Crystal Eastman

 

Crystal Eastman
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Marlborough (en) , 25 ga Yuni, 1881
ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa	Birnin Erie, 8 ga Yuli, 1928
Makwanci	Woodlawn Cemetery (en)
Yanayin mutuwa	Sababi na ainihi (kidney disease (en) )
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifiya	Annis Bertha Ford Eastman
Abokiyar zama	Walter Fuller (en)
Yara	view Jeffrey Fuller (en)
Ahali	Max Eastman (mul)
Karatu
Makaranta	Columbia University (mul) Vassar College (mul) New York University School of Law (en)
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	lauya, ɗan jarida, peace activist (en) , suffragist (en) da marubuci
Kyaututtuka	gani Gidan shahararrun Mata na Kasa  (2000)
Mamba	Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (en) Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa Heterodoxy (en)

Crystal Catherine Eastman (25 ga Yuni, 1881 - Yuli 28, 1928) lauya ce Ba'amurke, mai adawa da soja, ƴan mata, ɗan gurguzu, kuma ɗan jarida. Ta kasance jagora a yakin neman zaben mata, wanda ya kafa kuma edita tare da dan uwanta Max Eastman na mujallar fasaha da siyasa mai suna The Liberator , wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Aminci da 'Yanci, kuma wanda ya kafa a 1920 na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'ar Amirka . A cikin 2000, an shigar da ita cikin Babban Taron Mata na Kasa a Seneca Falls, New York .

Rayuwar farko da ilimi

Crystal Catherine Eastman a cikin 1915.

An haifi Crystal Eastman a Marlborough, Massachusetts, ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1881, na uku na yara hudu. Babban ɗan'uwanta, Morgan, an haife shi a 1878 kuma ya mutu a 1884. Ɗan'uwa na biyu, Anstice Ford Eastman, wanda ya zama babban likita, an haife shi a 1878 kuma ya mutu a 1937. Max shine ƙarami, an haife shi a 1883.

A cikin 1883, iyayensu, Samuel Elijah Eastman da Annis Bertha Ford, sun koma Canandaigua, New York . A cikin 1889, mahaifiyarsu ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da aka naɗa a matsayin ministar Furotesta a Amurka lokacin da ta zama minista na cocin Ikilisiya . Mahaifinta kuma ministan Ikilisiya ne, kuma su biyun sun yi hidima a matsayin fastoci a cocin Thomas K. Beecher kusa da Elmira . Iyalin Mark Twain kuma sun halarci cocin kuma wannan ƙungiyar da aka raba ita ce matashin Crystal kuma ya san shi.

Wannan yanki na New York yana cikin abin da ake kira " Bunt Over District ." A lokacin Babban Farkawa na Biyu a farkon karni na 19, iyakarta ta kasance cibiyar bishara da jin daɗin addini sosai, wanda ya haifar da kafuwar imani kamar Millerism da Mormonism . A lokacin antebellum, wasu sun sami wahayi ta hanyar ra'ayoyin addini don tallafawa irin waɗannan abubuwan ci gaba na zamantakewa kamar abolitionism da Ƙarƙashin Ƙasar Railroad .

Wannan al'adar ɗan adam ta rinjayi Crystal da ɗan'uwanta Max Eastman . Ya zama dan gwagwarmayar gurguzu tun da wuri, kuma Crystal yana da dalilai da yawa tare da shi. Sun kasance kusa a rayuwarta, ko da bayan ya zama mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.

’Yan’uwan sun zauna tare a titin 11th a ƙauyen Greenwich na birnin New York a tsakanin sauran masu fafutuka na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ƙungiyar, ciki har da Ida Rauh, Inez Milholland, Floyd Dell, da Doris Stevens, kuma sun shafe lokacin bazara da karshen mako a Croton-on-Hudson, inda Max ya sayi gida a 1916.

Ƙoƙarin zamantakewa

Majagaba na aikin zamantakewa da editan jarida Paul Kellogg ya ba Eastman aikinta na farko: bincika yanayin aiki don Binciken Pittsburgh . Rahotonta, Hatsarin Ayyuka da Doka (1910), ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin yaƙin aikin lafiya da aminci da makami na farko a cikin yaƙin da ke gudana. A cikin 1909, Mai shari'a Hughes, wanda a lokacin shine gwamnan New York, ya nada Eastman zuwa Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Jihar New York da Sanadin Hatsarin Masana'antu, Rashin aikin yi da Rashin Aikin Noma. Mace ta farko da aka nada mamba a hukumar, ta tsara dokar biyan diyya ta farko. Wannan samfurin ya zama ma'auni na Amurka A lokacin shugabancin Woodrow Wilson, ta ci gaba da yakin neman kare lafiyar sana'a da kiwon lafiya yayin da take aiki a matsayin lauya mai bincike na Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amurka daga 1913 zuwa 1914. Ta ba da shawarar "kyauta na iyaye" wanda iyaye mata masu kananan yara za su sami fa'idodin kuɗi. Ta ce hakan zai rage dogaro da tilastawa iyaye mata akan maza, da kuma karfafa tattalin arzikin mata.

'Yanci

Wallace J. Benedict wani wakilin inshora ne a Milwaukee, Wisconsin, don haka lokacin da Eastman ya aure shi a 1911, ta koma can bayan bikin aure. A can ta gudanar da yakin neman zabe na 1912 Wisconsin wanda bai yi nasara ba.

Saki a 1913, ta koma gabas inda ta shiga Alice Paul, Lucy Burns, da sauransu a kafa m Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, wanda ya zama National Woman's Party . Bayan ƙaddamar da 19th Kwaskwarima ya ba wa mata 'yancin yin zabe a 1920, Eastman da Paul sun rubuta Dokar Daidaita Hakki (ERA), wanda aka fara gabatar da shi a 1923. Daya daga cikin 'yan gurguzu don amincewa da ERA, Eastman ya yi gargadin cewa dokar kariya ga mata za ta nuna kawai nuna bambanci ga mata. Eastman ya yi iƙirarin cewa mutum zai iya tantance mahimmancin ERA ta hanyar tsananin adawa da shi. Duk da haka, ta ji cewa har yanzu gwagwarmaya ce mai daraja. Ta kuma gabatar da jawabin "Yanzu Zamu Iya Farawa" bayan amincewa da gyare-gyare na goma sha tara; ta bayyana ayyukan da ya kamata a yi a fagen siyasa da tattalin arziki domin samun daidaiton jinsi.

Kokarin zaman lafiya

Crystal Eastman ta kasance sanannen mai adawa da soja, wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Aminci da 'Yanci .

A lokacin yakin duniya na 1, Eastman ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Zaman Lafiya ta Mata, ba da daɗewa ba Jane Addams, Lillian D. Wald, da sauransu suka shiga. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar reshen birnin New York. An sake masa suna Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Aminci da 'Yanci a cikin 1921, ta kasance mafi tsufa ƙungiyar zaman lafiya ta mata. Eastman kuma ya zama babban darektan kungiyar Tarayyar Amurka Against Militarism, wadda ta yi fatali da shigar Amurka cikin yakin Turai da kuma samun nasarar yaki da Mexico a shekarar

Mutuwa

Crystal Eastman ta mutu tana da shekaru 47, a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1928, na nephritis, shekara guda bayan mijinta ya wuce. An bai wa abokansu amana da ’ya’yansu marayu biyu, sa’an nan ‘yan shekara bakwai da sha daya, su rene su har su balaga.

Gado

An kira Eastman daya daga cikin shugabannin da aka yi watsi da su a Amurka domin ko da yake ta rubuta dokokin majagaba da kuma kirkiro ƙungiyoyin siyasa na dogon lokaci, ta ɓace daga tarihi tsawon shekaru 50. Freda Kirchwey, editan jaridar The Nation, ya rubuta a lokacin mutuwarta, "Lokacin da ta yi magana da mutane - ko da karamin kwamiti ne ko kuma taron jama'a - zukata sun yi sauri. Ta kasance ga dubbai alama ce ta abin da mace mai 'yanci za ta iya zama. "