Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa

Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa
Description (en)
Iri	brain inflammatory disease (en) neurological symptom (en)
Field of study (en)	neurology (en)
Sanadi	infection (en) autoimmunity (en)
Identifier (en)
ICD-10-CM	A85
ICD-9-CM	323.0, 323.9 da 323.8
ICD-10	A83, A86, B94.1 da G05
ICD-9	323
DiseasesDB	22543
MedlinePlus	001415
eMedicine	001415
MeSH	D004660
Disease Ontology ID	DOID:9588

Tick-borne meningoencephalitis
Infected countries/areas in Eurasia
Specialty	Infectious disease

Cutar encephalitis mai kama da kaska ( TBE ) cuta ce mai yaɗuwa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta da ta shafi tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya, wadda ake yadawa ta hanyar cizon nau'ikan kaska da suka kamu da cutar. Cutar galibi tana bayyana a matsayin meningitis, encephalitis ko meningoencephalitis . Myelitis da gurguwar ƙashin baya suma suna faruwa. A kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na lokuta, waɗanda suka biyo baya, galibi suna da matsalar fahimta, suna ci gaba har tsawon shekara ɗaya ko fiye. [1]

Adadin wadanda aka ruwaito sun kamu da cutar yana karuwa a mafi yawan kasashe. TBE na kawo kalubale ga lafiya ga Turai, yayin da adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar TBE a duk yankunan da cutar ta fi kamari a Turai ya karu da kusan kashi 400% cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata. A tarihi, ana tunanin babu kwayar cutar TBE a Burtaniya, amma a shekarar 2020 Hukumar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Ingila ta sanar da cewa an samu bullar cutar TBE guda biyu a cikin kasar.

An san cewa kwayar cutar encephalitis da ke ɗauke da ƙaiƙayi tana kamuwa da nau'ikan halittu masu rai, ciki har da dabbobi, tsuntsaye, beraye, masu cin nama, dawakai, da mutane. Haka kuma cutar na iya yaɗuwa daga dabbobi zuwa mutane, inda dabbobi da karnuka ke zama tushen kamuwa da cuta ga mutane.

Alamomi da Alamomi

Alamomin kamuwa da cutar TBE

Sau da yawa kamuwa da cutar TBE ba ta nuna wata alama ta rashin lafiya ba, wanda ke nufin cewa mutumin da ya kamu da cutar ba ya nuna alamun cutar. A cikin yanayin asibiti, cutar galibi tana faruwa ne a cikin nau'i biyu. Bayan lokacin kamuwa da cutar na kimanin mako guda (tsawon: kwanaki 4-28) daga kamuwa da cutar (cizon kaska), alamun da ba su da takamaiman suna faruwa. Waɗannan alamun sune zazzabi, rashin lafiya, ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, amai, da ciwon myalgia waɗanda ke ci gaba har tsawon kwanaki 5. Sannan, bayan kimanin mako guda ba tare da alamun ba, wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka kamu da cutar suna samun alamun jijiyoyi, watau, meningitis, encephalitis, ko meningoencephalitis. Myelitis kuma yana faruwa tare da encephalitis ko ba tare da shi ba.

Sequelae persist for a year or more in approximately one third of people who develop neurological disease. The most common long-term symptoms are headache, concentration difficulties, memory impairment, and other symptoms of cognitive dysfunction.

Mutuwar ta dogara ne da nau'in ƙwayar cutar. Ga nau'in ƙwayar cutar ta Turai, adadin mace-mace yana tsakanin kashi 0.5% zuwa 2% ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi.

A cikin karnuka, cutar tana bayyana a matsayin wata cuta ta jijiyoyi tare da alamu daban-daban daga girgiza zuwa farfadiya da mutuwa.

A cikin dabbobi, akwai cututtukan jijiyoyi, kuma dabbobi na iya ƙin cin abinci, su bayyana kamar ba sa jin gajiya, kuma suna iya samun alamun numfashi.

Dalili

Ana kamuwa da cutar TBE ne ta hanyar ƙwayar cutar encephalitis da aka haifa da kaska, wacce take cikin dangin Flaviridae . An fara gano cutar a shekarar 1937 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ta hannun ƙungiyar Lev A. Zilber .

Akwai ƙananan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku:

• Kwayar cutar encephalitis ta Turai ko ta Yamma (wanda Ixodes ricinus ke yadawa)
• Kwayar cutar encephalitis ta Siberian tick-borne (wanda I. persulcatus ke yadawa)
• Kwayar cutar encephalitis mai ɗauke da kaska a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, wadda a da aka sani da cutar encephalitis ta bazara ta Rasha (wanda I. persulcatus ke yadawa).

Tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet ta gudanar da bincike kan cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar kaska, ciki har da ƙwayoyin cuta na TBE.

Watsawa

Kaji na tumaki ( Ixodes ricinus ), kamar wannan mace mai shayarwa, suna yada cutar.

Ana yada shi ta hanyar cizon nau'ikan kaska da suka kamu da cutar, ciki har da Ixodes scapularis, I. ricinus da I. persulcatus, ko (ba kasafai ake samu ba) ta hanyar madarar shanu da ba a yi wa pasteurized ba .

Madara

Infection acquired through goat milk consumed as raw milk or fresh cheese (Frischkäse) has been documented in 2016 and 2017 in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. None of the infected had neurological disease.

Daga 1980 zuwa 2021, an tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar TBE guda 384 a Turai ta hanyar shan madara ko cuku da ba a dafa ba. Kasashen da suka bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar encephalitis ta hanyar abinci (FB-TBE) a wannan lokacin sun hada da Slovakia, Jamhuriyar Czech, Poland, Hungary, Estonia, Jamus, Croatia, Austria, Rasha da Slovenia. An bayar da rahoton cutar neuroinvasive a cikin marasa lafiya 53, tare da cututtukan CNS da aka bayyana ciki har da meningoencephalitis, meningitis, da meningoencephalomyelitis.

Ganewar Ganewa

Gano takamaiman ƙwayoyin rigakafi na IgM da IgG a cikin sera na marasa lafiya, tare da alamun asibiti na yau da kullun, ita ce babbar hanyar gano cutar. Kwayoyin rigakafi galibi suna bayyana cikin kwana shida bayan fara alamun kuma galibi ana iya gano su da zarar alamun jijiyoyi suka bayyana. Kwayoyin rigakafi na IgM na iya kasancewa a iya gano su har zuwa watanni 10 a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi da waɗanda suka kamu da cutar ta halitta. A cikin yanayi mafi rikitarwa, misali, bayan allurar rigakafi, gwajin kasancewar ƙwayoyin rigakafi a cikin ruwan cerebrospinal na iya zama dole. An bayyana cewa ya kamata a yi huda a lumbar koyaushe lokacin gano TBE kuma ya kamata a ƙara pleocytosis a cikin ruwan cerebrospinal (CSF) a cikin sharuɗɗan ganewar asali. Ana iya tantance tsananin TBE ta amfani da matakan calcium na CSF, bisa ga binciken da aka yi kwanan nan na alamun ganewar cutar encephalitis ta tick-borne (TBEV).

Rigakafi

TAlamar da ke cikin gandun daji na Lithuania, gargadi game da yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar ƙwayoyin cuta

Allurar rigakafin encephalitis da aka haifa ta hanyar kaska tana da tasiri sosai kuma ana samunta a wurare da dama da ke fama da cututtuka da kuma a asibitocin tafiye-tafiye. Sunayen kasuwanci sune Encepur N da FSME-Immun CC . Ana yin allurar rigakafin a allurai biyu, idan aka bayar da aƙalla makonni biyu a tsakaninsu.

Magani

Babu takamaiman maganin rigakafi ga TBE. Lalacewar kwakwalwa mai alamun cutar yana buƙatar a kwantar da ita a asibiti da kuma kulawa mai tallafi bisa ga tsananin ciwon . Ana iya la'akari da magungunan hana kumburi, kamar corticosteroids, a wasu yanayi na musamman don rage alamun cutar, kodayake ana muhawara kan ingancinsu na dogon lokaci. Ana iya buƙatar shigar da bututun iska a cikin trachea da kuma tallafin numfashi .

Ilimin Cututtuka

Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, cutar ta fi yawa a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, da Arewacin Asiya. Kimanin mutane dubu goma zuwa goma sha biyu ne ake samun rahotannin kamuwa da cutar a kowace shekara, amma adadin ya bambanta sosai daga yanki zuwa yanki. Yawancin bambancin ya faru ne sakamakon bambancin yawan masu masaukin baki, musamman na barewa. A Austria, wani shiri mai zurfi na rigakafi tun daga shekarun 1970 ya rage yawan kamuwa da cutar a shekarar 2013 da kusan kashi 85%.

A Jamus, a cikin shekarun 2010, an sami aƙalla mutane 95 (2012) da kuma aƙalla mutane 584 (2018) na TBE (ko FSME kamar yadda aka sani a Jamus). Fiye da rabin waɗanda aka ruwaito daga 2019 suna da cutar meningitis, encephalitis, ko myelitis . An lura cewa haɗarin kamuwa da cuta yana ƙaruwa da shekaru, musamman a cikin mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 40, kuma ya fi yawa a cikin maza fiye da mata. Yawancin lokuta an kamu da su a Bavaria (46%) da Baden-Württemberg (37%), ƙasa da haka a Saxony, Hesse, Lower Saxony, da sauran jihohi. Gabaɗaya Landkreise 164 an keɓe su ga yankunan da ke da haɗarin TBE, gami da duk Baden-Württemberg sai dai birnin Heilbronn.

A Jamhuriyar Czech, an samu rahoton shekaru 10 da aka ruwaito an samu a shekarar 2025, inda aka kiyasta cewa kashi 40% na al'ummar kasar sun sami akalla allurar riga-kafi (yawanci ana daukar tsarin allurar 3 ya zama dole don inganci).

A Sweden, yawancin lokuta na TBE suna faruwa ne a cikin wani yanki da ke gudana daga Stockholm zuwa yamma, musamman a kusa da tafkuna da yankin da ke kusa da tekun Baltic. Yana nuna yawan jama'a da ke shiga ayyukan waje a waɗannan yankuna. Gabaɗaya, ga Turai, haɗarin da aka kiyasta shine kusan shari'a 1 a cikin watanni 10,000 na ayyukan daji na ɗan adam. A wasu yankuna na Rasha da Slovenia, yawan kamuwa da cutar na iya kaiwa har zuwa shari'o'i 70 a cikin mutane 100,000 a kowace shekara. Matafiya zuwa yankunan da ke fama da cutar ba sa yawan kamuwa da cutar, inda aka ruwaito shari'o'i 8 kacal a tsakanin matafiya na Amurka da suka dawo daga Eurasia tsakanin 2000 da 2017, ƙimar ta yi ƙasa sosai har zuwa 2020 Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar yin allurar rigakafi ga waɗanda za su kamu da cutar sosai a wuraren da ke da haɗari.

Tasirin sauyin yanayi

Warming temperatures caused by climate change increase the expansion of tick populations and lengthen their active seasons which in turn increase the prevalence and geographical range of tick-borne diseases. In Europe, expansion of tick-borne diseases to the north due to climate change has already been observed, especially for Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. Ixodes ricinus is predicted to become 5–7% more prevalent on livestock farms in Great Britain, depending on the extent of future climate change.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Ciwon encephalitis na Tickborne a Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi (CDC)
• Takardar bayanai daga Reshen Cututtukan Musamman na Kwayar cuta a CDC