Culture-bound syndrome
Culture-bound syndrome
| Culture-bound syndrome | |
|---|---|
Description (en)  | |
| Iri | psychopathological syndrome (en) |
| Identifier (en) | |
A fannin likitanci da nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (medical anthropology), cutar da ke da alaƙa da al’ada (culture-bound syndrome) ko cutar da ta keɓanta da wata al’ada (culture-specific syndrome) ko kuma cutar gargajiya (folk illness) na nufin haɗuwar alamun cututtuka na tunani (psychiatric) da na jiki (somatic) waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin wata cuta da ake iya gane ta ne kawai a cikin wata al’umma ko wata al’ada ta musamman.
Ba a san wani tabbataccen canji na sinadarai (biochemical) ko na ginin jiki (structural) a cikin gabobin jiki ko ayyukansu ba, kuma wannan cuta ba a san ta ko amince da ita a wasu al’adu ba.
An shigar da kalmar culture-bound syndrome a cikin bugu na huɗu na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), wanda kuma ya haɗa da jerin mafi yawan irin waɗannan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da al’ada (DSM-IV: Appendix I).
Abin da ya yi daidai da wannan a tsarin ICD-10 (Chapter V) shi ne culture-specific disorders, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Annex 2 na Diagnostic criteria for research.
Identification
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ware shi a matsayin cuta a cikin al’ada (wato ba halin da mutum yake yi da son rai ba, kuma ba ƙarya ba ce), ya kasance sananne sosai a cikin wannan al’umma, amma a lokaci guda mutanen wasu al’adu ba su san shi ba ko kuma suna fahimtar sa ba daidai ba, ba a kuma gano wani canji na sinadarai (biochemical) ko lahani a ƙwayoyin jiki (tissue abnormalities) da za a iya tabbatarwa a fili (alamomi), kuma ana gane shi tare da magani a cikin magungunan gargajiya na wannan al’ada.
Wasu irin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da al’ada suna nuna alamun jiki (kamar ciwo ko rashin daidaiton aikin wani sashen jiki), yayin da wasu kuma suna bayyana ne kawai a matsayin halayen tunani ko ɗabi’a. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan cututtuka suna bayyana da siffofi makamantan juna a al’adu da dama, amma suna da wasu halaye na musamman na wuri, kamar abin da ake kira “penis panic”.
Cutar da ke da alaƙa da al’ada ba ɗaya take da cutar da ke takaita a wani yanki kawai ba, wadda ke da sanannun musabbabi na lalacewar ƙwayoyin jiki, kamar kuru ko cutar barcin Afirka (sleeping sickness), ko kuma cututtukan gado (genetic conditions) da ke shafar wasu ƙayyadaddun mutane kawai.
Yana yiwuwa wata cuta da aka fara ɗauka a matsayin halayen tunani da suka danganci al’ada daga baya a gano tana da dalilin halitta (biological cause); idan haka ta faru, daga mahangar likitanci za a sake rarraba ta zuwa wani rukuni daban na cututtuka (nosological category).
Globalisation
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duniya (globalisation) wani tsari ne wanda ake yaɗa bayanai, al’adu, ayyuka, kayayyaki, da hidimomi a tsakanin iyakokin ƙasashe. Wannan ya yi tasiri mai ƙarfi a ƙarni na 21 ta hanyoyi da dama, ciki har da ƙara fahimtar al’adu a faɗin duniya.
Ana samun ƙarin haɗuwa da shigar al’adu juna (cultural integration) saboda saurin ci gaban masana’antu da kuma globalisation, inda al’adu ke ɗaukar tasiri daga juna. Yayin da fahimtar al’adu ke ƙaruwa tsakanin ƙasashe, ana yin tunani kan ko cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da al’ada (culture-bound syndromes) za su fara rasa kasancewarsu a wani yanki kaɗai, su zama cututtuka da aka fi sani a duniya baki ɗaya, sannan a amince da su a matakin ƙasashen duniya.
Masanin nazarin al’umma da likitan kwakwalwa Roland Littlewood ya lura cewa irin waɗannan cututtuka na iya ɓacewa a cikin al’adar duniya da ke ƙara zama iri ɗaya (homogenous global culture) sakamakon globalisation da masana’antu.
Misali, baƙin ciki (depression) a da an fi amincewa da shi a al’ummomin Yammacin duniya kawai; yanzu kuma an gane shi a matsayin cutar kwakwalwa a duk sassan duniya. Duk da haka, idan aka kwatanta da wasu al’ummomin Gabas kamar Taiwan, baƙin ciki ya fi yawaita a al’adun Yammacin duniya kamar Amurka. Wannan na iya nuna cewa globalisation na iya taimakawa wajen yaɗuwar irin waɗannan cututtuka tsakanin ƙasashe, amma har yanzu suna iya kasancewa sun fi yawa a wasu al’adu fiye da wasu.