land of the Benedictine Monks of Montecassino, kuma yayin da Citizens suka gudu, sai ya ƙone cewa tare da bakwai su kammala da ita, rabin wannan dare don Gonzalia ta bar kanta ta zo ta Pondiya.

Sakamakon hare-haren bayi ya bayyana "dubu biyu da suka mutu kuma aka kama su a cikin fashi" da kuma yadda zai zama dole tare da cire haraji ga mutanen da suka tsira ga Fondi da Sperlonga a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1534; yadda aka yi niyya musamman ga mata don bautar a Sperlonga, an lalata gidaje 162; an karya gidaje 1,213 a Fondi kuma an sace kayan masarufi na ducats 26,000 a wannan garin kadai, kuma an kashe maza, mata da yara 73, kuma 150 sun bautar Fondi.[1]

A shekara ta 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kama Ischia, ya dauki fursunoni 4,000 a cikin tsari, kuma ya fitar da wasu mazauna 9,000 na Lipari, kusan dukkanin jama'a.[1] A shekara ta 1551, Dragut ya bautar da dukan mutanen tsibirin Gozo na Malta, tsakanin 5,000 da 6,000, ya tura su zuwa Libya. Lokacin da 'yan fashi suka kori Vieste a kudancin Italiya a shekara ta 1554 sun dauki kimanin bayi 7,000. A shekara ta 1555, Turgut Reis ya tashi zuwa Corsica kuma ya kwace Bastia, inda ya kama fursunoni 6,000. A shekara ta 1558 'yan fashi na Barbary sun kama garin Ciutadella, sun lalata shi, sun kashe mazauna, kuma sun kwashe mutane 3,000 da suka tsira zuwa Istanbul a matsayin bayi. A shekara ta 1563 Turgut Reis ya sauka a bakin tekun lardin Granada, Spain, kuma ya kama ƙauyukan bakin teku a yankin kamar Almuñécar, tare da fursunoni 4,000. Masu satar teku na Barbary akai-akai sun kai hari kan Tsibirin Balearic, wanda ya haifar da gine-ginen tsaro da yawa na bakin teku da kuma majami'u masu garu. Barazanar ta kasance mai tsanani har Formentera ta zama ba tare da mazauna ba.[2]

An ci gaba da kai hare-haren bayi a cikin karni na 17. A shekara ta 1638, hare-haren bayi na 'yan fashi sun lalata ƙasashen bakin teku na Calabria.[1] A ƙarshen shekara ta 1798, 'Yan Tunisia sun kai hari kan tsibirin da ke kusa da Sardinia kuma an kwashe mazauna sama da 900 a matsayin bayi.

Iyalan Italiyanci masu arziki galibi suna ƙoƙari su sayi danginsu da aka kama, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar Venice sau da yawa tana ƙoƙari su saye masu daraja da aka kama. A lokacin irin wannan tattaunawar, ana amfani da 'yan kasuwa na Italiya ko na Yahudawa a matsayin matsakaici.[1]

Hare-haren bayi a Spain da Italiya sun lalata yawan jama'a kuma sakamakon haka tattalin arziki a duk Bahar Rum.

Daga cikin wadanda Italiyanci suka sha wahala daga cinikin bayi na Barbary sun kasance Marthe Franceschini da Felice Caronni .

Malta

Malta ta fuskanci hare-haren bayi daga Barbary corsairs. A shekara ta 1551, Turgut Reis da Sinan Pasha sun mamaye tsibirin Malta da Gozo, [1] kuma an sace dukan mutanen Gozo kuma an sayar da su don bautar a Libya. [2]

Netherlands

Ba a kai hari kan bayi a bakin tekun Netherlands ba. Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa na Dutch sun kasance abin da ake amfani da shi akai-akai ga masu satar teku. Gwamnatin Holland a kai a kai ta sanya wakilai don sayen 'yan ƙasar Holland da aka kama kuma suka bautar da su a Arewacin Afirka. An ruwaito cewa bayi na Dutch suna cikin farashi mafi girma, kuma 'yan fashi sun bukaci farashi mafi yawa daga gare su fiye da sauran Turawa da yawa.[1]

Portugal

Yankunan Portugal sun fuskanci hare-haren bakin teku daga 'yan fashin teku na Barbary.

A shekara ta 1617, Barbary Corsairs daga Aljeriya sun jagoranci kwace Madeira, inda suka kai hari kan tsibirin Portugal suka kuma sace mazaunanta 1,200 a matsayin bayi. [1] [2] [3] Harin ya faru ne a lokacin da bauta ta yi tsanani a gabar tekun Barbary . A lokacin Madeira wani bangare ne na Tarayyar Iberian wanda Masarautar Spain ke jagoranta.

Spain

Spain na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi fama da cutar a duk Turai ga hare-haren da 'yan fashi suka kai. Dukkanin jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya da bakin teku sun fuskanci hare-hare daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa gaba.

Manyan biranen Tunis sun fi kai hari kan teku da gabar tekun Italiya da Girka, yayin da Corsairs na Algiers da Morocco ke yawan zuwa ruwa da gabar tekun Spain da Yammacin Turai.

Hare-haren bayi a Spain sun fara ne a farkon karni na 16 zuwa gaba. Kashewar Cullera a Spain a kan Bahar Rum, ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1550, lokacin da Janar Dragut na Ottoman ya sauka a Cullera, Valencia kuma ya kori birnin yana dauke da mazauna da yawa a cikin Bautar. Dragut ya kai hari kan Cullera da dare tare da mutane 300. Dragut ya kori birnin, ya kwace kayayyaki daga mutane kuma ya dauki kusan dukkanin mazaunan garin a matsayin bayi. Ya ajiye fursunoni a cikin kogo kafin ya kai su kasuwar bayi a Algiers.

Hare-haren bayi sun yi tsanani musamman a ƙarni na 17, lokacin da ma'aikatan agaji suka sace dukkan ƙauyukan da ke gabar tekun Bahar Rum na Spain, lamarin da ya sa manyan yankunan bakin teku suka rasa mutane. Misali, a shekara ta 1637, an kama mata da yara 315 daga garin Calpe. ^[4] Lokacin da ƙauyukan bakin teku suka ragu, an tilasta wa masarautar Spain ta ƙara harajin kifi, nama, shanu da siliki don ba da kuɗin gina katanga don kare gabar tekun da kuma hana mutane barin yankunan don samun mafaka mafi aminci a cikin ƙasar. ^[4]

Jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya sun kuma shafi. A shekara ta 1667, an sace ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da yawa daga lardunan Basque cewa waɗannan larduna ba za su iya cika adadin ma'aikatan ruwa ga sojojin ruwa na Spain ba.

Hare-haren bayi a Spain da Italiya sun lalata yawan jama'a kuma sakamakon haka tattalin arziki a duk Bahar Rum.

Sweden da Finland

Ba a taɓa kai hari kan bayi ta hanyar jiragen ruwa na corsair zuwa gabar tekun Sweden da Finland ba (wanda wani ɓangare ne na Sweden). Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa na Sweden da Finland sun kai hari ta hanyar corsairs a cikin teku a wajen Yammacin Turai da kuma a cikin Bahar Rum.

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1662, Babban Ma'ajin Kuɗi na Sweden, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, ya karɓi wasiƙar roƙo daga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sweden guda takwas waɗanda ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sweden suka sace a teku kuma aka tsare su a cikin bauta a Algiers.

Ɗan ƙasar Sweden Johan Gabriel Sparfwenfeldt, wanda ya ziyarci Algiers da Tunis a shekara ta 1691, ya bayyana cikin tausayawa yadda ya haɗu da kuma yin magana da bayin Sweden da yawa waɗanda suka roƙe shi taimako don a saye su kyauta ya koma "gidajensu, ga 'ya'yansu, ga iyayensu da kuma ƙasar gidansu", kuma ya lissafa sunayen 'yan ƙasar Sweden 23 da aka riƙe a matsayin bayi a lokacin.

Sweden ta yi ƙoƙari ta kare jiragensu ta hanyar amfani da inshora game da bautar, jigilar kaya, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, da kuma ci gaba da hulɗa da 'yan fashi. Iyalan su ma sun sayi fursunoni kyauta. Wannan ba wai kawai ya shafi bayi daga iyalai masu arziki ba: an san matalauta da yawa da tara kuɗi don sayen mazajensu da 'ya'yansu maza kyauta. Lokacin da matashin jirgin ruwa Erik Persson Ångerman ya zama bawa a Algiers bayan ya kama shi daga jirgin Wibus daga Stockholm a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1725, ya aika da wasika ga matarsa Maria Olssdotter ta hanyar abokin aikinsa Petter Wallberg (wanda aka saya kyauta kuma yana komawa Sweden) kuma ya gaya mata cewa ya "ta kasance cikin bautar wuya" a Algièrs. Maria Olssdotter ba ta da kudade don sayen 'yancinsa, amma ta yi kira ga sarki ta hanyar gwamnan Gävle don a tattara kudi a cikin majami'u don sayen mijinta bautar, kuma an amince da aikace-aikacen ta; wannan ba sabon abu ba ne, kamar yadda aka san matalauta da yawa sun yi haka.^[5]

Kusan dukkan 'yan Sweden da Finns da aka kama a teku matuƙan jiragen ruwa ne. Tsakanin kimanin 'yan ƙasar Sweden 500 zuwa 1000 ne aka bautar da su a hannun 'yan tawayen tsakanin 1650 da 1763.

Daga cikin mutanen Danish da aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Barbary shine Hark Olufs .

Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka da Amurka

Babu wani hari na ƙasa da aka kai wa Barbary a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya da kuma daga baya Amurka. Duk da haka, 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwan Amurka, sun kama mutanen Amurka suka sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Tuni a cikin 1661, wani masanin tarihi ya rubuta "tun da daɗewa kasuwancin Massachusetts ya fusata da Barbary corsairs kuma da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwanta an tsare su a cikin bauta."

A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, 'yan fashin teku sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwan Amurka. A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1777, sarkin Morocco Mohammed III ya sanar da cewa jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na sabuwar ƙasar Amurka za su kasance ƙarƙashin kariyar sarkin, don haka za su iya jin daɗin shiga cikin Bahar Rum da kuma bakin teku. Yarjejeniyar Abota tsakanin Maroko da Amurka ta kasance yarjejeniyar abota mafi tsufa da ba ta karye ba tsakanin Amurka da wata ƙasa ta waje. ^[6] A shekarar 1787, Morocco ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka amince da Amurka. ^[7]

Tun daga shekarun 1780, bayan da suka fahimci cewa jiragen ruwan Amurka ba sa ƙarƙashin kariyar sojojin ruwan Birtaniya, 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun fara kwace jiragen ruwan Amurka a Bahar Rum. Yayin da Amurka ta wargaza Rundunar Sojin Ruwanta ta Nahiyar kuma ba ta da rundunar soji da ke tafiya a teku, gwamnatinta ta amince a shekarar 1786 don girmama hare-haren. ^[8] A ranar 20 ga Maris, 1794, bisa ga buƙatar Shugaba George Washington, Majalisar Dokoki ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don ba da izinin gina manyan jiragen ruwa guda shida da kuma kafa Rundunar Sojan Ruwan Amurka, domin dakatar da waɗannan hare-hare da buƙatun ƙarin kuɗi. ^[8]

Amurka ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi tare da dukkan jihohin Barbary bayan an amince da 'yancin kai tsakanin 1786 da 1794 don biyan haraji don musayar barin' yan kasuwa na Amurka kadai, kuma a shekara ta 1797, Amurka ta biya dala miliyan 1.25 ko kashi biyar na kasafin kudin shekara-shekara na gwamnati a matsayin haraji.^[8]

Hare-haren Barbary a kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka sun kasance wani dalili ne na Amurkawa da ke shiga cikin Barbary Wars.

Yaƙe-yaƙen Barbary

Jiragen kasuwanci daga Amurka sun kasance ƙarƙashin hare-haren fashi. A shekara ta 1783, Amurka ta yi sulhu da, kuma ta sami karbuwa daga, mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1784, 'ɗan fashi sun kwace jirgin Amurka na Maroko daga Morocco. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1793, an kama jiragen ruwa na Amurka da yawa, an kwace kayayyaki, kuma duk fasinjoji da ma'aikatan sun zama bayi. A mayar da martani, Amurka ta kirkiro Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a watan Maris na shekara ta 1794.

Wannan sabon kasancewar sojoji ya taimaka wajen ƙarfafa ƙudurin Amurka na kin amincewa da ci gaba da biyan haraji, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin Barbary guda biyu a gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka : Yaƙin Barbary na Farko daga 1801 zuwa 1805 da Yaƙin Barbary na Biyu a 1815. Biyan fansa da haraji ga jihohin Barbary kashi 20% ne na kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara na gwamnatin Amurka a 1800. ^[9] Sai a 1815 ne nasarorin jiragen ruwa suka kawo ƙarshen biyan haraji daga Amurka. Wasu ƙasashen Turai suka ci gaba da biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara har zuwa shekarun 1830. Kasuwancin bayi na fararen fata da kasuwannin bayi a Bahar Rum sun ragu a hankali kuma daga ƙarshe suka ɓace bayan mamayar Turai.

Ragewa

A cikin shekarun farko na karni na 19, Amurka, wacce ke kawance da kasashen Turai, ta yi yaki kuma ta yi nasara a Yakin Barbary na Farko da na Biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku. Yaƙe-yaƙen martani ne kai tsaye daga ƙasashen Amurka, Birtaniya, Faransa da Holland ga hare-haren da 'yan fashin teku na Barbary suka kai musu, wanda ya ƙare a shekarun 1830, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye yankin. Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary da kasuwannin bayi a Bahar Rum sun ragu kuma daga ƙarshe suka ɓace bayan mamayar Turai.

Bayan wani harin bam da aka kai wa Anglo-Holland a shekarar 1816 a kan Algiers a ranar 27 ga Agusta, karkashin jagorancin Admiral Edward Pellew, Viscount Exmouth na 1, ya lalata yawancin rundunar 'yan fashin teku, an tilasta wa Dey of Algiers amincewa da sharuɗɗan da suka haɗa da sakin bayi 1,200 da suka tsira (galibi daga Sardinia ) da kuma dakatar da ayyukansu na bautar da Turawa. Bayan an kayar da su a wannan lokacin yaƙin da aka yi da ƙasashen Turai da Amurka, ƙasashen Barbary sun koma baya.

'Yan fashin teku na Barbary sun ƙi dakatar da ayyukansu na bauta, wanda ya haifar da wani harin bam da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy ta kai wa Algiers a shekarar 1824. Faransa ta mamaye Algiers a shekarar 1830, inda ta sanya ta ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka. Faransa ma ta mamaye Tunis a shekarar 1881. Tripoli ta dawo da ikon Ottoman a shekarar 1835, kafin ta faɗa hannun Italiya a Yaƙin Italiya da Turkiyya na 1911. Saboda haka, masu cinikin bayi yanzu sun gano cewa dole ne su yi aiki bisa ga dokokin gwamnoninsu, kuma ba za su iya sake neman ikon kansu ba. Cinikin bayi ya tsaya a Tekun Barbary a ƙarni na 19 da 20 ko lokacin da gwamnatocin Turai suka zartar da dokoki da ke ba wa bayi 'yanci.

Labarun bayi

Idan aka kwatanta da labaran bayi na Arewacin Amurka da Caribbean, bayi fararen fata 'yan Birtaniya da Amurka ne suka rubuta labaran bayi a Turanci (a teku ko kuma 'yan fashin teku na Barbary ) kuma aka bautar da su a Arewacin Afirka a ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19. Sun bambanta domin suna nuna ɓangaren da ba na Kirista ba ne na 'yan kasuwar bayi na Musulmi .

Labarun da suka mayar da hankali kan manyan jigogi na 'yanci da 'yanci sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Tunda labaran da suka tsira sun haɗa da maimaita wasu jigogi da ambaton juna, wasu masana suna ganin cewa labaran sun samo asali ne daga labaran da suka gabata. ^[10]

Misalan sun haɗa da:

Tsoron bauta: ko, Tarin Amurkawa a Tripoli, na Ray William, 1808 ^[11]
Labarin Gaskiya da Gaskiya Game da Addini da Ɗabi'un Mahomet na Joseph Pitts (1663–1735) An kama Pitts yana yaro yana da shekaru 14 a hannun 'yan fashin teku na Barbary a gabar tekun Spain. An bayyana cinikinsa a matsayin bawa da rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin ubanni uku daban-daban a Arewacin Afirka, da kuma tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Makka.
'Yan fashin Barbary sun sace Tyrkja-Gudda, Símonardóttir daga gidanta a Iceland a shekara ta 1627.
Thomas Pellow, Tarihin Tsawon Zamanin Kama Kaso da Kasadar Thomas Pellow, A Kudancin Barbary, 1740
Mujallar Ɗaurin Kaso da Wahalar John Foss; Shekaru Da Dama a Fursuna a Algiers, 1798
Tarihin Kamawa da Wahalhalun da Misis Maria Martin ta sha a lokacin bauta shekaru shida a Algiers a shekarar 1812
Kyaftin James Riley, Wahala a Afirka, 1815
Labarin Robert Adams, Wani Matukin Jirgin Ruwa Ba’amurke wanda ya nutse a Gabar Yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1810 kuma Larabawan babban hamada suka tsare shi na tsawon shekaru uku a cikin bauta, 1817
James Leander Cathcart, The Captives, Goma sha ɗaya a Fursuna a Algiers, an buga shi a shekarar 1899, shekaru bayan an tsare shi a Ottoman Algeria

Duba kuma

Manazarta

Samfuri:Pirates

Littattafan tarihi

Ƙarin karantawa

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

↑ Carroll, Rory (11 Mar 2004). "New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe". the Guardian. Retrieved 26 Sep 2023.
↑ Davies, Rees (1 July 2003). "British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
↑ "About this Collection – Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606–1827".
1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ReferenceA
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sverige p. 60-61
↑ Ginio, Eyal (2001). "Piracy and Redemption in the Aegean Sea during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century". Turcica (in Turanci). 33: 135–147. doi:10.2143/TURC.33.0.484. consistent threat to maritime traffic in the Aegean
↑ Ellis, Chris. "Research Guides: Battle Studies, Country Studies, & Staff Rides: Barbary Wars & the Battle of Tripoli". grc-usmcu.libguides.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-05.
1 2 3 Fremont-Barnes 2006.
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[Earle-1] Carroll, Rory (11 Mar 2004). "New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe". the Guardian. Retrieved 26 Sep 2023.

[2] Davies, Rees (1 July 2003). "British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 25 March 2024.

[3] "About this Collection – Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606–1827".

[ReferenceA-4] 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ReferenceA

[Sverige_p._60-61-5] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sverige p. 60-61

[6] Ginio, Eyal (2001). "Piracy and Redemption in the Aegean Sea during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century". Turcica (in Turanci). 33: 135–147. doi:10.2143/TURC.33.0.484. consistent threat to maritime traffic in the Aegean

[7] Ellis, Chris. "Research Guides: Battle Studies, Country Studies, & Staff Rides: Barbary Wars & the Battle of Tripoli". grc-usmcu.libguides.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-05.

[FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes2006-8] 1 2 3 Fremont-Barnes 2006.

[9] Empty citation (help)

[10] Empty citation (help)

[11] Empty citation (help)

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