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Ciwon Aerotoxic

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Ciwon Aerotoxic
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Ciwon gini mara lafiya

Ciwon Aerotoxic yana da alaƙa da tasirin rashin lafiya da ke da alaƙa tiyar numfashi mai gurbataccen iska a cikin Gidan jirgin sama. Masu bincike sun danganta ciwon iska tare da bayyanar abubuwa kamar Man inji da Ruwa mai ruwa.[1][2] Kodayake masu bincike sun gano alaƙa tsakanin yanayin aikin jirgin sama da alamun cutar aerotoxic, wannan yanayin ba ƙwarewar likita ba ce saboda abin da ya faru da kuma yanayin yanayin har yanzu suna cikin muhawara.[3][4][5]

Tushen gurɓataccen abu

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Matsi na Cabin da Bleed Air Control Panels a kan Boeing 737-800

Jiragen saman zamani suna da Tsarin kula da muhalli (ECS) wanda ke sarrafa kwararar iska. Iska ta waje tana shiga injuna kuma an matse shi a cikin ɓangaren gaba na injin, kafin ɓangaren konewa, tabbatar da cewa babu samfuran konewa da za su iya shiga cikin ɗakin. Ana amfani da wani ɓangare na wannan iska mai zubar da jini don matsawa cikin ɗakin. Sa'an nan kuma ECS ta sake zagaya wasu daga cikin wannan iska ta hanyar matattarar HEPA, yayin da sauran ke jagorantar bawul ɗin fita, tabbatar da cewa akwai wadataccen iska mai tsabta, mai tsabta da ke shiga cikin tsarin matsa lamba a kowane lokaci.

Injinan jet suna buƙatar mai na roba don mai. Wadannan mai suna dauke da sinadaran kamar tricresyl phosphate (TCP ko TOCP), wani organophosphate, wanda zai iya zama mai guba ga mutane amma kawai a cikin adadi mafi girma fiye da yadda ake samu a cikin man injin jirgin sama.[6] Duk da lafiyar mai na jirgin sama a karkashin yanayi na al'ada, takardar bayanan tsaro na Exxon Mobil Jet II, mai mai amfani da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin jirgin sama, ya bayyana cewa mai na iya lalacewa "a yanayin zafi ko a ƙarƙashin yanayin wuta," yana fitar da iskar gas mai cutarwa, tururi, ko hayaki, kamar carbon monoxide.[7] Bayyanawa mai tsanani ga waɗannan samfuran lalacewa na iya haifar da alamomi kamar ciwon kai, ƙishirwa, da fushin idanu, hanci, ko makogwaro.[7]

Ana shigar da hatimi na injin don tabbatar da cewa ana ci gaba da shafa kayan aikin injiniya masu mahimmanci, da kuma hana man injiniya shiga cikin iska mai matsewa. Alamun injiniya za su zubar da ƙaramin mai a matsayin aikin ƙirar hatimi. Wannan an san shi da ƙimar leakaran mai.[8] Idan hatimi mai ɗauke da shi ya gaza kuma ya fara ɓoyewa, dangane da wurin hatimi, ana iya sakin man fetur mai yawa a cikin iska mai matse. Ana iya gano ɓarkewar mai ta hanyar ƙanshin da ake kira 'dirty socks', ko, a lokuta masu tsanani, ta hanyar hayaki a cikin gidan. Wannan an san shi a cikin masana'antar a matsayin taron hayaki.[9]

Tarihi

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Binciken Majalisar Dattijai ta Australiya na tsawon shekara a shekara ta 2000 ya sami shaidar wasu "ƙwarewar neman biyan diyya na ma'aikata" don rashin lafiya wanda masu neman suka danganta da bayyanar hayaki a kan BAe 146. Masu nema sun kunshi kimanin ma'aikatan 20 wadanda suka bayyana hayakin mai da ke shiga cikin jirgin sama. Wannan kwamitin bincike ya kammala cewa "ya kamata a dauki batun gurɓataccen hayaki a matsayin batun tsaro dangane da ikon ma'aikatan jirgin don kula da kwashe jirgin sama da kuma ikon fasinjoji don shiga cikin kwashewa".

A cikin 1996, Air UK ta ba da rahoton yawan amfani da disinfectant (formaldehyde) don bayan gida da kuma tsaftace bene na galley kuma cewa inhalation na hayaki daga wannan sinadarin, zai haifar da haske-kai, ciwon kai da ƙishirwa. "CAA ta sanar da masu aiki na Burtaniya a wannan lokacin (CAA ref. 10A/380/15, kwanan wata 2 ga Agusta 1996) game da wannan haɗari mai yuwuwa, kamar yadda rashin amfani da wannan wakili ya yadu. "[10]: 31 

Kalmar "ciwon iska" an fara bugawa ne a cikin 2000 ta Chris Winder da Jean-Christophe Balouet, waɗanda suka kirkiro kalmar don bayyana alamun rashin lafiya waɗanda suke jayayya sun haifar da bayyanar iska wanda, a cewar su, man jet engine ya gurɓata.[2][11]

A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2000, duka kyaftin din da jami'in farko na Jersey European Airways BAe 146 sun zama marasa lafiya yayin da suke sauka a Filin jirgin saman Birmingham. [10] : 1 Dukansu sun zama masu ƙishirwa, kuma kyaftin din ya sami hangen nesa sau biyu kuma yana da wahalar yin hukunci da tsawo, amma ya sami nasarar saukar da jirgin sama lafiya.[10] : 3-4 An kai matukan jirgi biyu asibiti amma ba a sami dalilin rashin lafiyar su ba.[10] : 1 Rahoton binciken da ya faru ya kammala cewa "Akwai shaidar yanayi don ba da shawarar cewa ma'aikatan jirgin sama a kan G-JEAK sun shafi gurɓataccen iska, sakamakon ɓarkewar mai daga na'urar wutar lantarki ta taimako (APU) mai sanyaya fan a cikin rafin iska na APU, da kuma cikin tsarin ECS. Wannan gurɓatawar ta ba da damar hayaki ya bunkasa, wani rabo daga cikinsu ya shiga cikin ɗakin da iska. " [10]: 56: 56 

Wani kimantawa da Kwamitin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Majalisar Dattijai na Burtaniya ya yi ya gano cewa ba a tabbatar da ikirarin tasirin kiwon lafiya ba. Wani sabuntawa a cikin 2008 bai sami wata muhimmiyar sabuwar shaida ba. Ba a san cutar ta hanyar kiwon lafiya ba.[12][13]

A cikin 2019, kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyar na Burtaniya ciki har da British Airways, Virgin Atlantic, Jet2, Thomas Cook Airlines da EasyJet sun yi musu shari'a ta hanyar ƙungiyar Unite game da tasirin jirgin sama.[14]

A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 2020, a cikin shari'ar farko ta irin wannan a Amurka, Hukumar Biyan Ma'aikata ta Oregon ta yanke hukunci a madadin Kyaftin Andrew Myers, Kyaftin na Jet Blue wanda aka fallasa shi akai-akai ga gurbataccen iska a cikin jirgin Airbus da ya tashi sannan ya biyo bayan wani mummunan man fetur a farkon 2017. Myers ya sha wahala daga rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa da matsalolin gani, dukansu suna iya zama na dindindin.[14] Mai ɗaukar ya fara musanta da'awar Myers, amma shari'ar ta tabbatar da cewa "mai saurin sinadarai" da "mai saukin guba" sun haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya kamar su encephalopathy mai guba, rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, da ƙarancin motsi na ido.[15] Bayan jarrabawa, wani likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa inhalation na hayaki mai guba ya sa Myers "ba zai iya aiki" a matsayin kyaftin din jirgin sama ba.[15]

Bincike

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A shekara ta 1986, Majalisa ta Amurka ta ba da umarnin wani rahoto daga Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa (NRC) game da ingancin iska. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar hana shan sigari a kan jirgin sama don inganta ingancin iska.[16] A shekara ta 1988, FAA ta haramta shan sigari a cikin jirage na cikin gida na kasa da sa'o'i biyu, kuma ta tsawaita haramcin a cikin 1990 ga dukkan jirage na ciki kuma a cikin 2000 ga jirage na duniya.

Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ya kammala a cikin martani ga korafe-korafe da yawa da aka karɓa "daga shaidu da yawa, musamman Organophosphate Information Network, BALPA, da Ƙungiyar Masu Kula da Jirgin Sama ta Duniya, suna nuna damuwa game da haɗarin tricresyl phosphate (TCP ko TOCP) guba ga mazaunan ɗakin, musamman ga ma'aikatan da za a iya fuskantar maimaitawa a wasu nau'ikan jirgin sama, sakamakon man fetur da ke shiga cikin iska.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Schopfer, Lawrence M.; Furlong, Clement E.; Lockridge, Oksana (2010-09-01). "Development of diagnostics in the search for an explanation of aerotoxic syndrome". Analytical Biochemistry (in Turanci). 404 (1): 64–74. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2010.04.032. ISSN 0003-2697. PMC 2900449. PMID 20447373.
  2. 1 2 "AEROTOXIC SYDROME: ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO JET OIL MIST DURING COMMERCIAL FLIGHTS" (PDF). Towards a Safe and Civil Society. Proceedings of the International Congress on Occupational Health Conference, Held in Brisbane, Australia. 2000-09-04.
  3. ↑ Michaelis, Susan; Burdon, Jonathan; Howard, C. Vyvyan; Europe, World Health Organization Regional Office for (2017). "Aerotoxic syndrome: a new occupational disease?". Public Health Panorama (in Turanci). 03 (2): 198–211. ISSN 2412-544X.
  4. ↑ Leahy, Kate (2017-08-19). "'There are hundreds of sick crew': is toxic air on planes making frequent flyers ill?". The Guardian (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  5. ↑ Hageman, Gerard; Pal, Teake M.; Nihom, Jik; Mackenzie Ross, Sarah J.; Berg, Martin van den (2020-05-03). "Aerotoxic syndrome, discussion of possible diagnostic criteria". Clinical Toxicology. 58 (5): 414–416. doi:10.1080/15563650.2019.1649419. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 31389264. S2CID 199468610.
  6. ↑ Mackerer, Carl R.; Barth, Mary L.; Krueger, Andrew J.; Chawla, Birbal; Roy, Timothy A. (1999). "Comparison of neurotoxic effects and potential risks from oral administration or ingestion of tricresyl phosphate and jet engine oil containing tricresyl phosphate". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A. 57 (5): 293–328. Bibcode:1999JTEHA..57..293C. doi:10.1080/009841099157638. PMID 10405186. S2CID 21766690.
  7. 1 2 "MOBIL JET OIL II - MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET" (PDF). ExxonMobile. 2006-10-06. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  8. ↑ Dr. Susan Michaelis (2016-06-01). "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROVISION OF CLEAN AIR IN CREW AND PASSENGER COMPARTMENTS USING THE AIRCRAFT BLEED AIR SYSTEM" (PDF). Cranfield University. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
  9. ↑ Helen Muir (2007-11-21). "Cabin Air Sampling Study Functionality Test" (PDF). Cranfield University via Department for Transport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Air Accidents Investigation Branch Report on the incident to BAe 146, G-JEAK during the descent into Birmingham Airport on 5 November 2000" (PDF).
  11. ↑ Burdon, Jonathan; Budnik, Lygia Therese; Baur, Xaver; Hageman, Gerard; Howard, C. Vyvyan; Roig, Jordi; Coxon, Leonie; Furlong, Clement E.; Gee, David; Loraine, Tristan; Terry, Alvin V.; Midavaine, John; Petersen, Hannes; Bron, Denis; Soskolne, Colin L. (2023-05-16). "Health consequences of exposure to aircraft contaminated air and fume events: a narrative review and medical protocol for the investigation of exposed aircrew and passengers". Environmental Health. 22 (1): 43. Bibcode:2023EnvHe..22...43B. doi:10.1186/s12940-023-00987-8. ISSN 1476-069X. PMC 10186727 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37194087 Check |pmid= value (help).
  12. ↑ Hale MA, Al-Seffar JA (September 2009). "Preliminary report on aerotoxic syndrome (AS) and the need for diagnostic neurophysiological tests". Am J Electroneurodiagnostic Technol. 49 (3): 260–79. doi:10.1080/1086508X.2009.11079726. PMID 19891417. S2CID 25263175.
  13. ↑ Bagshaw, Michael (July 2013). "Cabin Air Quality: A review of current aviation medical understanding" (PDF). Aerospace Medical Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2014-09-28.
  14. 1 2 Coffey, Helen (2020-08-12). "JetBlue pilot wins landmark compensation case against airline after getting ill from toxic air". The Independent (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-08-15.
  15. 1 2 "BEFORE THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION BOARD, ANDREW K. MYERS, Claim No. 555232469" (PDF). 2020-03-20. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ↑ Empty citation (help)
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