Cudjoe Lewis

Cudjoe Lewis
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Takon (en) da Bantè (en) , ga Janairu, 1835
Mazauni	Africatown
Ƙabila	Yaren Yarbawa Afirkawan Amurka
Mutuwa	Mobile (en) , 17 ga Yuli, 1935
Makwanci	Alabama
Ƴan uwa
Ahali	Charles Lewis (en)
Karatu
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	Masanin tarihi

Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis (c. 1841 - Yuli 17, 1935), an haife shi Oluale Kossola, kuma aka sani da Cudjo Lewis, shi ne babban mutum na uku zuwa na ƙarshe da ya tsira daga cinikin bayin Atlantika tsakanin Afirka da Amurka. Mutanen da aka kama sun sauka ne a bayan kogin Mobile da ke kusa da Mobile, Alabama, kuma an boye su ga hukumomi. An fasa jirgin don gujewa ganowa, kuma ba a gano shi ba har zuwa watan Mayun 2019. Bayan yakin basasa da 'yanci, Lewis da sauran membobin kungiyar Clotilda sun sami 'yanci. Bayan yakin basasa da 'yanci, Lewis da sauran membobin kungiyar Clotilda sun sami 'yanci. After the Civil War and the liberation, Lewis and other members of Clotilda's group were freed. Bayan yakin basasa da 'yanci, Lewis da sauran membobin kungiyar Clotilda sun zama 'yanci. After the Civil War and the liberation, Lewis and other members of Clotilda's group became free. Yawancinsu sun kafa wata al'umma a Magazine Point, arewacin Mobile, Alabama. Wasu da aka haifa a Afirka sun haɗa su a can. Yanzu an nada shi a matsayin Gundumar Tarihi ta Africatown, an ƙara al'ummar zuwa rajistar wuraren tarihi na ƙasa a cikin 2012. A cikin tsufa Kossola ya adana abubuwan da aka yi garkuwa da Clotilda ta hanyar ba da bayanan tarihin ƙungiyar ga baƙi, gami da mai fasaha ta wayar hannu da marubuci Emma Langdon Roche da marubuci kuma marubuci Zora Neale Hurston. Ya rayu har zuwa 1935 kuma an daɗe ana tunanin shi ne wanda ya tsira daga Clotilda, har sai da ɗan tarihi Hannah Durkin ya gano wasu da yawa Clotilda da suka tsira, waɗanda suka yi balaguro tun suna yara: Redoshi, wanda ya mutu a 1937, da Matilda McCrear, wanda ya mutu a 1940.

Rayuwar farko

Taswirar da Lewis ya zana don kwatanta kama shi An haife shi a matsayin Kossola ko Oluale Kossola (Amurkawa za su rubuta sunansa daga baya "Kazoola"), kusan 1841 a Yammacin Afirka. da yake nazarin sunaye da sauran kalmomin da aka danganta ga wadanda suka kafa Africatown, masanin tarihi Sylviane Diouf ya kammala da cewa shi da yawancin sauran al'ummar Africatown na kabilar Yarbawa ne daga yankin Banté na kasar Benin. Mahaifin Lewis shine Oluwale (ko Oluale) da mahaifiyarsa Fondlolu; yana da ’yan’uwa biyar cikakku da ’yan’uwa maza goma sha biyu ta hanyar sauran matan mahaifinsa biyu. Masu hira Emma Langdon Roche da Zora Neale Hurston, da waɗanda suka yi amfani da aikinsu, sun kira Lewis da abokansa da aka kama a matsayin "Tarkars," bisa ga asusunsa. Diouf ya yi imanin cewa mai yiwuwa kalmar “Tarkar” ta samo asali ne daga rashin fahimtar sunan sarkin yankinsu, ko kuma sunan kauyensu

A cikin Afrilu ko Mayu 1860, an kai hari ƙauyensa kuma jarumawa mata sun kama Lewis fursuna a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sarki Glele na Dahomey, yayin farmakin bazara na shekara-shekara ga bayi.[ Tare da wasu waɗanda aka kama, an kai shi tashar jiragen ruwa na bayi na Ouidah aka sayar da shi ga Kyaftin William Foster na Clotilda, wani jirgin ruwa na Amurka da aka gina kwanan nan a Mobile, Alabama, kuma mallakar ɗan kasuwa Timothy Meaher. Shigo da bayi cikin Amurka ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba tun 1808, amma har yanzu ana shigo da bayi daga Cuban Sipaniya.

Wasu rahotanni sun ce Meaher ya yi niyyar karya doka, kuma ya ci amanar wani dan kasuwa dala 100,000 cewa zai iya samun nasarar kaucewa haramcin cinikin bayi a tekun Atlantika., A cikin irin wannan yanayi, ma'abota Wanderer, wadanda suka kai bayi zuwa Georgia ba bisa ka'ida ba a shekara ta 1858, an gurfanar da su tare da yi musu shari'a kan laifin satar fasaha a wata kotun Tarayyar Amurka da ke Savannah a watan Mayun 1860, amma alkalan kotun sun wanke su

A lokacin da Clotilda ya isa bakin tekun Mississippi a watan Yuli 1860, an sanar da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Amurka game da ayyukanta, kuma Timothy Meaher, ɗan'uwansa Burns, da abokinsu John Dabney an kama su kuma an tuhume su da mallakar haramtattun fursunoni. Koyaya, akwai tazarar kusan watanni biyar tsakanin ƙarshen Yuli 1860, lokacin da aka ba da sammaci da rubutattun kamawa akan Meahers da Dabney, da tsakiyar Disamba lokacin da suka karɓe su. A cikin tsaka-tsakin an tarwatsa waɗanda aka kama kuma an ɓoye su, kuma ba tare da kasancewarsu a zahiri a matsayin shaida ba, an yi watsi da shari'ar a cikin Janairu 1861.

Har zuwa ƙarshen yakin basasa (1861-65), Lewis da abokansa sun rayu a matsayin bayin Meaher, 'yan uwansa, ko abokansu. Meaher ne ya saya Lewis, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tuƙi a kan tuƙi. wannan lokacin ya zama sanannun da "Cudjo Lewis." Daga baya ya bayyana cewa ya ba da shawarar “Cudjo,

Rayuwa a Africatown

Kafa Africatow

Lewis da ɗan'uwan Clotilda wanda ya tsira Abaché (Clara Turner) c.1914. A lokacin akwai mambobi takwas da suka tsira daga ƙungiyar Clotilda. A lokacin da suke cikin bauta, Lewis da yawancin waɗanda aka kama na Clotilda sun kasance a wani yanki da ke arewacin Mobile wanda aka sani da Magazine Point, Plateau, ko "Hammock Meaher," inda Meahers ke da injin niƙa da filin jirgin ruwa. Duk da cewa mil uku ne kawai (kilomita biyar) daga garin Mobile, an keɓe shi, an raba shi da garin ta hanyar fadama da daji, kuma ba a iya samun shi ta hanyar ruwa kawai. Bayan da aka kawar da bauta da kuma ƙarewar Yaƙin Basasa, ’yan Clotilda da aka kama sun yi ƙoƙari su tara kuɗi don su koma ƙasarsu. Maza suna aiki a masana'antar katako, matan kuma suna sana'a suna sayar da amfanin gona, amma sun kasa samun isassun kuɗi.[20] Bayan sun fahimci cewa ba za su iya komawa Afirka ba, ƙungiyar ta tura Lewis don neman Timothawus Meaher ya ba shi kyauta. Sa’ad da ya ƙi, sai ’yan unguwar suka ci gaba da tara kuɗi suka fara siyan filaye a kusa da Point Point A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1872, Lewis ya sayi kusan kadada 2 (kadada 0.8) na fili a yankin Plateau akan $100.00 (~$2,625 a 2024).

Sun haɓaka Afirkatown a matsayin al'umma mai zaman kanta, baƙar fata mai zaman kanta. Kungiyar ta nada shugabanni don aiwatar da ka'idojin gama gari da suka samo asali daga asalinsu na Afirka. Sun kuma haɓaka cibiyoyi da suka haɗa da coci, makaranta, da makabarta. Diouf ya yi bayanin cewa Africatown ya kasance na musamman domin dukansu “baƙar fata ne,” mutanen kakannin Afirka ne kaɗai ke zaune, da kuma yanki na mutanen da aka haifa a wata ƙasa. Ta rubuta, "Baƙar fata sun kasance mafaka daga wariyar launin fata, amma Garin Afirka mafaka ne daga Amurkawa."

Aure da rayuwar iyali

A tsakiyar 1860s Lewis ya kafa dangantaka ta doka tare da wani wanda ya tsira daga Clotilda, Abile (Amurka a matsayin "Celia"). Sun yi aure a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1880, tare da wasu ma'aurata da yawa daga Africatown. Sun kasance tare har zuwa rasuwar Abile a shekara ta 1905

Suna da 'ya'ya shida, maza biyar da mace daya, kowannensu sun sanya wa duka sunan Afirka da sunan Amurka. Babban ɗansu, Aleck (ko Elick) Iyadjemi (wanda aka fassara daga Yorùbá yana nufin "Na sha wahala"), ya zama mai sayar da kayan abinci; Ya ɗauki matarsa ya zauna a wani gida a ƙasar mahaifinsa. Diouf ya kwatanta wannan tsari a matsayin "ginin iyali" -style Yorùbá. Wani dan, Cudjoe Feïchtan, mataimakin sheriff bakar fata ya harbe shi da kisa a shekara ta 1902. Lewis ya wuce matarsa da dukan 'ya'yansa. Ya ƙyale surukarsa Mary Wood Lewis, jikokinsa da kuma mijinta na biyu Joe Lewis (babu wata alaƙa) su zauna a gidansu da ke cikin gidan.

Lewis ya yi aiki a matsayin manomi da lebura har zuwa 1902, lokacin da buggy ɗinsa ya lalace kuma ya ji rauni a wani karo da jirgin ƙasa a Mobile. Da yake ya kasa yin aiki mai nauyi, jama'a suka nada shi a matsayin sexton na cocin. A cikin 1903 ya ɗauki sunan Union Missionary Baptist Church.

Shiga cikin cibiyoyin Amurka

Ko da yake ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka tsofaffin bayi sun zama ƴan ƙasa a kan ƙaddamar da Kwaskwarima na Goma sha huɗu ga Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a cikin Yuli 1868, wannan canjin matsayi bai shafi membobin ƙungiyar Clotilda ba, waɗanda aka haifa a waje. Cudjo Kazoola Lewis ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1868. Lewis yayi amfani da tsarin shari'a na Amurka a cikin 1902 bayan ya ji rauni a karon jirgin kasan. Lokacin da Louisville da Nashville Railroad suka ƙi biyan diyya, ya ɗauki hayar lauya, ya kai ƙarar layin dogo, kuma ya ci nasara mai mahimmanci na $650.00. An soke kyautar ne bisa daukaka kara.

Matsayin mai ba da labari da tarihi A cikin kwata na farko na karni na 20, Lewis ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da labari ga masana da sauran marubuta, yana ba da tarihin Clotilda Afirka, da labarun gargajiya da tatsuniyoyi. Emma Langdon Roche, marubuciya kuma mai fasaha ta Mobile, ta yi hira da Lewis da sauran waɗanda suka tsira don littafinta na 1914 Historic Sketches of the South. Ta bayyana kamasu a Afirka, bauta, da kuma rayuwa a Africatown. Sun bukaci ta yi amfani da sunayensu na Afirka wajen aikinta, da fatan zai isa kasarsu “inda wasu za su iya tunawa da su A shekara ta 1925, an yi tunanin Lewis shine ɗan Afirka na ƙarshe da ya tsira daga Clotilda; Malami kuma masanin tarihin Arthur Huff Fauset na Philadelphia ya yi hira da shi. A cikin 1927 Fauset ya buga tatsuniyoyi biyu na dabbar Lewis, "T'appin's magic dipper and bulala" da "T'appin da idanun Billy Goat ya ruɗe," da "Lion Hunt," tarihin rayuwarsa game da farauta a Afirka, a cikin Jarida na Tarihin Tarihi na Amirka.

Alamar tunawa da Lewis a makabartar Plateau, Africatown

A cikin 1927 Lewis ya yi hira da Zora Neale Hurston, sannan ɗalibin da ya kammala karatun digiri a fannin ilmin ɗan adam wanda ya zama masanin tatsuniyoyi. A shekara ta gaba ta buga wani labarin, "Labarin Cudjoe na Bawan Afirka na Ƙarshe" (1928). A cewar mawallafin tarihin rayuwarta Robert E. Hemenway, wannan yanki ya fi dacewa da aikin Emma Roche, ,to ko da yake Hurston ya kara bayani game da rayuwar yau da kullum a kauyen Lewis na Banté. A cikin 1928 Hurston ya dawo tare da ƙarin albarkatu; ta kara yin hira da Kossula, ta dauki hotuna, kuma ta nadi abin da ake tunanin shi ne kawai sanannen faifan fim na wani dan Afirka da aka yi safararsa zuwa Amurka ta hanyar cinikin bayi (ko da yake wani wanda ya tsira daga Clotilda, wanda ya wuce shi, shi ma an yi fim a takaice . Dangane da wannan kayan, ta rubuta wani rubutun hannu, Barracoon, wanda Hemenway ya bayyana a matsayin "babban labari mai ban mamaki, wanda aka yi niyya ga mashahurin mai karatu."

Bayan wannan zagaye na hirarraki, majibincin adabin Hurston, mai ba da taimako Charlotte Osgood Mason, ya koyi Lewis kuma ya fara aika masa kuɗi don taimakonsa. Har ila yau, 'yan jarida sun yi hira da Lewis don buga littattafai na gida da na ƙasa.

Littafin Hurston Barracoon: Labarin Ƙarshe "Black Cargo" ba a buga shi ba har sai 2018, a cikin wani bayani da aka buga.

Gado

Cudjo Lewis ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1935, kuma an binne shi a makabartar Plateau a Africatown. Tun bayan mutuwarsa, matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga Clotilda na ƙarshe, da kuma rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen da masu tambayoyinsa suka kirkira, sun sanya shi zama sanannen tarihin al'umma.

A cikin 1959 an kafa wani bututun tunawa da Lewis a gaban Cocin Baptist Baptist na Africatown a saman wani dala na tubalin da masu garkuwa da Clotilda suka yi. An yi shi ne a madadin Ƙungiyar Ci gaba na Africatown. , A cikin 1977 Ƙungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihi na Negro (yanzu Ƙungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihi ta Amirka) ta tuna da Lewis da ƙungiyar Clotilda., Kusan 1990 City of Mobile and Mobile alumnae babin Delta Sigma Theta sorority ya kafa alamar tunawa ga Lewis a cikin makabartar Filato. A cikin 2007 wasu masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka biyu sun ba da gudummawar bust na Lewis ga Cibiyar Maraba da Afirkatown. An lalata ta sosai a cikin 2011. A cikin 2010, masu binciken kayan tarihi daga Kwalejin William da Maryamu sun tono gidan Lewis a cikin Africatown, tare da na wasu mazauna biyu, don neman kayan tarihi da shaidar ayyukan Afirka a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun a Amurka. Barracoon: Labarin Ƙarshe na "Black Cargo", asusun Zora Neale Hurston na rayuwar Lewis, an buga shi a karon farko a cikin 2018.[ A cikin 2016, Kazoola Eatery & Nishaɗi ya buɗe a cikin gari Mobile. Wurin jazz da blues ba wai kawai yabo ne ga Lewis ba, amma alama ce ta haɗin kan al'adu a cikin gari.