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Cinikin namun daji

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Cinikin namun daji
industry (en) Fassara da economic sector (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na animal trade (en) Fassara da trade (en) Fassara
Regulated by (en) Fassara CITES (en) Fassara
Gudanarwan animal trader (en) Fassara

Cinikin namun daji yana nufin musayar kayayyakin da aka samo daga Dabbobi ko tsire-tsire da ba a kula da su ba yawanci ana cire su daga yanayin su na halitta ko kuma an haife su a ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafawa. Zai iya haɗawa da cinikin rayayyu ko matattu, ƙwayoyi kamar fata, ƙasusuwa ko nama, ko wasu kayayyaki. Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ciniki ta Duniya a cikin Dabbobi da Flora (CITES) da ke cikin Hadari (CITes), wanda a halin yanzu yana da kasashe mambobi 184 da ake kira Jam'iyyun. Cinikin namun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba ya yadu kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki ba bisa ka-ida ba, wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi da zirga-zirga kwayoyi da makamai.[1]

Cinikin namun daji matsala ce mai tsanani ta kiyayewa, tana da mummunar tasiri a kan yiwuwar yawancin namun daji kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazanar rayuwa ga nau'in dabbobi. Kasuwancin namun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba an haɗa shi da fitowa da yaduwar sabbin cututtukan cututtuka a cikin mutane, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta masu tasowa.[2][3] Shirye-shiryen duniya kamar Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 15 suna da burin kawo karshen samar da dabbobi ba bisa ka'ida ba.[4]

Kalmomin

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Amfani da namun daji kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya don duk amfani da kayan namun daji, gami da al'ada ko amfani da addini, cin nama da nau'ikan kasuwanci daban-daban. Amfani da namun daji yawanci ana danganta shi da farauta ko farauta. Ana iya rarrabe cinikin namun daji a cikin cinikin doka da ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma duka biyun suna da kasuwannin cikin gida (na gida ko na ƙasa) ko na duniya, amma suna iya kasancewa da alaƙa da juna.[5]

Kulawa mara tasiri na cinikin namun daji na duniya

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Girman cinikayya ta kasa da kasa a cikin kayan namun daji yana da yawa kuma yana ci gaba da tashi. Dangane da bincike a kan kididdigar al'adu ta Harmonized System ta 2012, shigo da kayayyakin namun daji na duniya ya kai dala biliyan 187 daga cikinsu kayayyakin kamun kifi sun kai dala biliya 113; tsire-tsire da kayayyakin gandun daji na dala biliyan 71; dabba ba ta kifi na dala biliya 3 ciki har da dabbobi masu rai, sassa da abubuwan da aka samo asali.[6]

Koyaya, kasuwancin duniya na kayan namun daji ba a kula da shi sosai kuma ana lissafa shi saboda ƙuntatawa na Tsarin Lissafin HS da al'adu a duk duniya ke amfani da shi. Yawancin shigo da namun daji na kasa da kasa ana yin rikodin su ne kawai a cikin nau'o'i na asali da na gaba ɗaya, kamar 'tsire' ko 'kayayyakin dabbobi', ba tare da ƙarin bayani game da lissafi ba. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 50% na shigo da shuke-shuke na duniya da kashi 70% na kayayyakin dabbobi ana shigo da su a matsayin manyan rukunoni, ban da kifi (kimanin 5%), godiya ga yarjejeniyoyin kula da kifi daban-daban waɗanda ke buƙatar rahoton kama kifi na takamaiman haraji.[6]

Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen sun dogara da Dokar HS da aka ayyana na jigilar kayayyaki don ganowa da gurfanar da shigo da namun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba. Rashin takamaiman HS Code ya hana ingantaccen saka idanu da bin diddigin cinikin namun daji na duniya. Akwai karuwar kira don sake fasalin Dokar HS don karfafa saka idanu da aiwatar da cinikin namun daji na duniya.[7][8][9][10][11]

Hanyoyi daban-daban na cinikin namun daji ko amfani (amfani, farauta, tarko, tattarawa ko cinyewa) sune babbar barazana ta biyu ga dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke cikin haɗari kuma yana cikin barazanar farko goma ga tsuntsaye, amphibians da cycads.

Cinikin namun daji yana barazana ga tsarin halittu na gida, kuma yana sanya dukkan nau'o'in a ƙarƙashin ƙarin matsin lamba a lokacin da suke fuskantar barazanar kamar Yawan kamun kifi, gurɓata, hakowa, sare daji da sauran nau'ikan lalacewar mazauni.[12][13][14][15] A cikin jerin abinci, jinsunan da ke sama a kan tsani suna tabbatar da cewa jinsunan da ba su da yawa (saboda haka suna sarrafa yawan mutanen da ke ƙasa da su). Dabbobi da ke ƙasa a kan tsani galibi ba masu cin nama ba ne (amma a maimakon haka Masu cin ganyayyaki) kuma suna sarrafa yawan nau'ikan shuke-shuke a yankin. Saboda yawan nau'o'in da aka cire daga tsarin halittu, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Matsalolin muhalli za su haifar, kamar misali kifi da yawa, wanda ke haifar da yawan fure na jellyfish.[16] Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya nuna cewa nau'o'in da ke mamayewa suna da yawa a cikin kasuwancin namun daji, kuma ana sayar da su fiye da sau 7 akai-akai fiye da sauran nau'o-in da ke cikin tafkin duniya [17]

A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da Gidauniyar namun daji ta Duniya, Cutar coronavirus ta 2019 tana da alaƙa da lalata yanayi, musamman ga sare daji, asarar mazaunin gabaɗaya da cinikin namun daji. Shugaban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan bambancin halittu ya ce: "Mun ga cututtuka da yawa sun fito a cikin shekaru, kamar Zika, Aids, Sars da Ebola, kuma dukansu sun samo asali ne daga yawan dabbobi a ƙarƙashin yanayin matsanancin matsin muhalli. "

Zoonoses

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An gano barkewar cututtukan zoonotic ciki har da COVID-19, mura na tsuntsaye na H5N1, ciwon numfashi mai tsanani (SARS), da monkeypox zuwa kasuwannin namun daji masu rai inda yiwuwar yaduwar zoonotic ta karu sosai.[18] Kasuwannin namun daji a kasar Sin sun kasance suna da hannu a cikin barkewar SARS ta 2002 da Cutar COVID-19. An yi tunanin cewa yanayin kasuwa ya ba da yanayi mafi kyau ga coronaviruses na asalin zoonotic wanda ya haifar da barkewar cutar biyu don canzawa kuma daga baya ya bazu ga mutane.

Duk da haka, sanarwar cutar COVID-19 - da kuma keɓewa na gaba - ya haifar da karuwar cinikin kan layi a cikin namun daji. Keɓewar keɓewa kanta nan da nan ya zama batun siyarwa, tare da dabbobi a matsayin abokai da jan hankali.

Yawan rayuwa na jinsuna yayin sufuri

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A wasu lokuta, kamar sayar da chameleons daga Madagascar, ana jigilar kwayoyin ta jirgin ruwa ko ta iska ga masu amfani. Yawan rayuwa na waɗannan yana da matukar talauci (kawai 1% na rayuwa). Wannan tabbas ya haifar da yanayin da ba bisa ka'ida ba; masu siyarwa ba su da haɗarin cewa za a gano chameleons don haka ba su aika su a bayyane ba. Saboda ƙarancin rayuwa, yana nufin cewa ana cire kwayoyin halitta da yawa (a wannan yanayin chameleons) daga tsarin halittu, don biyan asarar.

Sakamakon ga 'yan asalin ƙasar

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A lokuta da yawa, mutanen kabilanci sun zama wadanda ke fama da sakamakon farauta.[19] Tare da karuwar buƙata a cikin kasuwancin namun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba, mutanen kabilanci galibi suna fama da matakan da aka aiwatar don kare namun daji. Sau da yawa suna dogara da farauta don abinci, ana hana su yin hakan, kuma ana fitar da su akai-akai ba bisa ka'ida ba daga ƙasashensu bayan kirkirar wuraren ajiyar yanayi da nufin kare dabbobi.[20] Sau da yawa ana zargin mutanen kabilanci da ba da gudummawa ga raguwar jinsuna - a cikin yanayin Indiya, alal misali, suna ɗauke da nauyin matakan farauta na yaki da tiger, [21] duk da babban dalilin da ya sa yawan tiger ya fadi a karni na 20 saboda farauta daga masu mulkin mallaka na Turai da 'yan asalin Indiya. [22] A zahiri, sabanin imani da aka fi sani, akwai shaidar da za ta nuna cewa suna sarrafawa da sarrafa yawan dabbobi yadda ya kamata.[23]

Cinikin namun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yadda cibiyoyin fataucin namun daji ke aiki.

Interpol ta kiyasta girman cinikin namun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba tsakanin dala biliyan 10 da dala biliyan 20 a kowace shekara. Duk da yake cinikayya ta duniya ce, tare da hanyoyin da suka kai ga kowace nahiya, masu kiyayewa sun ce matsalar ta fi tsanani a Kudu maso gabashin Asiya.[24] A can, alaƙar kasuwanci zuwa manyan kasuwanni a kasar Sin, Amurka, da Tarayyar Turai; tilasta tilasta bin doka; rashin kula da iyaka; da kuma fahimtar riba mai yawa da ƙananan haɗari suna ba da gudummawa ga fataucin dabbobi masu yawa. Cibiyar Kula da namun daji ta ASEAN (ASEAN-WEN), wacce Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka da masu ba da kuɗi na waje ke tallafawa, ita ce amsa ɗaya ga hanyoyin cinikin namun daji na yankin. Babu wata alaƙa da ta dace tsakanin halattacciyar cinikin namun daji da dorewarta; ana iya sayar da jinsin bisa doka zuwa halaka amma kuma yana yiwuwa cinikin da ba bisa ka'ida ba ya zama mai ɗorewa [25]

Asiya

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Shark fin don sayarwa a Hong Kong

Shahararrun cibiyoyin kasuwanci na cinikin namun daji sun haɗa da Filin jirgin saman Suvarnabhumi a Bangkok, wanda ke ba masu safarar jiragen sama kai tsaye zuwa Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Amurka da Afirka. Kasuwar karshen mako ta Chatuchak a Bangkok sanannen cibiyar cinikin namun daji ce, kuma an rubuta sayar da lizards, primates, da sauran nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari.

Duk da dokokin kasa da kasa da na gida da aka tsara don murkushe cinikayya, ana sayar da dabbobi masu rai da sassan dabbobi, galibi waɗanda ke cikin haɗari ko barazana, a kasuwannin iska a duk faɗin Asiya.[26] Har ila yau, cinikin ya haɗa da dabbobi masu ban sha'awa musamman tsuntsaye.[27]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Izzo, J. B. (2010). "PC Pets for a Price: Combating Online and Traditional Wildlife Crime Through International Harmonization and Authoritative Policies". William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Journal. 34 (3).
  2. ↑ Smith KM, Anthony SJ, Switzer WM, et al. (2012). "Zoonotic viruses associated with illegally imported wildlife products". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29505. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729505S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029505. PMC 3254615. PMID 22253731.
  3. ↑ A. Alonso Aguirre. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ "Goal 15 Life on land". UNDP (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-16.
  5. ↑ Sánchez-Mercado, A.; Asmüssen, M.; Rodríguez-Clark, K. M.; Rodríguez, J. P.; Jedrzejewski, W. (2016). "Using spatial patterns in illegal wildlife uses to reveal connections between subsistence hunting and trade". Conservation Biology. 30 (6): 1222–1232. Bibcode:2016ConBi..30.1222S. doi:10.1111/cobi.12744. PMID 27112788. S2CID 3784456.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Chan, H.-K.; Zhang, H.; Yang, F.; Fischer, G. (2015). "Improve customs systems to monitor global wildlife trade". Science. 348 (6232): 291–292. Bibcode:2015Sci...348..291C. doi:10.1126/science.aaa3141. PMID 25883346. S2CID 206633776. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Science_HS" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ "Illegal trade in environmentally sensitive goods". OECD. 19 September 2012.
  8. ↑ "CITES Decision, 16.62, Rev. CoP16" (PDF). CITES.
  9. ↑ Cawthorn, D. & Mariani, S. (2017). "Global trade statistics lack granularity to inform traceability and management of diverse and high-value fishes". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 12852. Bibcode:2017NatSR...712852C. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12301-x. PMC 5634443. PMID 28993629.
  10. ↑ Yap, T. A.; Koo, M. S.; Ambrose, R. F.; Wake, D. B. & Vredenburg, V. T. (2015). "Averting a North American biodiversity crisis". Science. 349 (6247): 481–482. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..481Y. doi:10.1126/science.aab1052. PMID 26228132.
  11. ↑ Rhyne, A. L.; Tlusty, M. F.; Szczebak, J. T. & Holmberg, R. J. (2017). "Expanding our understanding of the trade in marine aquarium animals". PeerJ. 5: e2949. doi:10.7717/peerj.2949. PMC 5274522. PMID 28149703.
  12. ↑ "Threats to Wildlife". National Wildlife Federation (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  13. ↑ "Threats to Birds | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service". www.fws.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  14. ↑ Woo-Durand, Catherine; Matte, Jean-Michel; Cuddihy, Grace; McGourdji, Chloe L.; Venter, Oscar; Grant, James W.A. (2020-06-18). "Increasing importance of climate change and other threats to at-risk species in Canada". Environmental Reviews (in Turanci). 28 (4): 449–456. Bibcode:2020EnvRv..28..449W. doi:10.1139/er-2020-0032. ISSN 1181-8700.
  15. ↑ Hanski, Ilkka (2011-05-01). "Habitat Loss, the Dynamics of Biodiversity, and a Perspective on Conservation". Ambio (in Turanci). 40 (3): 248–255. Bibcode:2011Ambio..40..248H. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0147-3. ISSN 1654-7209. PMC 3357798. PMID 21644453.
  16. ↑ Dong, Zhijun; Liu, Dongyan; Keesing, John K. (2010-07-01). "Jellyfish blooms in China: Dominant species, causes and consequences". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 60 (7): 954–963. Bibcode:2010MarPB..60..954D. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.04.022. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 20553695. S2CID 206769472.
  17. ↑ Gippet, Jérôme M. W.; Bertelsmeier, Cleo (2021-04-06). "Invasiveness is linked to greater commercial success in the global pet trade". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 118 (14). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11816337G. doi:10.1073/pnas.2016337118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8040636 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33753557 Check |pmid= value (help).
  18. ↑ Karesh WB, Cook RA, Bennett EL, Newcomb J (July 2005). "Wildlife trade and global disease emergence". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (7): 1000–2. doi:10.3201/eid1107.050194. PMC 3371803. PMID 16022772.
  19. ↑ Survival International. "Poaching". Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  20. ↑ "India: 'Jungle Book' tribes illegally evicted from tiger reserve". The Ecologist. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  21. ↑ Survival International. "Tiger Reserves, India". Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  22. ↑ Sharon Guynup (10 March 2014). "A Concise History of Tiger Hunting in India". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  23. ↑ "Wildlife Conservation Efforts Are Violating Tribal Peoples' Rights". Deep Green Resistance News Service. 8 February 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  24. ↑ Rana, Kumar; Kumar, Nishant (2023). "Current wildlife crime (Indian scenario): major challenges and prevention approaches". Biodiversity and Conservation. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 32 (5): 1473–1491. Bibcode:2023BiCon..32.1473R. doi:10.1007/s10531-023-02577-z. ISSN 0960-3115. PMC 10025790 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37063172 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 257649998 Check |s2cid= value (help). KR ORCID 0000-0003-3954-5887.
  25. ↑ Nijman, Vincent (2022-11-05). "Harvest quotas, free markets and the sustainable trade in pythons". Nature Conservation (in Turanci). 48: 99–121. doi:10.3897/natureconservation.48.80988. ISSN 1314-3301. S2CID 248733239 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  26. ↑ Van Uhm, D.P.; Wong, R.W.Y. (2019). "Establishing Trust in the Illegal Wildlife Trade in China". Asian Journal of Criminology. 14 (1): 23–40. doi:10.1007/s11417-018-9277-x.
  27. ↑ Vall-Llosera, M.; Shan, S. (2019). "Trends and characteristics of imports of live CITES-listed bird species into Japan". Ibis. 161 (3): 590–604. doi:10.1111/ibi.12653. S2CID 92146900.
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