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Clarence Thomas

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Clarence Thomas
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (en) Fassara

23 Oktoba 1991 -
← Thurgood Marshall (mul) Fassara
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (en) Fassara

1990 -
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Pin Point (en) Fassara, 23 ga Yuni, 1948 (78 shekaru)
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Mazauni McLean (en) Fassara
Ƙabila Gullah
Harshen uwa Harshen Gullah
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama Kathy Ambush (en) Fassara  (1971 -  1984)
Virginia Thomas (en) Fassara  (30 Mayu 1987 -
Karatu
Makaranta Conception Abbey (en) Fassara
St. Pius X Catholic High School (en) Fassara
Yale Law School (mul) Fassara
College of the Holy Cross (en) Fassara
Saint Louis University School of Law (en) Fassara
Matakin karatu Juris Doctor (mul) Fassara
Harsuna Turanci
Harshen Gullah
Sana'a
Sana'a alƙali, lauya, ɗan siyasa da masana
Employers George Washington University Law School (en) Fassara
Monsanto (en) Fassara  (1977 -  1979)
Muhimman ayyuka My Grandfather's Son (en) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
Wanda ya ja hankalinsa Ayn Rand, Richard Wright (mul) Fassara da Thomas Sowell (mul) Fassara
Mamba Alpha Sigma Nu (en) Fassara
Imani
Addini Katolika
Jam'iyar siyasa Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)
IMDb nm1236813

Clarence Thomas (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1948) lauya ne kuma lauya ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin alkali na Kotun Koli ta Amurka tun daga 1991. Shugaba George HW Bush ya naɗa Thomas don ya maye gurbin Thurgood Marshall, kuma shi ne Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka na biyu da ya yi aiki a Kotun Koli ta Amurka kuma alkali na biyu mafi daɗewa a Kotun Koli ta Amurka a tarihi.

An haifi Thomas a Pin Point, Georgia . Bayan mahaifinsa ya bar iyalinsa, kakansa ya rene shi a wata al'umma mai talauci ta Gullah kusa da Savannah, Georgia . Tun yana girma a matsayin mai bin addinin Katolika, Thomas da farko yana da niyyar zama firist a Cocin Katolika amma bai gamsu da ƙoƙarinta na yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ba kuma ya yi watsi da burinsa na shiga cikin limamai. Ya kammala karatunsa da girmamawa daga Kwalejin Holy Cross a 1971 kuma ya sami digirin Likitanci na Juris a 1974 daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale . Bayan kammala karatunsa, an naɗa shi mataimakin babban lauya a Missouri kuma daga baya ya shiga aiki na sirri a can. Ya zama mataimakin majalisa ga sanata John Danforth na Amurka a 1979, kuma an naɗa shi Mataimakin Sakataren Haƙƙoƙin Bil'adama a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka a 1981. Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya naɗa Thomas a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Daidaito da Dama ta Aiki (EEOC) a shekara mai zuwa.

Shugaba George HW Bush ya naɗa Thomas a Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Amurka ta Yankin Gundumar Columbia a shekarar 1990. Ya yi wannan muƙamin na tsawon watanni 19 kafin ya cike gurbin Marshall a Kotun Ƙoli. Zaman tabbatar da Thomas ya kasance mai zafi da kuma faɗa sosai, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan zargin da ake masa na cin zarafin Anita Hill, wacce ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ilimi da EEOC. [1] Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar da Thomas da ƙuri'ar 52-48, mafi ƙarancin rata a cikin ƙarni ɗaya.

Tun bayan mutuwar Antonin Scalia, Thomas ya kasance babban mai ra'ayin farko na Kotun, yana mai jaddada abin da yake ganin ma'anarsa ta asali wajen fassara Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka . [2] Har zuwa 2020, an san Thomas da yin shiru a yawancin muhawarar baki, [3] kodayake tun daga lokacin ya fara yin tambayoyi ga masu ba da shawara. [4] Ya shahara saboda ra'ayoyinsa mafi rinjaye a cikin Good News Club da Milford Central School (ƙaddamar da 'yancin magana game da addini dangane da Kwaskwarima ta Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ) da New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. da Bruen (tabbatar da ' yancin mutum na ɗaukar makamai a wajen gida), da kuma rashin amincewarsa a cikin Gonzales da Raich (inda ya yi jayayya cewa Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ba za ta sanya noman wiwi na likita a matsayin laifi ba ). Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alkali mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya na Kotun.

Rayuwar farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Thomas a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1948, a cikin gidan katako na iyayensa a Pin Point, Georgia . [5] Pin Point ƙaramin gari ne kusa da Savannah wanda 'yantacce suka kafa a shekarun 1880. [6] Shi ne na biyu cikin 'ya'ya uku na MC Thomas, wani ma'aikacin gona, da Leola Williams. [6] An haifi Williams ba tare da aure ba; bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, an tura ta daga Liberty County, Georgia, don zama tare da goggo a Pin Point. [6] [7] [8] Iyalin sun fito ne daga mutanen da aka bautar kuma suna magana da harshen Creole Gullah a matsayin harshen farko . An haifi babbar 'yar'uwar Thomas, Emma, a 1946, da ƙanensa, Myers, a 1949. [6] Kakanninsa na farko da aka sani bayi ne masu suna Sandy da Peggy, waɗanda aka haifa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 kuma mallakar attajiri mai shuka Josiah Wilson na Liberty County ne. [6] Sandy Wilson, kakansa na nesa, ma'aikacin gona ne da aka yi wa bauta wanda aka kawo shi daga Georgia zuwa Charleston, South Carolina, kuma, bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasa, ya yi rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a a 1867.

Bayan ta yi ciki da babbar 'yar'uwar Thomas, an kori Leola daga cocin Baptist ɗinta kuma ta daina makarantar sakandare bayan kammala karatunta na 10; mahaifinta ya umarce ta da ta auri MC a watan Janairun 1947. Bayan shekaru uku na aure, MC ta kai ƙarar saki, tana mai da'awar cewa Leola ta yi watsi da yaran, kuma alkali ya amince da buƙatar a watan Maris na 1951. [6] Bayan rabuwar, MC ta ƙaura zuwa Savannah daga baya kuma ta koma Pennsylvania, tana ziyartar 'ya'yansa sau ɗaya kawai. Leola ta tafi aiki a matsayin mai hidima a Savannah a cikin makon kuma ta koma Pin Point a ƙarshen mako. An ba wa goggon Leola kula da yaran. [6]

Lokacin da gidan goggon ta ƙone a shekarar 1955, Leola ta kai 'ya'yanta su zauna tare da ita a ɗakin da ta yi haya a wani gida mai bayan gida a Savannah, ta bar 'yarta tare da goggon a Pin Point. Ta nemi taimako daga mahaifinta, Myers Anderson. Da farko ya ƙi amma ya yarda bayan matarsa ta yi barazanar korarsa. [9] [10] Thomas da ɗan'uwansa sun tafi su zauna tare da Anderson, kakan mahaifiyarsa, a shekarar 1955 kuma sun fuskanci kayan more rayuwa kamar famfo a cikin gida da abinci na yau da kullun a karon farko. [10] Duk da rashin ilimin zamani, Anderson ya gina kasuwanci mai nasara wanda ke isar da kwal, mai, da kankara. [9] Lokacin da rikicin launin fata ya haifar da zanga-zanga da zanga-zanga a Savannah daga 1960 zuwa 1963, Anderson ya yi amfani da dukiyarsa don ceton masu zanga-zanga kuma ya kai jikokinsa zuwa tarurrukan da NAACP ta tallata. [6] Thomas ya bayyana kakansa a matsayin mutumin da ya fi tasiri a rayuwarsa. [11]

Kwalejin Holy Cross da Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale

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A shekarar 1967, Thomas, wanda shi ne mutum na farko a cikin iyalinsa da ya halarci kwaleji, ya shiga Kwalejin Conception Seminary, wani makarantar sakandare ta Benedictine da ke Missouri, yana da niyyar zama firist. [6] [12] Bayan kisan gillar Martin Luther King Jr., ya ji wani ɗalibi yana cewa, "Madalla. Ina fatan ɗan karuwa zai mutu" kuma "abin da ya kamata su yi wa duk masu cin zarafi ke nan". [6] Nuna wariyar launin fata ya sa Thomas ya bar makarantar. [11] Ya yi tunanin cocin ba ta yi abin da ya isa ba don yaƙar wariyar launin fata kuma ya yanke shawarar barin aikin firist. [13] Ya tafi a ƙarshen zangon karatu. [6]

Bisa shawarar wata mata mai suna Mazinaciya, Thomas ya yi rajista a Kwalejin Holy Cross, wata babbar kwalejin Katolika a Massachusetts, a matsayin ɗalibi na biyu da ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi. [14] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban baƙar fata na farko a kwalejin, kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban ashirin da Shugaba John E. Brooks ya ɗauka aiki a shekarar 1968 a cikin ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da lauyan nan gaba Ted Wells, ɗan takarar Eddie Jenkins Jr., da kuma marubuci Edward P. Jones . [15] A kaka ta 1968, Thomas da sauran ɗaliban baƙar fata sun kafa Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Baƙar fata ta kwalejin (BSU), wadda ta zama muhimmin ɓangare na asalin harabar jami'arsu. [16] Ba tare da tallafin kuɗi daga kakansa ba, ya biya kuɗinsa ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin mai hidima da mai wanki a ɗakin cin abinci na kwalejin. [17] Daga baya Thomas ya tuna, "Ina da shekaru 19. Fatata kawai ita ce Holy Cross".

Farfesoshi a Holy Cross sun tuna da Thomas a matsayin ɗalibi mai himma da himma. [10] Ya ci gaba da bin tsarin karatu shi kaɗai kuma ya zauna a harabar jami'a a lokacin hutu don ci gaba da aiki. [18] Thomas C. Lawler, farfesa ɗan Ingilishi a Holy Cross, [19] ya tuna da shi a matsayin "bai taɓa yin magana sosai a aji ba. Shi irin mutumin da ba za ka iya lura da shi ba ne". [10] Akasin haka, ya kasance mai magana a tarurrukan BSU, yana bambanta kansa a matsayin mai adawa da Ted Wells wanda sau da yawa yake jayayya da Ted Wells. Eddie Jenkins, memba na BSU, ya ce Thomas "zai iya juya kuɗi kaɗan ya mayar da kai zuwa ga ɓarnar ilimi". [10] [6] Edward P. Jones, wanda ya zauna a gaban Thomas a matsayin ɗan shekara biyu, ya tuna, "akwai wani ƙuduri mai ƙarfi da na ji daga gare shi, cewa zai sami gwargwadon iyawarsa kuma ya kai ga cimma nasara, a ƙarshe, gwargwadon iyawarsa".

Laburare na Dinand a Kwalejin Holy Cross, inda Thomas ya yi karatu a matsayin dalibi na farko. [20]

Thomas ya zama ɗalibi mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin bakaken fata a matsayinsa na ɗalibi na farko. Ya saba da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin baƙaƙe, ƙungiyar Musulmai baƙaƙe, da kuma ƙungiyar masu iko ta baƙaƙe, sannan ya nuna fosta ta Malcolm X a ɗakin kwanansa. [9] Lokacin da aka hukunta wasu ɗaliban baƙaƙe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba saboda keta hakki, ya ba da shawarar fita zanga-zanga. BSU ta amince da ra'ayinsa kuma Thomas ya bar harabar jami'a tare da wasu ɗaliban baƙaƙe 60. [8] [21] Wasu daga cikin firistoci sun yi shawarwari da ɗaliban baƙaƙen da ke zanga-zanga, inda suka ba su damar sake shiga makarantar. [12] Lokacin da masu gudanarwa suka yi wa duk masu zanga-zanga afuwa, Thomas ya koma kwalejin kuma daga baya ya halarci zanga-zangar adawa da yaƙi . A watan Afrilun 1970, ya shiga cikin tarzomar Harvard Square mai tsanani ta 1970. [8] Ya danganta juyin juya halinsa ga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma rashin gamsuwa da ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin hagu ga waɗannan zanga-zangar. [8] [22]

Bayan ya sha fama da Turanci a matsayinsa na mai magana da harshen Gullah, Thomas ya yi karatun adabin Turanci . [10] Ya zama memba na Alpha Sigma Nu, ƙungiyar girmamawa ta Jesuit, da kuma Purple Key Society, wanda shi kaɗai ne baƙar fata. [10] Mayar da hankali kan ilimin fasaha na sassaucin ra'ayi ya sa ya fahimci rubuce-rubucen masana baƙar fata kamar Richard Wright, wanda aikinsa na adabi Thomas ya tausaya masa. [9] Sha'awarsa ga Malcolm X ta sa ya karanta Tarihin Rayuwar Malcolm X har ya kai ga rufe shafukan kwafinsa.

A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1971, Thomas ya kammala karatunsa daga Holy Cross da digirin farko na Fasaha, inda ya zo na tara a ajinsa. [23] Daga nan ya nemi shiga Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale da Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard kuma ya karɓe shi. [20] Ya zaɓi Yale, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban lauyoyi baƙaƙe 12 kacal. [9] Makarantar ta ba shi mafi kyawun tallafin kuɗi, kuma ya jawo hankalin masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a na wasu daga cikin malamanta. [6] [24] Ganin cewa yana da wahala a ci gaba da tsammanin makarantar, Thomas ya yi fama da hulɗa da ɗalibai daga manyan aji. Ya shiga cikin darussa mafi wahala na Yale kuma ya zama ɗalibi na masanin shari'ar kadarori Quintin Johnstone, farfesa da ya fi so. [6] [8] Johnstone ya tuna Thomas a matsayin "ya yi aiki sosai". [24] Guido Calabresi, shugaban Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale, ya kira Thomas da abokin karatunsa Hillary Clinton "dukansu ɗalibai ne masu kyau [waɗanda] suna da irin wannan suna". [24]

A ƙarƙashin kulawar Johnstone, Thomas ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a, wani digiri na uku kan jarrabawar lauyoyi, kuma ya sami kyaututtuka. [25] Ya kammala karatunsa daga Yale tare da Likitan Shari'a a shekarar 1974. [8] Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya nemi shiga aikin lauya na kamfani a Atlanta, Georgia . [6] Saboda masu neman shiga fannin shari'a sun ɗauka an karɓe shi ne saboda wani mataki na amincewa, ya ji takaici da gogewarsa a Yale. [20] Thomas ya yi tunanin kamfanonin lauyoyi "sun yi tambayoyi masu ma'ana, ba tare da wata shakka ba suna nuna cewa suna shakkar cewa ina da wayo kamar yadda maki na suka nuna". A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa ta 2007, ya rubuta: "Na cire sitika mai santi goma sha biyar daga cikin fakitin sigari na manna shi a kan takardar digirina ta lauya don tunatar da kaina kuskuren da na yi ta zuwa Yale. Ban taɓa canza ra'ayi na game da darajarsa ba." [26] Hill, Jones, da Farrington, kamfanin lauyoyi na Savannah inda Thomas ya yi aikin soja a lokacin bazara da ya gabata, sun ba shi aiki bayan kammala karatunsa, amma ya ƙi. [24] [18]

Aikin lauya na farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An rantsar da Thomas a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Ilimi na Ofishin Kare Hakkin Bil Adama a shekarar 1981.

Ba tare da samun tayin aiki daga manyan kamfanonin lauyoyi ba, Thomas ya ɗauki matsayin abokin hulɗa da Babban Lauyan Missouri John Danforth, wanda ya ba shi damar yin abin da yake so. [6] Thomas ya koma Saint Louis don yin karatu a lauyan Missouri, kuma an shigar da shi asibiti a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1974. [6] Ya ci gaba da zama cikin talauci na kuɗi ko da bayan ya bar Yale, yana ƙoƙarin samun kuɗi ba tare da nasara ba a wani lokaci ta hanyar sayar da jininsa a wani wurin ajiye jini, kuma yana fatan ta hanyar yin aiki da Danforth daga baya zai iya samun aiki a wani wurin ajiye jini. [8] [6]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Alexander Jr. 1997.
  2. ↑ Staab 2022.
  3. ↑ Maggs 2017.
  4. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  5. ↑ Foskett 2004; Mayer & Abramson 1994.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Foskett 2004.
  7. ↑ "Clarence Thomas: Biography". Oyez Project. Archived from the original on May 13, 2003. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cox 2008.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Mayer & Abramson 1994.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Merida & Fletcher 2008.
  11. 1 2 Gerber 2002.
  12. 1 2 Brady, Diane (March 12, 2007). "Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas Speaks". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2018.Brady, Diane (March 12, 2007). "Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas Speaks". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. New York City: Bloomberg. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2018. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "businessweek" defined multiple times with different content.
  13. ↑ Brady 2012; Foskett 2004.
  14. ↑ Foskett 2004; Merida & Fletcher 2008.
  15. ↑ Brady, Diane (January 17, 2023). "How This Holy Cross Leader Helped Clarence Thomas And Ted Wells". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 19, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
  16. ↑ Foskett 2004; Gerber 2002.
  17. ↑ Merida & Fletcher 2008; Foskett 2004
  18. 1 2 Mayer & Abramson 1994–1995.
  19. ↑ "Obituaries | Thomas C. Lawler". Telegram & Gazette (in Turanci). July 21, 2022. Archived from the original on June 28, 2023. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  20. 1 2 3 Brady 2012.
  21. ↑ Robin 2019.
  22. ↑ Thomas, Clarence (July 28, 1998). "Speech to the National Bar Association". teachingamericanhistory.org. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  23. ↑ Mayer & Abramson 1994; Foskett 2004.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Thomas 2002.
  25. ↑ Peyton 2001.
  26. ↑ Thomas 2007.
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