Cinikin bayi na Nantes

Cinikin bayi na Nantes
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	African slave trade (en) da slave-trading port (en)

Wani bawan da ke faruwa a cikin jirgin bawa na Nantes Marie Séraphique a cikin 1773

Kasuwancin bayi na Nantes ya haifar da kora, daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17th zuwa farkon ƙarni na 19, fiye da 500,000 baƙaƙen fata bayi na Afirka zuwa mallakar Faransa a cikin Amurka, musamman a Antilles. Tare da tafiye-tafiyen bayi 1,744, Nantes, Faransa, ita ce babbar tashar cinikin bayi ta Faransa na tsawon wannan lokacin. Gidan sarauta ya ƙarfafa cinikin bayi a fili kuma cocin ya kwatanta shi a matsayin "sa'a ta yau da kullum."

Garin shi ne cibiya ta karshe na cinikin bayi a Faransa, har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da wannan aiki a shekara ta 1831, tare da haramta cinikin bayi.

Yanayi

Ƙarni na 18 na tashar tashar Nantes daga l'île Gloriette, wanda aka danganta ga Nicolas Ozanne .

Kasuwancin bayi na transatlantic, tsakanin Turai da Amurka, ta kori 12 zuwa 13 'yan Afirka miliyan 13, yawancin waɗanda suka kasance daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 zuwa gaba. A shekara ta 1997, masanin tarihi Hugh Thomas ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayi 13,000,000 sun bar Afirka a sakamakon cinikin bayi, inda 11,328,000 suka isa wurin da suka nufa, balaguron balaguro sama da 54,200. Kowane babbar tashar jiragen ruwa na Turai yana shiga cikin cinikin bayi, ko da yake ya bambanta. Tashar jiragen ruwa na Ingila sun kasance a kan gaba; tare da balaguro 4,894 da suka tashi daga Liverpool da 2,704 daga London.

Babban birnin Faransa ya ƙaddamar da jiragen ruwa kusan 4,200 na bayi kuma ya sami kanta a matsayi na uku a tsakanin ƙasashe masu cinikin bayi, bayan Burtaniya da Portugal. Garin Nantes kaɗai ya shirya balaguron balaguro 1,744, wato kashi 41.3% na jimlar Faransa. Garuruwa masu zuwa, bisa mahimmanci, tare sun kasance 33.5% na tafiye-tafiyen bayi na Faransa: Bordeaux, La Rochelle da Le Havre.

Muhimmancin Nantes a cikin cinikin bayi za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin mai mahimmanci: garin yana amfana daga kusancinsa tare da Lorient, Gidan Gidan Kamfanin Faransa na Gabashin Indiya, wanda ya ba da izinin samar da Indiennes da ku] a] en ku] a ] en ku] a] en, wanda masu sayar da bayi suka yaba sosai. Wannan yanayin ya biya diyya ga ƙaƙƙarfan daftarin ƙauyen Loire, wanda aka iyakance zuwa ƙafa goma sha ɗaya don haka an ba da izini ga jiragen ruwa a matsakaicin tan 150-170 a cikin cikakken yanayin lodi don isa Nantes. Gironde estuary, duk da haka, yana da daftarin 14 zuwa 16 feet, sakamakon haka 250 jiragen ruwa za su iya isa Bordeaux, tashar jiragen ruwa da ke da nisa daga manyan hanyoyin tsakanin London da Po Valley, mai iya fitar da dukiyar da Aquitaine Basin ke bayarwa. Nantes ta shiga cinikin bayi a ƙarshen 1707. Masu mallakar jirgin sun sami riba mai yawa fiye da kasuwancin kai tsaye, wanda ya ƙunshi yin tafiye-tafiye tsakanin Turai da Amurka, kamar yadda a farkon ƙarni na 17 tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta shafi kasuwancin interregional da Turai (wanda ya haɗa da Iberian Peninsula, Tsibirin Biritaniya da Tekun Arewa), wanda yawancin kasuwancin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kasuwancin gargajiya, lokacin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin al'adun gargajiyar, ana yin amfani da su tare da al'adun gargajiya da na giya da gishiri.

Lokacin cinikin bayi a Nantes

Sake gina tuƙi na jirgin ruwa wanda aka nuna a cikin nunin "Les Anneaux de la Mémoire" a Château des ducs de Bretagne a Nantes (1992-1994).

Farko

Jirgin ruwa na farko a Nantes da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin cinikin bayi shine wataƙila Hercule a cikin shekarar 1707, wanda compagnie du Sénégal ya ƙaddamar kuma na dangin Montaudouin ne.

Bayan haka, bayan dakatarwar shekaru 4 (tsakanin 1707 da 1711), zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga ta sake farawa a cikin shekarar 1712 tare da jiragen ruwa 7. A cikin shekaru 15 masu zuwa yawan jiragen ruwa da aka ƙaddamar sun ƙaru:

An ƙaddamar da yawan jiragen ruwa na shekara-shekara daga Nantes

1713	1715	1716	1717	1718	1719	1720	1721	1722	1723	1727	1728
14	20	2	11	12	9	20	16	11	24	6	10

Daga shekarun 1730 zuwa gaba, ton na jiragen ruwa na Nantes na bayi ya ci gaba da girma, yana tafiya daga kaɗan fiye da tan 1,000 a cikin shekarar 1735 zuwa tan 6,000 a cikin 1740.

1740 zuwa 1752

Shekarun da suka biyo baya sun fi rikice-rikice: Yaƙin Samun Nasara na Austriya, wanda Faransa ta shiga, ya kawo cikas ga kasuwancin teku - wanda shi ne, a lokacin, babban filin yaƙin hamayyar Anglo-Faransa. Don haka, yawan jiragen ruwa a Nantes ya yi ƙasa sosai, bai wuce tan 500 ba, a cikin shekaru uku na rikicin (1745, 1746 da 1747). Yarjejeniyar Aix-la-Chapelle, da aka sanya hannu a cikin shekarar 1748, ta ba da izinin ƙaruwa a hankali a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci, tare da fiye da tan 1,000 da ke wucewa ta tashar jiragen ruwa. A shekara mai zuwa, duk da haka, wannan ton ya kai adadin tan 9,000 mai rikodin.

Shekarun 1750 da 1751 sun ga raguwar aiki, musamman saboda gaskiyar cewa masu jirgin ruwa a Nantes suna jira don gano sakamakon jarin da suka yi bayan yakin. Tafiya ta jirgin ruwa ta hanyar tsarin kasuwanci mai kusurwa uku tsakanin Turai, Afirka da Amurka gabaɗaya ya ɗauki tsakanin watanni 14 zuwa 18.

1752 zuwa 1763

Kamar yadda masu jirgin ruwan Nantes suka tabbatar, a cikin shekaru 1752, 1753 da 1754 ton su ya zarce tan 5,000. An yi la'akari da wannan lokacin aiki mai ƙarfi na kasuwanci, saboda daga shekarun 1735 zuwa 1759 wannan adadin zai wuce sau biyar kawai. A cikin shekarar 1755, cinikin ya ragu kuma ya kai ton 3,000 kawai, kafin gaba ɗaya ya faɗo tsakanin shekarun 1756 da 1763 sakamakon yakin shekaru Bakwai, lokacin da Burtaniya ta kwace mallakar Faransawa na Gorée da Saint-Louis a Senegal, dukkansu manyan 'yan kasuwa ne a cinikin bayi na Faransa; Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Guadeloupe ya faɗi a shekara ta 1759.

1763 zuwa 1793

Yarjejeniyar Paris a shekara ta 1763 ta ba da damar ciniki a Nantes ya sake dawo da kansa zuwa babban matakin aiki, ko da balaguron 699 da aka shirya a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa zai wakilci kasa da rabin cinikin bayi na Faransa gaba ɗaya a wannan lokacin, yayin da Nantes ta yi lissafin sama da 50% kafin rikici. Daga nan har zuwa farkon kawar da bauta a shekarar 1793, wannan rabo zai ci gaba da faɗuwa.