Clara Thalmann

Clara Thalmann
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Clara Ensner
Haihuwa	Basel (en) , 24 Satumba 1908
ƙasa	Switzerland
Mutuwa	Nice, 27 ga Janairu, 1987
Yanayin mutuwa	Sababi na ainihi (ciwon huhun daji)
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama	Paul Thalmann (mul)  (1931 -
Karatu
Harsuna	Jamusanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	newspaper editor (en) , political activist (en) , anarchist (en) da dan jarida mai ra'ayin kansa
Wurin aiki	Barcelona da Faris
Muhimman ayyuka	Revolution für die Freiheit (mul)

Clara Thalmann ( née Ensner ; 24 ga Satumba 1908 - 27 ga Janairu 1987) 'yar jarida ce ta Switzerland, 'yar wasa kuma 'yar bindiga, wacce ta yi yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain .

An haife ta a Basel, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Switzerland tun tana ƙarama, amma cikin sauri ta fara tausayawa Trotskyism da kuma rashin jituwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin da ke adawa da gwamnati, wanda hakan ya sa aka kore ta daga jam'iyyar. Tare da mijinta Paul Thalmann, ta tafi Spain don shiga gasar Olympics ta Jama'a a matsayin mai ninkaya. Lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Spain ya ɓarke, ta shiga ƙungiyar Durruti Column ta kuma yi yaƙi a yankin Aragon . Bayan ta fuskanci rashin gamsuwa da masu adawa da gwamnati na wannan rukunin, ta haɗu da ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Haɗakar Marxist (POUM), inda ta yi yaƙi a lokacin Mayu na 1937.

Bayan da jami'an Kwaminisanci suka kama ta suka kuma tsare ta, ta gudu zuwa Faransa, inda ta taimaka wajen ɓoye 'yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Bayan yaƙin, ta goyi bayan wasu manufofi na siyasa amma daga ƙarshe ta daina fafutukar siyasa na tsawon kimanin shekaru goma, ta ƙaura zuwa Faransa Riviera don buɗe masaukin baƙi . A can ita da mijinta suka goyi bayan ɗaliban masu fafutukar ' yan hagu na Faransa kuma suka rubuta tarihin rayuwarsu game da Yaƙin Basasa na Spain. Clara da kanta ta koma Spain bayan sauye-sauyen da Spain ta yi zuwa dimokuradiyya kuma ta sake duba wuraren da ta yi faɗa a kansu, tana tunani game da abubuwan da ta shiga kafin mutuwarta a 1987.

Tarihin Rayuwa

An haifi Clara Ensner a Basel, Switzerland, a shekarar 1908. [ 1 ] Tun tana ƙarama, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Switzerland, kodayake a shekarar 1925, ta riga ta fara rabuwa da jam'iyyar saboda goyon bayanta ga ' Yan adawar hagu na Leon Trotsky . Ta kuma fara nuna tausayi ga tsarin gurguzu na Spain, saboda shirinta mai tsauri wanda ya fi na gurguzu na Soviet . A shekarar 1928, ta haɗu da Paul Thalmann, mijinta na gaba, ta hanyar buga littafin Basler Volwarts . An kore su daga jam'iyyar kwaminis a shekara mai zuwa. Tare, Thalmann da Ensner sun zama sananne a matsayin "ma'aurata masu juyin juya hali," suna mai da hankali kan daidaiton jinsi a tsakaninsu da kuma aiki tare don cimma burinsu na siyasa. A wannan lokacin, ta fara sha'awar yin iyo kuma ta shiga Ƙungiyar Wanka ta Ma'aikata ta Switzerland ( German ). [ 5 ]

Yaƙin Basasa na Spain

A shekarar 1936, Clara Thalmann ta yi tafiya zuwa Barcelona don gasar Olympics ta Jama'a, [ 6 ] inda ta yi niyyar yin gasa a matsayin mai ninkaya . [ 7 ] Lokacin da barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain ta soke abubuwan da aka tsara, [ 8 ] ta sami kanta tana faɗa a kan shingen da aka yi a lokacin Yaƙin Barcelona . Tuni ta kasance mai goyon bayan masu adawa da Stalin, ta koma Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Haɗin Kan Marxist (POUM) kuma ta taimaka wajen samar da shirye-shiryenta na yaren Jamusanci .

Daga nan ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Durruti Column, waɗanda suka je yaƙi a yankin Aragon . [ 10 ] A cewar mijinta, Clara ta shawo kan rikicin da ya faru a farkon watannin yakin basasa cikin sauƙi. Ta yi sauri ta tuntuɓi wasu masu sa kai na Turai masu adawa da farkisanci, inda ta kafa ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Durruti Column. Ita ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin mata 'yan ƙasashen waje da suka yi yaƙi a fagen daga, [ 12 ] ta kiyasta kashi 2% na mayaƙan layin gaba a cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yan gurguzu mata ne. Daga baya ta rubuta cewa "ba ta ɗaukar kanta a matsayin mai bin diddigi ko ma mai ra'ayin mata."

Ba da daɗewa ba ta ji takaici da faɗan da ta gani a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Spain, maimakon haka ta karkata ga 'yan gurguzu, waɗanda ta ga sun fi tsari. A farkon 1937, ta bar Durruti Column ta yi ƙoƙarin shiga ƙungiyar Brigade ta Duniya, amma rundunar sojojin ta ƙi ta, waɗanda suka ayyana cewa mata "ba su da matsayi a cikin rundunar ƙwararru". Ta koma Durruti Column da sauri amma ta gano cewa, a rashinta, an tsarkake mata daga matsayinsu. Amma gogewarta a yaƙi ya ba ta damar ci gaba da kasancewa a sahun gaba, duk da cewa an hana sauran mata masu sa kai irin wannan damar ta hanyar zaɓen 'yan bindiga maza.

A watan Afrilun 1937, ta koma ga POUM, [ 16 ] ta shiga " Bataliyar Shock " ta jam'iyyar na ɗan lokaci. [1] Daga nan sai ta mayar da hankalinta ga rikicin addini tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na Trotskyist, [1] tana taimakawa wajen kafa kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin POUM da 'yan gudun hijirar Italiya masu adawa da mulkin kama-karya, waɗanda galibi suna cikin ƙungiyoyin Bolshevik-Leninist . [1] Ta kuma saba da ƙungiyar 'yan adawa ta Friends of Durruti Group, [ 20 ] wanda ta yi zargin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hans Freund ɗan Jamus na Trotsky (wanda aka fi sani da "Moulin"). [ 21 ] Víctor Alba da Stephen Schwartz sun yi jayayya kan ingancin wannan zargin, suna da'awar cewa "rashin imani na Trotsky" ne ya motsa shi ya yi aiki ba tare da tsoma bakin Marxist ba kuma yana nuna alaƙarsa da irin wannan zargin Stalinist da ake yi wa ƙungiyar. [1]