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Cinikin bayi na atlantic

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Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika ko cinikin bayi na transatlantic ya haɗa da jigilar masu cinikin bayi na mutanen Afirka waɗanda ke bauta zuwa Amurka. Jiragen bautar Turai a kai a kai suna yin amfani da hanyar ciniki mai kusurwa uku da ta Tsakiya. Turawa sun kafa cinikin bayi a bakin teku a karni na 15, kuma ciniki zuwa Amurka ya fara ne a karni na 16, wanda ya dore har zuwa karni na 19.[1] Yawancin wadanda aka yi jigilar su a cikin cinikin bayi na transatlantic sun fito ne daga Afirka ta Tsakiya da Afirka ta Yamma kuma ’yan kasuwar bayi na Afirka ta Yamma sun sayar da su ga ’yan kasuwar bayi na Turai, [2] [3] yayin da wasu ‘yan kasuwar bayi suka kama kai tsaye a hare-haren bakin teku.[4]. [5] Masu fataucin bayi na Turawa sun taru suka daure bayi a garu a gabar tekun Afirka sannan suka kawo su Amur[6] [7] Wasu mutanen Portugal da Turawa sun shiga hare-haren bayi. Kamar yadda National Museums Liverpool ta bayyana: "Yan kasuwan Turai sun kama wasu[8]yan Afirka a hare-hare a bakin teku, amma"The capture and sale of enslaved Africans" sun sayi mafi yawansu daga dillalan Afirka na gida ko na Afirka-Turai." Wannan ya faru ne da farko saboda tsawon rayuwar Turawa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara bai kai shekara guda ba a lokacin cinikin bayi saboda zazzabin cizon sauro da ke yaduwa a nahiyar Afirka.,[9] maharan da ke gabar tekun Portugal sun gano cewa harin bayi yana da tsada sosai kuma sau da yawa ba shi da tasiri kuma sun zaɓi kafa dangantakar kasuwanci.[10]

Ƙasar Kudancin Atlantika ta mulkin mallaka da tattalin arzikin Caribbean sun dogara musamman ga aikin bayi don samar da rake da sauran kayayyaki.[11] [12] Waɗancan ƙasashen Yammacin Turai waɗanda ke yunƙurin haifar da daulolin ketare suna kallon wannan a matsayin mai mahimmanci.[13] [14] Turawan Portugal, a karni na 16, su ne suka fara jigilar bayi ta tekun Atlantika. A shekara ta 1526, sun kammala balaguron farko na bayi na transatlantic zuwa Brazil. Ba da daɗewa ba wasu Turawa suka biyo baya.[15] Masu mallakar jiragen ruwa suna ɗaukar bayi a matsayin kayan da za a kai zuwa Amurka cikin sauri da rahusa [16] a can don a sayar da su don yin aiki a kan kofi, taba, koko, sukari, da noman auduga, ma'adinan zinariya da azurfa, gonakin shinkafa, masana'antar gine-gine, yankan katako don jiragen ruwa, a matsayin ƙwararrun ƙwararru, da kuma masu hidima a cikin gida.[17] Bawan Afirka na farko da aka aika zuwa yankunan Ingilishi an rarraba su a matsayin bayin da ba a ba su izini ba, tare da matsayi na doka kamar na ma'aikata na kwangila da suka fito daga Birtaniya da Ireland. A tsakiyar karni na 17, bauta ya taurare a matsayin kabilanci, tare da bayin Afirka da zuriyarsu ta gaba ta zama mallakin masu su a bisa doka, kamar yadda ’ya’yan da aka haifa ga uwayen bayi su ma bayi ne (partus sequitur ventrem). A matsayin dukiya, ana ɗaukar mutanen a matsayin kayayyaki ko rukunin guraben aiki, kuma ana sayar da su a kasuwanni tare da wasu kayayyaki da ayyuka.[18]

Manyan ƙasashen da ke cinikin bayi na Atlantika, bisa tsarin girman ciniki, sune Portugal, Ingila, Spain, Faransa, Netherlands, Amurka, da Denmark. Da yawa sun kafa sansani a gabar tekun Afirka, inda suka sayi bayi daga shugabannin Afirka na gida.[19] An sarrafa waɗannan bayi ta hanyar wani abu, wanda aka kafa a ko kusa da bakin teku don hanzarta jigilar bayi zuwa Sabuwar Duniya. An daure bayi a wuraren kasuwanci da aka sani da masana'antu yayin da suke jiran jigilar kaya. Alkaluma na yanzu sun nuna cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 12 zuwa miliyan 12.8 ne aka yi jigilar 'yan Afirka a cikin tekun Atlantika cikin tsawon shekaru 400.[20] [21] adadin da 'yan kasuwar suka saya ya fi girma, saboda hanyar tana da yawan mace-mace, inda tsakanin miliyan 1.2 zuwa 2.4 ke mutuwa yayin balaguron, da kuma ƙarin miliyoyin a sansanonin kayan yaji a cikin Caribbean bayan isowa cikin Sabuwar Duniya. Miliyoyin mutane kuma sun mutu a sakamakon hare-haren bayi, yaƙe-yaƙe, da kuma lokacin jigilar kayayyaki zuwa gaɓar teku don sayarwa ga masu cinikin bayi na Turai.[22] [23] [24] [25] Kusan farkon karni na 19, gwamnatoci daban-daban sun dauki matakin hana cinikin, ko da yake ana yin fasa-kwaurin ba bisa ka'ida ba. An yi tunanin cewa cinikin bayi na transatlantic ya ƙare a shekara ta 1867, amma daga baya an sami shaidar tafiye-tafiye har zuwa 1873.[26] ]. A farkon karni na 21st, gwamnatoci da yawa sun ba da uzuri game da cinikin bayi na

Fage

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Duba kuma: Tarihin bauta Tafiya Atlantika Manyan labarai: Shekarun Ganowa, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Amurka, da tarihin yawan jama'ar ƴan asalin Amurka Karin bayani: Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da Amurkawa, Turawan Holland suka yiwa Amurkawa, mulkin mallaka na Danish na Amurka, mulkin mallaka na Faransanci na Amurka, mulkin mallaka na Portugal na Amurka, da kuma mulkin mallaka na Spain na Amurka.

Cinikin bayin Atlantika ya bunƙasa ne bayan an kafa hulɗar kasuwanci tsakanin “Tsohuwar Duniya” (Afro-Eurasia) da “Sabuwar Duniya” (Amurka). Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, igiyoyin igiyar ruwa sun sa tafiye-tafiyen teku da wahala musamman da haɗari ga jiragen da suke a lokacin. Don haka, ko da akwai dangantaka ta ruwa a tsakanin al'ummomin da ke zaune a cikin wadannan nahiyoyin, da kadan ne.[27] a karni na 15, sabbin ci gaban da kasashen Turai suka samu a fasahohin teku, irin su kera ayari, ya sa jiragen ruwa sun fi dacewa da karfin da za su iya magance magudanan ruwa, kuma za su iya fara ratsa tekun Atlantika. Portuguese sun kafa Makarantar Navigator, kodayake akwai muhawara da yawa game da ko akwai kuma idan ta kasance, kawai menene. Tsakanin shekara ta 1600 zuwa 1800, kimanin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa 300,000 da ke cinikin bayi sun ziyarci Afirka ta Yamma.,[28] A cikin haka ne suka yi mu'amala da al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka da kuma Amurka wadanda ba su taba haduwa da su a baya ba.[29] Masanin tarihi Pierre Chaunu ya kira sakamakon zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar Turai "raguwa", tare da nuna ƙarshen keɓancewa ga wasu al'ummomi da haɓaka hulɗar tsakanin al'umma ga yawancin wasu.[30] [31]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Diffie, Bailey (1963). Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas Before Henry the Navigator. University of Nebraska Press. p.
  2. ↑ "Opinion – How to End the Slavery Blame-Game"
  3. ↑ Thornton 1998
  4. ↑ the original
  5. ↑ ]"Exchanging People for Trade Goods"
  6. ↑ "Implications of the slave trade for African societies"
  7. ↑ ."West Africa – National Museums Liverpool"
  8. ↑ "The capture and sale of enslaved Africans"
  9. ↑ "Malaria and French Imperialism"
  10. ↑ "The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade"
  11. ↑ "The Rise and Fall of King Sugar"
  12. ↑ "Sugar Plantations"
  13. ↑ Mannix, Daniel (1962). Black Cargoes. The Viking Press. pp. Introduction
  14. ↑ "The Transatlantic Slave Trade"
  15. ↑ National Geographic Society
  16. ↑ aMannix, Daniel (1962). Black Cargoes. The Viking Press. pp. Introduction–1–5.
  17. ↑ "Slave Cooking and Meals – Arrival in the Americas"
  18. ↑ "The Discovery of the Americas and the Transatlantic Slave Trade"
  19. ↑ Klein, Herbert S.; Klein, Jacob (1999). The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–139.
  20. ↑ Segal, Ronald
  21. ↑ Meredith 2014
  22. ↑ "The Slave Trade: The Formal Demographics of a Global System"
  23. ↑ Oxford University Press
  24. ↑ Eltis, David; Richardson, David (2002). "The Numbers Game". In Northrup, David (ed.). The Atlantic Slave Trade (2nd ed.). Houghton
  25. ↑ full citation needed
  26. ↑ "Transatlantic slavery continued for years after 1867, historian finds"
  27. ↑ Thornton 1998
  28. ↑ Christopher 2006
  29. ↑ Thornton 1998
  30. ↑ Conquête et exploitation des nouveaux mondes (xvie siècles) [Conquest and exploitation of new worlds (16th centuries)] (in French). Presses Universitaires de France. pp.
  31. ↑ "Launching the Portuguese Slave Trade in Africa"
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