Corylus avellana

Corylus avellana
Conservation status
LC (mul)  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom	Plantae
Order	Fagales (mul)
Dangi	Betulaceae (mul)
Genus	Corylus (mul)
jinsi	Corylus avellana Linnaeus, 1753
Geographic distribution
General information
Tsatso	hazelnut (en) , hazelnut oil (en) da hazelnut scent (en)

Corylus avellana, Hazel na yau da kullun, nau'in shuka ne mai fure a cikin iyalin birch Betulaceae . Shrubs yawanci suna girma mita 3-8 (10-26 feet) tsawo. Kwayar tana da zagaye, sabanin kwayar Filbert mai tsawo. Hazel na yau da kullun asalinsa ne a Turai da Yammacin Asiya.

Ana noma nau'in ne saboda kwayoyinta. Sunan 'hazelnut' ya shafi kwayoyin kowane nau'in a cikin jinsin Corylus, amma a cikin yanayin kasuwanci yawanci yana bayyana C. avellana . Wannan hazelnut ko cob nut, ƙwayoyin iri, ana iya cinyewa kuma ana amfani da shi ba tare da an dafa shi ba, an gasa shi, ko kuma an niƙa shi cikin mai. A tarihi, itacen ya kasance muhimmin bangare na shinge da aka yi amfani da shi azaman iyakokin filin a cikin ƙasa na Ingila. An shuka itacen a matsayin coppice, tare da sandunan da aka yi amfani da su don ginin wattle-and-daub da shinge na noma.

Bayyanawa

Common hazel is typically a shrub reaching 3–8 metres (9.8–26.2 ft) tall, but can reach 15 metres (49 ft). The leaves are deciduous, rounded, 6–12 centimetres (2.4–4.7 in) long and across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a double-serrate margin. The flowers are produced very early in spring, before the leaves, and are monoecious with single-sex wind-pollinated catkins. Male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12 cm long, while female flowers are very small and largely concealed in the buds with only the bright red 1–3 millimetres (0.039–0.118 in) long styles visible. The fruit is a nut, produced in clusters of one to five together, each nut held in a short leafy involucre ("husk") which encloses about three-quarters of the nut. The nut is roughly spherical to oval, 15–20 millimetres (0.59–0.79 in) long and 12–20 millimetres (0.47–0.79 in) broad (larger, up to 25 mm long, in some cultivated selections), yellow-brown with a pale scar at the base. The nut falls out of the involucre when ripe, about 7–8 months after pollination.

Ana rarrabe shi da sauƙi daga filbert mai alaƙa da juna (Corylus maxima) ta hanyar ɗan gajeren involucre; a cikin filbert an rufe kwai gaba ɗaya ta hanyar kwai mai kama da kwai.  

Tarihin lissafi

Sunan kimiyya avellana ya samo asali ne daga garin Avella a Italiya, kuma Linnaeus ne ya zaba shi daga littafin Leonhart Fuchs De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (1542), inda aka bayyana nau'in a matsayin "Avellana nux sylvestris" ("nox na daji na Avella"). Wannan sunan an ɗauke shi ne daga littafin Pliny the Elder na ƙarni na farko A.D. encyclopedia Naturalis Historia .

Rarraba

Corylus avellana yana faruwa ne daga Ireland da Tsibirin Burtaniya a kudu zuwa Iberia, Italiya, Girka, Turkiyya da Cyprus, arewa zuwa tsakiyar Scandinavia, da gabas zuwa tsakiyar Dutsen Ural, Caucasus, da arewa maso yammacin Iran.

Muhalli

Ganyen suna ba da abinci ga dabbobi da yawa, gami da Lepidoptera kamar ƙwaro mai ɗauke da shari'a Coleophora anatipennella . An gano caterpillars na asu mai ɓoyewa Alabonia geoffrella suna cin abinci a cikin rassan hazel na yau da kullun.

'Ya'yan itace suna iya zama mafi mahimmancin abincin dabba, duka ga invertebrates da suka dace don kewaye da harsashi (yawanci ta hanyar ovipositing a cikin furanni mata, wanda kuma ke ba da kariya ga zuriya) da kuma ga vertebrates waɗanda ke sarrafawa don buɗe su (kamar Squirrels da corvids). Dukansu suna dauke da kwari daga masu shuka hazelnut.

Tushen C. avellana kuma ana amfani da su a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin fungus na ectomycorrhizal kamar Laccaria laccata (Mai yaudara), Russula ochroleuca (Ochre Brittlegill) da Paxillus involutus (Brown Rollrim), waɗanda sune mafi yawan rikodin mycorrhicial fungi a Burtaniya. A cikin Bahar Rum, ana samun Black Truffle (Tuber melanosporum) a kan tushen.

Shuka

Corylus avellana 'Contorta'

Akwai nau'ikan hazel da yawa, har zuwa nau'ikan 400 (a cikin 2011) na C. avellana an sanya musu suna.[1] Jerin nau'ikan sun hada da Barcelona, Butler, Casina, Clark Cosford, Daviana, Delle Langhe, Ingila, Ennis, Fillbert, Halls Giant, Jemtegaard, Kent Cob, Lewis, Tokolyi, Tonda Gentile, Tonda di Giffoni, [2] Tonda Romana, Wanliss Pride, da Willamette. [3] Har ila yau, ya haɗa da nau'ikan hazelnuts na Poland: Kataloński da Webba Cenny . [4]

Wasu daga cikin wadannan ana shuka su ne don takamaiman halaye na kwai ciki har da girman kwai mai girma, da kuma kayan 'ya'yan itace na farko da na baya, yayin da wasu ana shuka a matsayin masu shuka shuka. Yawancin hazelnuts na kasuwanci suna yaduwa daga tsiro. Wasu nau'ikan suna da asalin hazel da filbert na yau da kullun.

Wadannan kayan ado masu zuwa sun sami lambar yabo ta Royal Horticultural Society of Garden Merit:

• 'Contorta' (corkscrew hazel, sandar tafiya ta Harry Lauder)

Wannan iri-iri yana da rassan da ke girma a cikin curves da spirals ba kamar sauran nau'ikan hazel da ganye masu laushi ba. Tsawon kyawawan kyawawan kyaututtuka na yau da kullun ne. An gano shi a cikin shinge a 1863 a Gloucestershire a kan Frocester Court Estate kuma masu mallakar gidaje kamar Henry Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Earl of Ducie da masanin lambu Edward Augustus Bowles sun shahara. Yanzu ya shahara a lambunan Burtaniya.

• 'Red Majestic'

Wannan nau'in ja-purple leaved an haife shi ne daga 'Contorta' don haka kuma yana da shimfiɗa, al'ada mai laushi.

Amfani da shi

A cewar New Sunset Western Garden Book, hazelnut na Turai yana daga cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke da aka fi girma don samar da kwai na kasuwanci.

Wannan itace ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin gandun daji na Turai. Yana da kwai muhimmin bangare na shinge wanda ya kasance iyakokin filin gargajiya a cikin lowland Ingila. An shuka itacen ne a al'ada a matsayin coppice, sandunan da aka yanke kuma aka yi amfani da su don ginin wattle-and-daub da shinge na noma.

Hazelnuts

Hazelnuts

Hazelnuts suna da wadataccen furotin da kitse mara cikawa. Har ila yau, suna dauke da Manganese, jan ƙarfe, bitamin E, thiamine, da Magnesium.

Ana shuka hazel na yau da kullun don kwayoyinta a cikin gonakin kasuwanci a Turai, Turkiyya, Iran da Caucasus. Sunan "hazelnut" ya shafi kwayoyin kowane nau'in nau'in Corylus. Wannan hazelnut ko cobnut, ƙwayoyin iri, ana iya cinyewa kuma ana amfani da su ba tare da an gasa su ba, ko kuma an niƙa su cikin mai. Iri yana da fata mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan hoda wanda ke da ɗanɗano mai zafi kuma wani lokacin ana cire shi kafin dafa abinci. Babban mai samar da hazelnuts, da babban gefe, shine Turkiyya, musamman Lardin Giresun. Samar da hazelnut na Turkiyya na tan 625,000 yana da kusan kashi 75% na samar da duniya.

Dubi kuma

• Gevuina avellana (Chilean hazelnut, ko Gevuina hazelnut)

Haɗin na waje

• Media related to Corylus avellana at Wikimedia Commons
• Corylus avellana - bayanai, raka'a na kiyaye kwayoyin halitta da albarkatun da suka danganci. Shirin Bayanan Kwayoyin daji na Turai (EUFORGEN)