Cuscuta

Cuscuta
Scientific classification
Kingdom	Plantae
Order	Solanales (en)
Dangi	Convolvulaceae (en)
genus (en)	Cuscuta Linnaeus, 1753

• 
  Cuscutasp. tare da gall
• 
  Cuscuta sp. furanni
• 
  Fure da hatsi a cikin pollen a Cuscuta daga Mumbai, Indiya
• 
  Cuscuta sp. tsari
• 
  Cuscuta sp. tsari
• 
  Cuscuta sp. tsari
• 
  Cuscuta sp. tsari
• 
  Dodder Yana samar da Net a kan Mai Gidansa
• 
  Cuscuta a cikin Fure,Iran
• 
  Yadda Cuscuta ke Haɗa kanta da Mai Gidan Gida

Cuscuta (/kʌsˈkjuːtə/), wanda aka fi sani da dodder ko amarbel, wani nau'i ne na fiye da nau'in 201 acikinsa na rawaya, orange, ko ja (rarely green) shuke-shuke masu kama da juna. A baya an fani da shi a matsayin jinsin kawai a cikin iyalin Cuscutaceae, yanzu an yarda da shi a cikin iyalin ɗaukakar safiya, Convolvulaceae, bisa ga aikin Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. Ana samun nau'in a ko'ina cikin yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi na duniya, tare da mafi girman bambancin jinsuna a yankuna masu sanyi da na wurare mai zafi; nau'in ya zama da wuya a Yanayin yanayi, tare da nau'o'i hudu kawai na arewacin Turai

Sunayen al'adu sun haɗa da strangle tare, strangleweed, scaldweed, beggarweed, laces na mace, fireweed, wizard's net, shaidan's guts, shaidan ringlet, goldthread, hailweed, hairweed, hellbine, love vine, pull-down, angel hair, da witch's hair.

Bayyanawa

Cuscuta za a iya gano ta hanyar ƙananan rassan da ke bayyana ba tare da ganye ba, tare da ganyen da aka rage zuwa ma'auni na minti. A cikin waɗannan fannoni yana kama da irin wannan kwayar cuta, amma ba ta da alaƙa, Cassytha. Daga tsakiyar lokacin rani zuwa farkon kaka, itatuwan inabi na iya samar da ƙananan 'Ya'yan itace waɗanda ke da launi iri ɗaya da itacen inabi, kuma suna da kusan girman wake na yau da kullun. Yana da ƙananan matakan chlorophyll; wasu nau'o'in kamar Cuscuta reflexa na iya photosynthesize dan kadan, yayin da wasu kamar C. europaea gaba ɗaya sun dogara da tsire-tsire masu masauki don abinci mai gina jiki.

Cuscuta europaea a cikin furen

Cuscuta a cikin Flower, Iran

Fure-fure na Dodder suna da launi daga fari zuwa ruwan hoda zuwa rawaya zuwa cream. Wasu furanni a farkon lokacin rani, wasu daga baya, dangane da nau'in. Tsuntsaye suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ana samar da su da yawa. Suna da murfin wuya, kuma yawanci suna iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasa na shekaru 5 zuwa 10, wani lokacin ma ya fi tsayi.

Dodder yana samar da net a kan mai masaukin sa

Kwayoyin dodder suna tsiro a ko kusa da saman ƙasa. Kodayake germination na dodder na iya faruwa ba tare da mai gida ba, dole ne ya isa shuka kore da sauri kuma an daidaita shi don girma zuwa tsire-tsire na kusa ta hanyar bin alamun chemosensory . Idan ba a kai shuka ba a cikin kwanaki 5 zuwa 10 na germination, seedling ɗin zai mutu. Kafin a kai ga shuka, dodder, kamar sauran tsire-tsire, ya dogara da ajiyar abinci a cikin tayin; Cotyledons, ko da yake suna nan, suna da kayan aiki .

Cuscuta a kan Acacia a Punjab, Pakistan

Rashin jituwa

Dodder yana da kwayar cuta a kan tsire-tsire iri-iri, gami da nau'ikan amfanin gona da kayan lambu, kamar su alfalfa, lespedeza, flax, clover, dankali, chrysanthemum, Dahlia, helenium, inabi na ƙaho, ivy da petunias. Yana da ectoparasite kuma an rarraba shi azaman tsire-tsire na holoparasitic, ko tsire-shire wanda ba photosynthetic ba ne kuma ya dogara da mai masaukin baki daya.

Dodder ya kasance a cikin tsananin bisa ga jinsinsa da jinsin mai masaukin, lokacin harin, da kuma ko akwai wasu ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin shuka mai masaukin. Ta hanyar raunana shuke-shuke, dodder yana rage ikon shuke-tsire don tsayayya da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma dodder na iya yada cututtuken shuke-shirye daga ɗayan shuke-huke-shuka zuwa wani idan an haɗa shi da shuke- shuke-sauke fiye da ɗaya. Wannan yana da damuwa game da tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin noma, inda raguwar shekara-shekara na 10% na iya zama mai lalacewa. An ba da fifiko ga kula da itacen inabi don sarrafa cututtukan shuke-shuke a fagen.  

Cuscuta a kan itacen kwanan wata na kasar Sin a Punjab, Indiya

Diagram yana nuna yadda Cuscuta ke amfani da haustoria don shiga cikin tsarin jijiyoyin shuke-shuke na shuke-huke kuma ya cire sukari da abubuwan gina jiki daga phloem na shuke'in. [Lura: An juya shugabanci daga abin da aka nuna a cikin wannan hoton.] 1).
Cuscuta shuka ta 2).
Shuka mai shayarwa 3).
Cuscuta ya bar 4).
Ƙasa ta ƙasa 5).
Phloem 6).
Shuga da abubuwan gina jiki 7).
Kwayar fata ta 8).
A Cuscuta haustorium girma a cikin phloem na maCuscuta bakuncin shuka.

Wurin da aka karɓi bakuncin

Wani rahoto da aka buga a cikin Kimiyya a shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa dodder yana amfani da alamun kwayoyin halitta masu saurin iska don gano tsire-tsire masu karɓar su. Tsire-tsire na C. pentagona suna nuna kyakkyawar amsawar girma ga abubuwan da ke cikin tumatir da sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke suka fitar. Lokacin da aka ba da zaɓi tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin tumatir da aka fi so da alkama wanda ba mai masaukin ba, kwayar cutar ta girma zuwa ga tsohon. Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna jan hankali ga mahadi da yawa da aka saki ta hanyar shuke-shuke masu karɓar bakuncin da kuma ƙin yarda da mahadi ɗaya da alkama ya saki. Wadannan sakamakon ba su kawar da yiwuwar cewa wasu alamomi, kamar haske, na iya taka rawa a wurin mai karɓar bakuncin ba.

Tsaro na rundunar

Ba a san komai game da kariya ta masu karɓar bakuncin ba game da dodder da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke ba fiye da yadda aka sani game da kide-kide na tsire-tire masu cin ganyayyaki da pathogens. A cikin wani binciken, an gano tsire-tsire na Tumar suna amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace don karewa daga dodder. Hanyoyi biyu, ta amfani da Jasmonic acid da Salicylic acid, an kunna su don mayar da martani ga harin da Cuscuta pentagona ta kai. An kuma gano harin Dodder don haifar da samar da abubuwa masu tasowa, gami da 2-carene, α-pinene, limonene, da β-phellandrene. Ba a san ko ko ko yadda waɗannan abubuwa masu saurin gudu ke kare mai masaukin ba, amma suna iya tsoma baki da ikon mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na ganowa da zaɓar masu masaukin baki. Har ila yau, kasancewar trichomes a kan tushe na tumatir yadda ya kamata yana hana dodder daga haɗewa da tushe.

Rigakafi da magani

Cuscuta a kan mai hikima a cikin hamadar MojaveDajin Mojave

Kasashe da yawa suna da dokoki da ke hana shigo da tsaba mai tsinkaye, wanda ke buƙatar tsaba mai amfanin gona ya kasance ba tare da gurɓataccen tsaba mai shinkaye ba. Kafin dasa, ya kamata a bincika dukkan tufafi don kare iri yayin motsawa daga yankin da ya kamu da cutar zuwa amfanin da ba ya kamu da ita. Lokacin da ake hulɗa da yankin da ya kamu da cutar, ana buƙatar yin aiki da sauri. Shawarwari sun haɗa da dasa amfanin gona wanda ba mai masauki ba na shekaru da yawa bayan kamuwa da cutar, jan amfanin gona nan da nan, musamman kafin dodder ya samar da iri, da kuma amfani da magungunan herbicides kamar Dacthal a cikin bazara. Misalan amfanin gona marasa karɓar bakuncin sun haɗa da ciyawa da sauran monocotyledons da yawa. Idan an sami dodder kafin ya maƙure shuka mai masauki, ana iya cire shi daga ƙasa. Idan choking ya fara, dole ne a yanke shuka mai karɓar bakuncin sosai a ƙasa da ƙwayoyin dodder, kamar yadda dodder yake da amfani kuma yana iya girma daga haustoria.

Ƙarin karantawa

•   
• Haupt, S.; Oparka, KJ; Sauer, N; Neumann, S (2001). "Macromolecular trafficking between Nicotiana tabacum and the holoparasite Cuscuta reflexa". Journal of Experimental Botany. 52 (354): 173–177. doi:10.1093/jexbot/52.354.173. ISSN 1460-2431. PMID 11181727.
• Hibberd, J. M.; Bungard, R. A.; Press, M. C.; Jeschke, W. D.; Scholes, J. D.; Quick, W. P. (1998). "Localization of photosynthetic metabolism in the parasitic angiosperm Cuscuta reflexa". Planta. 205 (4): 506–513. doi:10.1007/s004250050349. ISSN 0032-0935. S2CID 20017828.
• Haberhausen, Gerd; Zetsche, Klaus (1994). "Functional loss of all ndh genes in an otherwise relatively unaltered plastid genome of the holoparasitic flowering plant Cuscuta reflexa". Plant Molecular Biology. 24 (1): 217–222. doi:10.1007/BF00040588. ISSN 0167-4412. PMID 8111019. S2CID 36298133.
• Jeschke, W. Dieter; Bäumel, Pia; Räth, Nicola; Czygan, Franz-C.; Proksch, Peter (1994). "Modelling of the flows and partitioning of carbon and nitrogen in the holoparasiteCuscuta reflexaRoxb. and its hostLupinus albusL". Journal of Experimental Botany. 45 (6): 801–812. doi:10.1093/jxb/45.6.801. ISSN 0022-0957.
•  
• Cudney, D.W.; Orloff, S.B.; Reints, J.S. (1992). "An integrated weed management procedure for the control of dodder (Cuscuta indecora) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa)". Weed Technology. 6 (3): 603–606. doi:10.1017/S0890037X00035879.