Cinikin bayi na Barbary

Fansa (sayan baya) na fursunonin Kiristoci na Mercedrian friars a cikin jihohin Barbary

Kogin Barbary.

Cinikin bayi na Barbary
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	slave trade (en)
Fuskar	African slave trade (en)

Cinikin bayi na Barbary
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	slave trade (en)
Fuskar	African slave trade (en)

Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya haɗa da kamawa da sayar da bayi na Turai a kasuwannin bayi a cikin jihohin Barbary na Ottoman masu cin gashin kansu. 'Yan fashin Barbary sun kama bayin Turawa a hare-haren bayi a kan jiragen ruwa da kuma hare-hare a garuruwan bakin teku daga Italiya zuwa Ireland, gaɓar tekun Spain da Portugal, har zuwa arewacin Iceland da kuma cikin Gabashin Bahar Rum.

Gabashin Ottoman na Gabashin Mediterrenean ya kasance wurin da ake yawan fashin teku. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, fashin teku ya ci gaba da zama "barazana mai ɗorewa ga zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa a cikin Aegean".

Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya zo ƙarshe a farkon ƙarni na 19, bayan da Amurka da ƙawayen Turai na yammacin Turai suka yi nasara a yakin Barbary na ɗaya da na biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku kuma Faransa ta mamaye yankin, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen cinikin a shekarun 1830.

Yawancin mutanen da aka kama, ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma’aikatan jirgin da aka tafi da su da jiragen ruwansu, amma akwai masunta da kuma mazauna bakin teku da yawa da aka kama. Galibin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da tekun Bahar Rum, musamman daga Italiya.

Yankin

Turkawa da limami tare da bayi Kirista. Janairu, 1684.

Hukumomin Ottoman da na zamanin Ottoman ba su adana bayanan da suka dace ba, amma masu lura da al'amura sun kiyasta cewa an gudanar da bayin Turai kusan 35,000 a cikin ƙarni na 17 a gabar tekun Barbary, a faɗin Tripoli da Tunis, amma galibi a Algiers. Yawancin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne (musamman waɗanda suke Ingilishi), waɗanda aka ɗauke su da jiragensu, amma wasu masunta ne da ƙauyen bakin teku. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da Arewacin Afirka, musamman Italiya.

Robert Davis, marubucin Bayin Kirista, Malaman Islama, ya kiyasta cewa masu cinikin bayi daga Tunis, Algiers, da Tripoli sun kai miliyan 1 zuwa 1.25. Turawa miliyan sun bautar da Arewacin Afirka, daga farkon ƙarni na 16 zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 18. Don fitar da lambobinsa, Davis ya ɗauka cewa adadin bayin Turawa da 'yan fashin teku Barbary suka kama sun kasance a koyaushe har tsawon shekaru 250.

Wasu masana tarihi sun ƙalubalanci lambobin Davis.

Ana sayar da fursunonin Kirista a matsayin bayi a wani fili a Algiers. Janairu, 1684.

John Wright yayi gargadin cewa kiyasi na zamani sun dogara ne akan ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan daga kallon ɗan adam. Littafi na biyu na Davis, Yaƙin Mai Tsarki da Bautar ɗan adam: Tatsuniyoyi na Bautar Kirista-Musulmi a cikin Rum na Farko na Zamani, ya faɗaɗa mayar da hankali ga bautar da ke da alaƙa.

Daga sansanonin da ke gaɓar tekun Barbary da ke arewacin Afirka, 'yan fashin tekun Barbary sun kai farmaki kan jiragen ruwa da ke bi ta tekun Mediterrenean da kuma yankunan arewaci da yammacin Afirka, inda suke kwashe kayansu tare da bautar da mutanen da suka kama. Daga akalla 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwa da ƙauyukan Italiya da Spain da Girka da Ireland da kuma Iceland inda suka kama maza da mata da yara. A cikin shekarar 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kama tsibirin Ischia, yana ɗaukar fursunoni 4,000, kuma ya bautar da wasu 2,000-7,000 mazauna Lipari. A cikin shekarar 1551, Ottoman corsair Dragut ya bautar da dukan mutanen tsibirin Maltese na Gozo, tsakanin 5,000 zuwa 6,000, ya aika da su zuwa Tripolitania Ottoman. A cikin shekarar 1554 jami'an tsaro ƙarƙashin Dragut sun kori Vieste, suka fille kawunan 5,000 na mazaunanta, kuma suka sace wasu 6,000. An mamaye tsibirin Balearic a shekara ta 1558, kuma an kai mutane 4,000 bauta. A shekara ta 1618 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya sun kai hari a tsibirin Canary inda suka yi garkuwa da 1,000 don sayar da su a matsayin bayi. A wasu lokatai, an yi watsi da ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore a Ireland bayan wani hari, amma an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin shekarun 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kaɗai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa 466 na fatauci ga barayin Barbary.

Misali na 1816 na bayi Kirista a Algiers

Yayin da Barbary corsaers ke wawashe kayan jiragen da suka kama, babban burinsu shi ne su kama mutanen da ba musulmi ba domin sayarwa a matsayin bayi ko kuma don neman fansa. Waɗanda suke da dangi ko abokai da za su iya fansar su an tsare su; Mafi shahara daga cikinsu shi ne marubuci Miguel de Cervantes, wanda aka gudanar kusan shekaru biyar daga shekarun 1575 zuwa 1580. An sayar da wasu zuwa nau'ikan bauta iri-iri. An ‘yantar da fursunoni da suka musulunta gaba ɗaya, tunda an hana bautar da musulmi; amma wannan yana nufin ba za su taɓa komawa ƙasashensu na asali ba.  

Kididdigar kwastam daga ƙarni na 16 da 17 sun nuna cewa ƙarin bayin da Istanbul ta shigo da su daga cinikin bayi na Bahar Black Sea ya kai kusan 2.5. miliyan daga shekarun 1450 zuwa 1700. Kasuwanni sun ragu bayan Sweden da Amurka sun ci Barbary States a Barbary Wars (1800-1815). Wani balaguron sojan ruwan Amurka ƙarƙashin Commodore Edward Preble ya yi amfani da jiragen ruwa da kagara a Tripoli a shekara ta 1804.

tawagar diflomasiyyar Burtaniya a Algiers ta kai ga Dey don amincewa da sakin wasu bayin Sardina. Duk da haka, lokacin da Birtaniyya ta fita, Dey ya ba da umarnin kashe Sardinawan. Irin wadannan jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya da wasu jiragen yakin ƙasar Holland suka haɗe, suka dawo suka kai harin bam na tsawon sa'o'i tara a Algiers a shekara ta 1816, wanda ya kai ga Dey ya amince da sabuwar yarjejeniya wadda a cikinta ya yi alkawarin kawo karshen ayyukan bautar da yake yi. Duk da haka, cinikin ya ci gaba, yana ƙarewa kawai bayan da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya (1830-1847). Masarautar Morocco ta riga ta murkushe masu fashin teku a lokacin.