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Ciwon Lyme

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Ciwon Lyme
Description (en) Fassara
Iri borreliosis (en) Fassara
Field of study (en) Fassara Cututtukan cututtuka (ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya), dermatology (en) Fassara, neurology (en) Fassara
cardiology (en) Fassara
Sanadi Borrelia burgdorferi (mul) Fassara
Symptoms and signs (en) Fassara erythema chronicum migrans (en) Fassara, Rashin karfi, ciwon kai, arthralgia (en) Fassara, myalgia (en) Fassara, fasciculation (en) Fassara, paresthesia (en) Fassara, vertigo (en) Fassara, heart arrhythmia (en) Fassara, chronic neuropathic pain (en) Fassara, zazzaɓi, neuritis (en) Fassara, sanƙarau, meningoencephalitis (en) Fassara, myocarditis (en) Fassara, arthritis (en) Fassara, encephalomyelitis (en) Fassara
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (en) Fassara
Disease transmission process (en) Fassara tick borne transmission (en) Fassara, Ixodes pacificus (en) Fassara
Ixodes scapularis (mul) Fassara
Physical examination (en) Fassara western blot (en) Fassara, physical examination (en) Fassara, ELISA (en) Fassara, lumbar puncture (en) Fassara
biopsy (en) Fassara
Therapy (en) Fassara
Magani ceftriaxone (en) Fassara, cefuroxime (en) Fassara, Amoxicillin, Doxycycline da azithromycin (en) Fassara
Identifier (en) Fassara
ICD-10-CM A69.20 da A69.2
ICD-9-CM 088.81
ICD-10 A69.2
DiseasesDB 1531
MedlinePlus 001319
eMedicine 001319
MeSH D008193
Disease Ontology ID DOID:11729
Lyme disease
Other names: Lyme borreliosis
An adult deer tick (Most cases of Lyme disease are caused by nymphs.)
Specialty Infectious disease
Symptoms Expanding area of redness at the site of a tick bite, fever, headache, tiredness[1]
Usual onset A week after a bite[1]
Causes Borrelia spread by ticks[2]
Diagnostic method Based on symptoms, tick exposure, blood tests[3]
Prevention Prevention of tick bites (clothing the limbs, DEET), doxycycline[2]
Medication Doxycycline, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime[2]
Frequency ~476k/year in U.S. (a likely overestimate), 200k/year in Europe[4][5][6]

Cutar Lyme, wacce aka fi sani da Lyme borreliosis, cuta ce da kaska ke yaɗawa daga nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na Borrelia, waɗanda kaska ke yaɗawa ta hanyar shan jini a cikin nau'in Ixodes . [1] [2] [3] Ita ce cutar da kaska ke yaɗawa a Arewacin Hemisphere . [4] [5] Kamuwa da cuta sun fi yawa a lokacin bazara da farkon lokacin rani. [1] Ana iya magance kamuwa da cuta da maganin rigakafi . Yawancin marasa lafiya da aka yi wa magani suna samun cikakken murmurewa. Ga wasu marasa lafiya murmurewa ba zai zama nan take ko cikakke ba, wanda ke haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci. [6] Ganowa da wuri da kuma magani cikin gaggawa suna da alaƙa da sakamako mafi kyau.

Alamar kamuwa da cuta mafi yawa ita ce kurajen ja mai faɗaɗa, wanda aka sani da erythema migrans (EM), wanda ke bayyana a wurin da aka cizon kaska kimanin mako guda bayan haka. [1] Kurajen yawanci ba sa kaikayi ko ciwo. [1] Kimanin kashi 70-80% na mutanen da suka kamu da cutar suna samun kuraje. [1] Sauran alamun farko na iya haɗawa da zazzabi, ciwon kai da gajiya . [1] Idan ba a yi magani ba, alamun na iya haɗawa da rashin ikon motsa ɗaya ko ɓangarorin biyu na fuska, ciwon haɗin gwiwa, ciwon kai mai tsanani tare da tauri a wuya ko bugun zuciya . [1] Watanni zuwa shekaru bayan haka, maimaita ciwon haɗin gwiwa da kumburi na iya faruwa. [1] Lokaci-lokaci, ciwon kai ko ƙara a hannuwa da ƙafafu na iya tasowa. [1]

Ganewar cutar ta dogara ne akan haɗuwar alamu, tarihin kamuwa da kaska, da kuma yiwuwar gwada takamaiman ƙwayoyin rigakafi a cikin jini. [3] [7] Idan kamuwa da cuta ya taso, magungunan rigakafi da yawa suna da tasiri, gami da doxycycline, amoxicillin da cefuroxime . [2] Maganin da aka saba yi yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon makonni biyu ko uku. [2] Ana cewa mutanen da ke da alamun cutar Lyme bayan magani ana iya samun su da cutar Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) bayan magani . [8]

Rigakafi ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin hana cizon ƙaiƙayi ta hanyar sanya tufafi don rufe hannaye da ƙafafu da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na DEET ko picaridin . [2] As of 2023 , ana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen asibiti na alluran rigakafin da aka gabatar ga mutane don cutar Lyme, amma babu allurar rigakafi. An samar da allurar rigakafi, LYMErix, amma an daina amfani da ita a shekarar 2002 saboda ƙarancin buƙata. [9] Akwai alluran rigakafi da dama don rigakafin cutar Lyme a cikin karnuka.Page Samfuri:TOC limit/styles.css has no content. 

Alamomi da Alamomi

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Cutar Lyme na iya haifar da alamu iri-iri.Page Module:Gallery/styles.css has no content. 

Lokacin kamuwa da cutar yawanci yana da makonni ɗaya zuwa biyu, amma yana iya zama gajeru (kwanaki) ko kuma ya fi tsayi (watanni zuwa shekaru). Alamomin cutar Lyme galibi suna faruwa ne daga Mayu zuwa Satumba a Arewacin Duniya saboda matakin ƙaiƙayi na ƙaiƙayi shine ke da alhakin yawancin lokuta.

Kamuwa da cuta ta farko a yankin

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Kimanin kashi 80% na kamuwa da cutar Lyme suna farawa da kuraje iri-iri a wurin da cizon kaska ya faru, sau da yawa kusa da naɗewar fata kamar hammata, maƙogwaro, bayan gwiwa, ko kuma gangar jikin da ke ƙarƙashin madaurin tufafi, ko a gashin yara, kunnuwa, ko wuya. [2] Yawancin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ba sa tuna ganin kaska ko cizo. Kurajen suna bayyana yawanci makonni ɗaya ko biyu (tsawon kwanaki 3-32) bayan cizon kuma suna faɗaɗawa 2-3 cm (kusan inci 1) kowace rana har zuwa diamita na 5-70 cm (inci 2 zuwa 28) (matsakaici shine 16) cm; inci 6). [2] [10]

Kurajen yawanci suna da zagaye ko oval, ja ko shuɗi, kuma yana iya samun tsakiya mai tsayi ko duhu. [2] Wannan kurajen ana kiransa erythema migrans (EM), wanda ke fassara a matsayin "ja mai ƙaura." A kusan kashi 79% na lokuta a Turai, wannan kurajen yana fita daga tsakiya zuwa gefuna, wataƙila yana samar da tsarin "idon bijimi" ko "kamar abin da aka nufa". Wannan sharewa yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kashi 19% na lokuta a yankunan da ke fama da cutar a Amurka. [10] Kurajen na iya jin ɗumi, yawanci ba shi da ƙaiƙayi, ba kasafai yake da taushi ko zafi ba, kuma yana ɗaukar har zuwa makonni huɗu kafin a magance shi idan ba a yi masa magani ba. [2]

Sau da yawa kurajen Lyme suna tare da alamun rashin lafiya kamar mura, waɗanda suka haɗa da gajiya, ciwon kai, ciwon jiki, zazzaɓi, da sanyi [kodayake yawanci ba tashin zuciya ko matsalolin numfashi na sama ba]. Waɗannan alamun kuma na iya bayyana ba tare da kuraje ko jinkiri ba bayan kurajen sun ɓace. Lyme na iya ci gaba zuwa matakai na gaba ba tare da kuraje ko waɗannan alamun ba. [2]

Ya kamata a binciki mutanen da ke fama da zazzabi mai tsanani fiye da kwana biyu ko kuma waɗanda sauran alamun cutar kamar ta kwayan cuta ba su inganta ba duk da maganin rigakafi ga cutar Lyme, ko kuma waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin halitta na fari ko ja ko platelets a cikin jini, don yiwuwar kamuwa da wasu cututtukan da ake ɗauka a matsayin kaska kamar su ehrlichiosis da babesiosis .

Ba duk wanda ke dauke da cutar Lyme ke da dukkan alamun cutar ba. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan alamomin kuma na iya faruwa tare da wasu cututtuka. [11] Wannan na iya sa samun ganewar asali ya zama ƙalubale, musamman tare da ƙaruwar kamuwa da cuta tare.

Akwai kamuwa da cuta mai rashin alamun cutar, amma wasu bincike sun nuna cewa wannan yana faruwa a ƙasa da kashi 7% na mutanen da suka kamu da cutar a Amurka sabanin kusan kashi 50-70% na waɗanda suka kamu da cutar a Turai.

Kamuwa da cuta da wuri ya yaɗu

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Cikin 'yan kwanaki zuwa makonni bayan kamuwa da cuta a yankin, ƙwayoyin cuta na Borrelia na iya yaɗuwa ta cikin tsarin lymphatic ko jini. A cikin kashi 10-20% na waɗanda ba a yi musu magani ba, kurajen EM suna bayyana a wurare a faɗin jiki waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da cizon kaska na asali. Ciwon tsoka na ɗan lokaci da ciwon haɗin gwiwa suma sun zama ruwan dare.

A cikin kimanin kashi 10-15% na mutanen da ba a yi musu magani ba, cutar Lyme tana haifar da matsalolin jijiyoyi da aka sani da neuroborreliosis . Ciwon neuroborreliosis na farko yawanci yakan bayyana makonni 4-6 (tsawon makonni 1-12) bayan cizon kaska kuma ya ƙunshi wasu haɗuwa na cutar sankarau ta lymphocytic, ciwon kwakwalwa, radiculopathy, da/ko mononeuritis multiplex. [12] Ciwon sankarau na lymphocytic yana haifar da canje-canje na musamman a cikin ruwan cerebrospinal (CSF) kuma yana iya kasancewa tare da shi na tsawon makonni da yawa tare da ciwon kai mai canzawa, kuma, ba kasafai ba, yawanci alamun cutar sankarau masu sauƙi kamar rashin iya lanƙwasa wuya gaba ɗaya da rashin haƙuri ga haske mai haske amma yawanci babu ko kuma ƙaramin zazzabi kawai. [13] Bayan watanni da yawa, cutar sankarau na iya gabatar da alamun otolaryngological . Har zuwa kashi 76.5% daga cikinsu suna nan a matsayin tinnitus, alamar da ta fi yawa. Juyawar jiki da jiri (53.7%) da rashin ji (16.7%) su ne alamomin da suka fi yawa. [14] A cikin yara, rashin gani na iya faruwa. Ciwon kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa kumburi ne na jijiyoyin kwakwalwa . Idan aka samu cutar Lyme, yawanci yakan haifar da gurguwar fuska, yana rage kiftawa, murmushi, da taunawa a gefe ɗaya ko biyu na fuska. Hakanan yana iya haifar da gani biyu lokaci-lokaci. [13] Ciwon Lyme radiculopathy kumburi ne na tushen jijiyoyi na kashin baya wanda galibi yakan haifar da ciwo da rashin ƙarfi, rauni, ko canjin ji a wuraren jiki da jijiyoyi da ke da alaƙa da tushen da abin ya shafa ke yi, misali gaɓoɓi ko wani ɓangare na gangar jiki. Sau da yawa ana bayyana ciwon a matsayin wanda aka ji a baya, mai raɗaɗi, ƙaura, mafi muni da dare, ba kasafai yake daidaitawa ba, kuma sau da yawa yana tare da matsanancin tashin hankali na barci. [12] [15] Ciwon Mononeuritis multiplex kumburi ne wanda ke haifar da irin waɗannan alamu a cikin ɗaya ko fiye da jijiyoyi na gefe marasa alaƙa. Ba kasafai ake samun kumburin kwakwalwa ko kashin baya ba, tare da alamu kamar ruɗani, tafiya mara kyau, motsin ido, ko magana, rashin motsi, rashin tsarin motsa jiki, ko girgiza . [12]

A Arewacin Amurka, cutar gurguwar fuska ita ce cutar neuroborreliosis ta farko da aka fi sani da ita, wadda ke faruwa a cikin kashi 5-10% na mutanen da ba a yi musu magani ba, a cikin kusan kashi 75% na lokuta tare da cutar sankarar lymphocytic. [16] Ana bayar da rahoton cutar Lyme radiculopathy sau da yawa, amma ana iya gane yawancin lokuta ba a gane su ba. [17] A cikin manya na Turai, mafi yawan lokuta ana samun su ne haɗuwa da cutar sankarar lymphocytic da radiculopathy da aka sani da cutar Bannwarth, tare da kashi 36-89% na lokuta ta hanyar cutar gurguwar fuska. [12] [15] A cikin wannan cutar, ciwon radicular yakan fara ne a yankin jiki ɗaya da kurji na farko na erythema migrans, idan akwai, kuma yana gaba da yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar gurguwar fuska da sauran motsi mara kyau . [15] A cikin mawuyacin hali, lalacewar motsi ko aikin ji na ƙasan gaɓoɓi na iya faruwa. A cikin yaran Turai, mafi yawan bayyanar cututtuka sune gurguwar fuska (a cikin 55%), wasu cututtukan jijiyoyi na kwanyar, da kuma cutar meningitis ta lymphocytic (a cikin 27%). [12]

A cikin kimanin kashi 4-10% na waɗanda ba a yi musu magani ba a Amurka da kuma kashi 0.3-4% na waɗanda ba a yi musu magani ba a Turai, yawanci tsakanin watan Yuni da Disamba, kimanin wata ɗaya (tsawon kwanaki 4 zuwa watanni 7) bayan cizon kaska, kamuwa da cutar na iya haifar da matsalolin zuciya da aka sani da cutar Lyme carditis . [18] [19] Alamomin na iya haɗawa da bugun zuciya (a cikin kashi 69% na mutane), jiri, suma, ƙarancin numfashi, da ciwon ƙirji . [18] Sauran alamun cutar Lyme kuma na iya kasancewa, kamar kurji na EM, ciwon haɗin gwiwa, gurguwar fuska, ciwon kai, ko ciwon radicular . [18] A wasu mutane, duk da haka, cutar cardiac na iya zama bayyanar farko ta cutar Lyme. [18] Cutar Lyme carditis a cikin kashi 19-87% na mutane tana yin mummunan tasiri ga tsarin wutar lantarki na zuciya, yana haifar da toshewar atrioventricular wanda galibi yakan bayyana a matsayin bugun zuciya wanda ke canzawa cikin mintuna tsakanin jinkirin da ba a saba gani ba da kuma saurin da ba a saba gani ba. [18] [19] A cikin kashi 10-15% na mutane, Lyme yana haifar da matsalolin zuciya kamar su cardiomegaly, matsalar ventricular hagu, ko gazawar zuciya. [18]

Wani yanayin fata, wanda ake samu a Turai amma ba a Arewacin Amurka ba, shine borrelial lymphocytoma, wani kulli mai launin shuɗi wanda ke tasowa a kan kunne, nono, ko kuma ƙwanƙwasa .

Yaɗuwar cutar a ƙarshen lokaci

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Ciwon gaɓɓai na Lyme ya sa gwiwar wannan yarinya 'yar shekara 3 ta kumbura. Ko da yake ba ta da zafi, amma ya sa ta suma. [20]

Cutar Lyme arthritis tana faruwa a cikin kusan kashi 60% na mutanen da ba a yi musu magani ba, yawanci tana farawa ne bayan watanni shida bayan kamuwa da cuta. Yawanci tana shafar gaɓoɓi ɗaya ko kaɗan, sau da yawa gwiwa ko ƙila kwatangwalo, wasu manyan gaɓoɓi, ko haɗin temporomandibular . Yawanci, babban kumburi da kumburi suna faruwa, amma ciwo mai sauƙi ko matsakaici ne kawai. Ba tare da magani ba, kumburi da zafi galibi suna ɓacewa akan lokaci, amma lokaci-lokaci suna dawowa. Kurajen Baker na iya samuwa da fashewa.

A cikin binciken farko na Amurka game da cutar Lyme, an bayyana wata cuta mai saurin kamuwa da cutar jijiya ta gefe wadda ta haɗa da jin kasala, tingling, ko ƙonewa daga ƙafafu ko hannuwa, kuma, bayan wani lokaci, wataƙila tana motsa gaɓoɓi. A cikin wani bincike da aka yi daga baya wanda ya gano rashin ingantaccen bayanai game da wannan bayyanar, ƙwararru sun yi mamakin ko tana wanzuwa kwata-kwata a Amurka ko kuma kawai ba kasafai take faruwa ba. [21]

Wani ciwo na jijiyoyi da ake kira Lyme encephalopathy yana da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai sauƙi da wahalhalun fahimta, rashin barci, jin rashin lafiya gabaɗaya, da canje-canje a cikin hali. [22] Lyme encephalopathy yana da ce-ce-ku-ce a Amurka kuma ba a ba da rahotonsa a Turai ba. Matsaloli kamar baƙin ciki da fibromyalgia sun zama ruwan dare a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Lyme kamar yadda yake a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya. Babu wata hujja mai ƙarfi da ke nuna cewa cutar Lyme tana haifar da cututtukan tabin hankali, ko cututtukan ci gaban jijiyoyi (misali ADHD ko autism ). [23]

Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans cuta ce ta fata mai ɗorewa da ake gani musamman a Turai tsakanin tsofaffi. Yana farawa ne da launin ja-shuɗi na fata mai canza launi, sau da yawa a bayan hannuwa ko ƙafafu. Rauni yana raguwa a hankali tsawon makonni ko watanni da yawa, tare da fatar ta fara zama siriri da wrinkles sannan, idan ba a yi mata magani ba, ta bushe gaba ɗaya kuma ba ta da gashi.

Dalili

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Kwayoyin cutar Borrelia, waɗanda ke haifar da cutar Lyme, sun ƙaru

Cutar Lyme tana faruwa ne ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da gram-negative daga cikin halittar Borrelia . Spirochetes suna kewaye da peptidoglycan da flagella . [24] Nau'in Borrelia mai alaƙa da Lyme an san su gaba ɗaya da Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, kuma suna nuna bambancin kwayoyin halitta da yawa.

B. burgdorferi sensu lato wani nau'in halitta ne da ya ƙunshi nau'ikan halittu guda 20 da aka yarda da su da kuma nau'ikan halittu guda uku da aka gabatar. An san nau'ikan halittu takwas suna haifar da cutar Lyme: B. mayonii (wanda ake samu a Arewacin Amurka), B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (wanda ake samu a Arewacin Amurka da Turai), B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. spielmanii, da B. lusitaniae (duk ana samun su a Eurasia ). [lower-alpha 1] Wasu bincike sun kuma nuna cewa B. valaisiana na iya kamuwa da mutane a wasu lokutan. Wannan nau'in ba ya bayyana a matsayin muhimmin sanadin cuta ba.

Kaska

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Zagayen rayuwar kaska na barewa
Ixodes scapularis, babban mai kamuwa da cutar Lyme a gabashin Arewacin Amurka

Yi alama da zagayowar rayuwa

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Matakai uku suna faruwa a cikin zagayowar rayuwar kaska: tsutsa, tsutsa, da babba. A lokacin matakin nymph, kaska galibi suna yada cutar Lyme kuma galibi suna aiki a ƙarshen bazara da farkon bazara a yankuna masu yanayi mai sauƙi. A lokacin matakin girma, yaduwar cutar Lyme ba ta zama ruwan dare ba saboda kaska manya ba ta da saurin cizon mutane kuma suna da girma, don haka ana iya ganin su cikin sauƙi kuma a cire su. [29]

Canje-canje a bayyanar alamar lokacin cin abinci

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Duk ƙaiƙayin nono da na mace suna ƙaruwa a girma (engorge) lokacin da suke ciyarwa. [30]

Nau'in kaska, da masu masaukin baki

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Cutar Lyme tana yaduwa ga mutane ta hanyar cizon ƙwari da suka kamu da cutar ta nau'in Ixodes . A Amurka, Ixodes scapularis shine babban mai cutar. A Turai, Ixodes ricinus ticks na iya yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta cikin sauri. [31] [32] A Arewacin Amurka, nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta Borrelia burgdorferi da <i id="mwArs">B. mayonii</i> suna haifar da cutar Lyme. [2] [27] A Turai da Asiya, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, B. spielmanii da wasu nau'ikan halittu guda huɗu suma suna haifar da cutar. [2]

Duk da cewa B. burgdorferi yana da alaƙa da kaska da barewa masu wutsiya da beraye masu ƙafafu fari ke ɗauke da ita, Borrelia afzelii galibi ana gano ta a cikin kaska masu ciyar da beraye, kuma Borrelia garinii da Borrelia valaisiana sun bayyana suna da alaƙa da tsuntsaye. Beraye da tsuntsaye duka ƙwararru ne wajen karɓar beraye don B. burgdorferi sensu stricto . Juriyar nau'ikan spirochetes na cutar Lyme ga ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanyar da ta dace ta nau'ikan masu masaukin baki daban-daban na iya ƙayyade alaƙar mai masaukin baki da ta wurin.

Binciken da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa B. burgdorferi sensu lato na iya samar da zagayowar enzootic a tsakanin yawan ƙananan tsuntsaye; a baya an yi zaton wannan ba zai yiwu ba a manyan yankuna da ke ɗauke da yawan ƙananan tsuntsaye, kamar California. Banda wani bincike da aka yi a Turai, yawancin bayanan da ke nuna ƙananan tsuntsaye sun dogara ne akan gano kwayar halittar spirochete ta DNA kuma bai nuna cewa ƙananan tsuntsaye na iya kamuwa da ƙwari da ke ci a kansu ba. Kamar yadda wasu gwaje-gwaje suka nuna cewa ƙananan tsuntsaye ba sa kamuwa da cutar Borrelia, da alama shigarsu cikin zagayowar enzootic ya fi rikitarwa kuma ya shafi nau'ikan halittu.

Tick Ixodes ricinus, matakan ci gaba

A Turai, babban vector shine Ixodes ricinus, wanda kuma ake kira tick na tumaki ko castor bean tick. A China, Ixodes persulcatus (tick na taiga) wataƙila shine vector mafi mahimmanci. A Arewacin Amurka, tick mai ƙafafu baƙi ko tick na barewa ( Ixodes scapularis ) shine babban vector a Gabashin Tekun.

Kashin tauraro ɗaya tilo ( Amblyomma americanum ), wanda ake samu a duk faɗin Kudu maso Gabashin Amurka har zuwa yammacin Texas, ba zai iya yaɗa cutar Lyme spirochetes ba, kodayake ana iya danganta shi da wata cuta mai alaƙa da ita da ake kira ciwon kurji na kudanci, wanda yayi kama da wani nau'in cutar Lyme mai sauƙi.

A gabar tekun yamma na Amurka, babban abin da ke haifar da wannan cuta shine kashin ƙafafu baƙi na yamma ( Ixodes pacificus ). Halin wannan nau'in kaska na cin abinci galibi akan nau'ikan da ke karɓar baƙi kamar ƙadangaren shinge na yamma waɗanda ke jure kamuwa da cutar Borrelia ya nuna yana rage yaɗuwar cutar Lyme a Yamma.

Watsawa

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Tsarin aiki

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An rarraba cutar Lyme a matsayin zoonosis, domin ana yada ta ga mutane daga wani tafki na halitta tsakanin ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye ta hanyar kaska da ke cin abinci a kan rukunin masu masaukin baki guda biyu. Kaska mai tauri na nau'in Ixodes sune masu haifar da cutar Lyme (kuma mai haifar da Babesia ). Yawancin kamuwa da cuta ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar kaska a matakin nymphal, saboda ƙanana ne, kuma suna iya ciyarwa ba tare da an gano su ba na dogon lokaci. Kaska mai tauri yawanci girman iri ne na poppy kuma wani lokacin suna da kai mai duhu da jiki mai haske. [33] Ko kuma, kaska mai tauri na iya zama duhu. [34] Ƙananan kaska mai tsutsa ba sa kamuwa da cuta sosai. Duk da cewa barewa sune mafi kyawun masu karɓar kaska mai girma, kuma yawan kaska ya fi ƙasa idan babu barewa, kaska yawanci ba sa samun Borrelia daga barewa; maimakon haka, suna samun su ne daga ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da suka kamu da cutar kamar bera mai fararen ƙafafu, da kuma wasu lokutan tsuntsaye. [35] Yankunan da cutar Lyme ta zama ruwan dare suna faɗaɗawa. [36]

A cikin tsakiyar hanjin kaska, furotin na waje ' Borrelia A (OspA) yana ɗaurewa da mai karɓar kaska don OspA, wanda aka sani da TROSPA. Lokacin da kaska ke ci, Borrelia yana rage OspA kuma yana haɓaka OspC, wani furotin na saman. Bayan ƙwayoyin cuta sun ƙaura daga tsakiyar hanji zuwa glandar salivary, OspC yana ɗaurewa zuwa Salp15, wani furotin na salivary kaska wanda da alama yana da tasirin rage garkuwar jiki wanda ke haɓaka kamuwa da cuta. Samun nasarar kamuwa da cutar da dabbobi masu shayarwa ya dogara ne akan bayyanar ƙwayoyin cuta na OspC.

Tsawon lokacin da aka haɗa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sharhin ya yi la'akari da ko tsawon lokacin da aka haɗa yana shafar watsawa. [37] [38]

Yaɗuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cizon kaska sau da yawa ba a lura da shi ba saboda ƙaramin girman kaska a matakin nymphal ɗinsa, da kuma fitar da kaska da ke hana mai gidan jin ƙaiƙayi ko ciwo daga cizon. Duk da haka, yaduwar ba kasafai take faruwa ba, inda kusan kashi 1.2 zuwa 1.4 cikin ɗari na cizon kaska da aka sani ke haifar da cutar Lyme. [39]

A cikin ciki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cutar Lyme tana yaduwa daga uwa zuwa tayin amma ba kasafai take yaduwa ba, kuma tare da maganin rigakafi, babu ƙarin haɗarin kamuwa da mummunan sakamako na haihuwa. [40] KYAKKYAWAN jagora shine a yi amfani da maganin rigakafi da suka dace da juna biyu. [41] Babu wani bincike kan sakamakon ci gaban yaran da iyayensu mata suka kamu da cutar Lyme. [40]

Sauran yaduwar cutar ta ɗan adam

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babu wata shaida ta kimiyya da ke nuna cewa ana kamuwa da cutar Lyme ta hanyar ƙarin jini, jima'i, ko nonon uwa. [40]

Cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar kaska

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kaji da ke aika B. burgdorferi ga mutane suma suna iya ɗaukar wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da dama, kamar Babesia microti da Anaplasma phagocytophilum, waɗanda ke haifar da cututtukan babesiosis da kuma anaplasmosis na ɗan adam (HGA), bi da bi. Daga cikin mutanen da ke da cutar Lyme ta farko, ya danganta da wurin da suke, kashi 2-12% kuma za su sami HGA kuma kashi 2-10% za su sami babesiosis. [23] Kaji a wasu yankuna kuma suna aika ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da encephalitis da cutar Powassan . [23] Kaji da ke kamuwa da cutar Lyme ba za su buƙaci ƙarin magani ba, tunda suna iya warkewa da kansu ko kuma - kamar yadda yake a yanayin HGA - za a iya magance su da doxycycline da aka rubuta wa Lyme. Zazzaɓi mai ɗorewa ko sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje marasa daidaituwa na iya zama alamar kamuwa da cuta tare. [23]

Ilimin Halittar Jiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

B. burgdorferi na iya yaɗuwa a cikin jiki yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, kuma an same shi a cikin fata, zuciya, haɗin gwiwa, tsarin jijiyoyi na gefe, da kuma tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya. B. burgdorferi ba ya samar da guba. [42] Saboda haka, yawancin alamun cutar Lyme sakamakon amsawar garkuwar jiki ga spirochete a cikin waɗannan kyallen takarda ne.

B. burgdorferi ana allurar sa a cikin fata ta hanyar cizon Ixodes da ya kamu da cutar. [43] Yawar kaska, wadda ke raka spirochete zuwa fata yayin ciyarwa, tana ɗauke da abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga amsawar garkuwar jiki a wurin da cizon ya faru. Wannan yana samar da yanayi mai kariya inda spirochete zai iya kamuwa da cuta. Spirochetes suna ninkawa kuma suna ƙaura zuwa waje a cikin fata . Martanin kumburi ga ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin fata yana haifar da raunin EM mai zagaye. Duk da haka, Neutrophils, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don kawar da spirochetes daga fata, sun kasa bayyana a cikin adadi mai mahimmanci a cikin raunin EM mai tasowa saboda yawar kaska tana hana aikin neutrophil. Wannan yana bawa ƙwayoyin cuta damar rayuwa kuma daga ƙarshe su bazu ko'ina cikin jiki.

Kwanaki zuwa makonni bayan cizon kaska, spirochetes suna yaɗuwa ta hanyar jini zuwa gaɓoɓi, zuciya, tsarin jijiyoyi, da wuraren fata masu nisa, inda kasancewarsu ke haifar da nau'ikan alamun cutar da ta yaɗu. Yaɗuwar B. burgdorferi yana taimakawa ta hanyar haɗa sinadarin protease plasmin a saman spirochete.

Idan ba a yi maganinsa ba, ƙwayoyin cuta na iya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jiki na tsawon watanni ko ma shekaru, duk da samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi na B. burgdorferi ta hanyar tsarin garkuwar jiki. Spirochetes na iya guje wa amsawar garkuwar jiki ta hanyar rage bayyanar sunadaran saman da ƙwayoyin rigakafi ke kai hari, bambancin antigenic na furotin saman VlsE, hana manyan abubuwan garkuwar jiki kamar su complement, da ɓoyewa a cikin matrix na extracellular, wanda zai iya tsoma baki ga aikin abubuwan garkuwar jiki.

Nazarin rigakafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fuskantar ƙwayoyin cuta na Borrelia yayin cutar Lyme na iya haifar da kumburi mai ɗorewa da kuma illa ga jiki, wani nau'in cutar da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa ta hanyar garkuwar jiki . Samar da wannan amsawar na iya kasancewa saboda wani nau'in kwaikwayon ƙwayoyin halitta, inda Borrelia ke guje wa kashe shi ta hanyar tsarin garkuwar jiki ta hanyar kama da sassan kyallen jiki na yau da kullun.

Alamomin da suka shafi amsawar garkuwar jiki na iya bayyana dalilin da yasa wasu alamomin ke ci gaba da wanzuwa koda bayan an kawar da spirochetes daga jiki. Wannan hasashe na iya bayyana dalilin da yasa cututtukan amosanin gabbai na ci gaba da wanzuwa bayan maganin rigakafi, kamar zazzabin rheumatic, amma amfani da shi gabaɗaya yana da rikitarwa.

Ganewar Ganewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana gano cutar Lyme bisa ga alamu, sakamakon zahiri (kamar kurji na erythema migrans (EM), fatar fuska, ko amosanin gabbai ), tarihin yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar kaska, da kuma yiwuwar gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje . [2] Mutanen da ke da alamun cutar Lyme ta farko ya kamata a yi musu cikakken gwajin fata na jiki don kurji na EM kuma a tambaye su ko kurji na EM ya bayyana a cikin watanni 1-2 da suka gabata. Kasancewar kurji na EM da kuma fallasa kaska kwanan nan (watau, kasancewa a waje a wurin da kaska ke zama ruwan dare inda Lyme ya zama ruwan dare, cikin kwanaki 30 da bayyanar kurji) sun isa don gano cutar Lyme; ba a buƙatar ko ba da shawarar tabbatar da dakin gwaje-gwaje ba. [2] Yawancin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ba sa tuna kaska ko cizo, kuma kurji na EM ba ya buƙatar yin kama da idon bijimi (yawancin kurji na EM a Amurka ba sa yi) ko kuma a tare da su da wasu alamu. [2] A Amurka, cutar Lyme ta fi yawa a jihohin New England da Mid-Atlantic da kuma sassan Wisconsin da Minnesota, amma tana fadada zuwa wasu yankuna. [36] Yankuna da dama da ke kan iyaka da Kanada suma suna da babban haɗarin cutar Lyme. [44]

Idan babu kurajen EM ko tarihin kamuwa da kaska, gano cutar Lyme ya dogara ne da tabbatar da dakin gwaje-gwaje. [45] Kwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da cutar Lyme suna da wahalar gani kai tsaye a cikin kyallen jiki kuma suna da wahala kuma suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don girma a dakin gwaje-gwaje. [2] Gwaje-gwajen da aka fi amfani da su suna neman kasancewar ƙwayoyin rigakafi a kan waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jini. Sakamakon gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta mai kyau ba ya tabbatar da kamuwa da cuta mai aiki, amma yana iya tabbatar da kamuwa da cuta wanda ake zargi saboda alamu, abubuwan da aka gano a zahiri, da tarihin kamuwa da kaska a cikin mutum. Saboda kusan kashi 5-20% na al'umma na yau da kullun suna da ƙwayoyin rigakafi a kan Lyme, bai kamata a gwada mutanen da ba su da tarihi da alamun cutar Lyme don maganin rigakafi ba: sakamako mai kyau zai iya zama ƙarya, wataƙila yana haifar da magani mara amfani. [12]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayanan kula

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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  1. ↑ Attributed to multiple references:[25][26][27][28]

Ambato

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Ƙarin karatu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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Samfuri:Medical condition classification and resourcesSamfuri:Tick-borne diseasesSamfuri:Gram-negative non-proteobacterial diseasesSamfuri:Bacterial cutaneous infectionsSamfuri:Vaccines

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  16. ↑ Garro A, Nigrovic LE (May 2018). "Managing Peripheral Facial Palsy". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 71 (5): 618–624. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.08.039. PMID 29110887.
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  20. ↑ Guardado KE, Sergent S (January 2022). "Pediatric unilateral knee swelling: a case report of a complicated differential diagnosis and often overlooked cause". Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 122 (2): 105–109. doi:10.1515/jom-2020-0332. PMID 34989214 Check |pmid= value (help).
  21. ↑ Wormser GP, Strle F, Shapiro ED, Dattwyler RJ, Auwaerter PG (February 2017). "A critical appraisal of the mild axonal peripheral neuropathy of late neurologic Lyme disease". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 87 (2): 163–167. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.11.003. PMC 5924701. PMID 27914746.
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  27. 1 2 Pritt BS, Mead PS, Johnson DK, Neitzel DF, Respicio-Kingry LB, Davis JP, Schiffman E, Sloan LM, Schriefer ME, Replogle AJ, Paskewitz SM, Ray JA, Bjork J, Steward CR, Deedon A, Lee X, Kingry LC, Miller TK, Feist MA, Theel ES, Patel R, Irish CL, Petersen JM (May 2016). "Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 16 (5): 556–564. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00464-8. PMC 4975683. PMID 26856777.
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  29. ↑ "UpToDate". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
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  31. ↑ Steere AC, Strle F, Wormser GP, Hu LT, Branda JA, Hovius JW, Li X, Mead PS (December 2016). "Lyme borreliosis". Nature Reviews. Disease Primers. 2. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.90. PMC 5539539. PMID 27976670.
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  34. ↑ "People are freaking out over the CDC's photo of a muffin with ticks in it". Deseret News. 31 May 2019. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. The U.S. CDC published a picture of a poppy seed muffin in which some of the "poppy seeds" were actually ticks
  35. ↑ "Westport Weston Health District". 2004. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  36. 1 2 "Lyme Disease Data and surveillance". Lyme Disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  37. ↑ Eisen, Lars (6 March 2018). "Pathogen transmission in relation to duration of attachment by Ixodes scapularis ticks". Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 9 (3): 535–542. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.01.002. PMC 5857464. PMID 29398603.
  38. ↑ Cook, Michael J. (6 May 2015). "Lyme borreliosis: a review of data on transmission time after tick attachment". International Journal of General Medicine. 8: 1–8. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S73791. PMC 4278789. PMID 25565881.
  39. ↑ "Patient education: What to do after a tick bite to prevent Lyme disease (Beyond the Basics)". www.uptodate.com. UpToDate. 13 May 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  40. 1 2 3 "How Lyme Disease Spreads". Lyme Disease. 24 September 2024. Archived from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
  41. ↑ "Recommendations | Lyme disease | Guidance | NICE". www.nice.org.uk. 11 April 2018. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
  42. ↑ "Does Borrelia burgdorferi produce a neurotoxin ?". American Lyme Disease Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  43. ↑ Strnad M, Rudenko N, Rego RO (December 2023). "Pathogenicity and virulence of Borrelia burgdorferi". Virulence. 14 (1). doi:10.1080/21505594.2023.2265015. PMC 10566445 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37814488 Check |pmid= value (help).
  44. ↑ "Lyme Disease risk areas map". Risk of Lyme disease to Canadians. Government of Canada. 27 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  45. ↑ Aucott J, Morrison C, Munoz B, Rowe PC, Schwarzwalder A, West SK (June 2009). "Diagnostic challenges of early Lyme disease: lessons from a community case series". BMC Infectious Diseases. 9 (79). doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-79. PMC 2698836. PMID 19486523.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciwon_Lyme&oldid=883806"