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Cutar fararen hanci

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Cutar fararen hanci
Description (en) Fassara
Disease transmission process (en) Fassara unknown value
Identifier (en) Fassara
Jamage mai launin ruwan kasa kadan mai ciwon farin hanci.

Ciwon farin hanci ( WNS ) cuta ce ta fungal a cikin jemagu na Arewacin Amurka wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan yawan jemagu a Amurka da Kanada, wanda aka bayar da rahoton kashe miliyoyin a cikin 2018. An ambaci yanayin don wani nau'in naman gwari na musamman a kusa da muzzles da kuma a kan fuka-fukin jemagu na hibernating. An fara gano shi daga wani hoto na Fabrairu 2006 da aka ɗauka a cikin kogon da ke gundumar Schoharie, New York . [1] Ciwon ya yaɗu da sauri tun daga nan. A farkon 2018, an gano shi a cikin jihohin Amurka 33 da larduna bakwai na Kanada; da naman gwari, albeit sans syndrome, an samu a cikin ƙarin jihohi uku. Yawancin lokuta suna cikin gabashin rabin ƙasashen biyu, amma a cikin Maris 2016, an tabbatar da shi a cikin ɗan ƙaramin launin ruwan kasa a jihar Washington. [2] A cikin 2019, an gano shaidar naman gwari a California a karon farko, kodayake ba a sami jemagu da abin ya shafa ba. [3]

Cutar ta haifar da naman gwari Pseudogymnoascus destructans, wanda ke mamaye fata na jemage. Ba a san takamaiman magani ko hanyoyin hana watsawa ba, [4] [5] kuma wasu nau'ikan sun ragu da fiye da 90% a cikin shekaru biyar da cutar ta isa wani wuri. [6]

Ma'aikatar Kifi da namun daji ta Amurka (USFWS) ta yi kira da a dakatar da ayyukan kogo a wuraren da abin ya shafa [7] kuma ya ba da shawarar sosai don lalata tufafi ko kayan aiki a irin waɗannan wuraren bayan kowane amfani. Societoungiyar Ma'aikatan Kasa ta ƙasa tana yin sahihan shafi na gaba don ci gaba da kulla da abubuwan da suka faru na yanzu da ba da shawara. [8]

Tasiri

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Ƙananan jemage mai launin ruwan kasa ( Myotis lucifugus ) wanda ke fama da ciwon farin hanci

Ya zuwa 2012 an kiyasta ciwon fararen hanci ya haifar da mutuwar jemagu miliyan 5.7 zuwa miliyan 6.7 a Arewacin Amurka. A shekara ta 2008 jemagu sun ragu a wasu koguna da fiye da kashi 90%. Alan Hicks tare da Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Jihar New York sun bayyana tasirin a cikin 2008 a matsayin "wanda ba a taɓa gani ba" da kuma "mafi munin barazana ga jemagu... da aka taɓa gani". A cikin 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa an kashe yawan jemagu a cikin koguna da ma'adanai na Georgia a cikin irin wannan salon, bayan an fara gano fungus a can a cikin 2013. [9]

Ya zuwa 2021, nau'ikan jemagu goma sha biyu na Arewacin Amurka, ciki har da nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari guda biyu da nau'in da ke fuskantar barazana sun shafar WNS ko kuma sun fallasa ga fungus mai haifar da cutar, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, tare da tasirin da ya bambanta sosai.[10] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012 nau'o'i hudu sun sha wahala sosai kuma an yi hasashen halaka akalla nau'in daya.[11] Raguwar ta haɗa da nau'o'in da aka riga aka jera a matsayin masu haɗari a Amurka, kamar su jemagu na Indiana, wanda hibernacula, a jihohi da yawa, ya shafi. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin launin ruwan kasa da aka saba da su sun sha wahala sosai a arewa maso gabashin Amurka, kodayake wasu mutane na iya zama masu jurewa ga cutar. [12][13] A cikin 2012 an bayar da rahoton cewa an cire myotis mai tsawo na arewa (Myotis septentrionalis) daga duk wuraren da cutar ta kasance sama da shekaru hudu.[11] A shekara ta 2009, kwayar cutar Virginia (Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus), kwayar cutar jihar Virginia, kuma kwayar cutar ba ta sha wahala ba.

Bayan tasirin kai tsaye akan yawan jemagu, WNS yana da fa'idan tasirin muhalli. Ma'aikatar gandun daji ta kiyasta a cikin 2008 cewa mutuwa daga ciwon farin hanci yana nufin cewa akalla fam miliyan 2.4 (1.1 miliyan kg ko 1100 ton) na kwari ba za su ci ba kuma su zama nauyin kudi ga manoma, mai yiwuwa ya haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona ko samun wani tasiri na tattalin arziki a New England . An kiyasta cewa jemagu suna ceton manoma a cikin dala biliyan 3 a kowace shekara a ayyukan rigakafin kwari. Bugu da kari, nau'ikan jemagu da yawa suna ba da sabis na aikin pollination mai mahimmanci da watsa iri. [2]

A cikin 2008, an taso da kwatancen zuwa rikice-rikice na mulkin mallaka, wani abin da ba a fahimta sosai ba wanda ya haifar da bacewar kudan zuma na yamma, kuma tare da chytridiomycosis, cututtukan fata na fungal da ke da alaƙa da raguwa a duniya a cikin al'ummomin amphibian . [14] [15]

An tabbatar da nau'in jemagu na Arewacin Amurka da aka gano tare da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na ciwon farin hanci: [16]
Hoto Sunan kimiyya Sunan gama gari Rage Matsayin Tsayawa [17]
Eptesicus fuscus Babba mai launin ruwan kasa Mafi Karancin Damuwa
Myotis evitis Dogon kunne myotis Mafi Karancin Damuwa
Myotis grisescens Grey bat Mai rauni
Myotis leibii Jemage ƙananan ƙafafu na gabas Yana cikin haɗari
Myotis lucifugus Jamage mai launin ruwan kasa Yana cikin haɗari
Myotis septentrionalis Arewa myotis Kusa da barazana
Myotis sodalis Indiana bat Kusa da barazana
Myotis thysanodes Myotis mai rauni Mafi Karancin Damuwa
Myotis velifer Kogon myotis Mafi Karancin Damuwa
Myotis yana faruwa Dogon kafa myotis Mafi Karancin Damuwa
Myotis yumanensis Yuma bat Mafi Karancin Damuwa
Perimyotis subflavus Jemage mai launi Mai rauni

Bincike

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Rahoton VOA na 2009 game da cutar

Masana ilimin halittu na Hukumar Kifi da namun daji na Amurka sun yi ta tattara bayanai a kowane rukunin yanar gizo dangane da adadin jemagu da abin ya shafa, da girman bullar cutar da samfurin jemagu da abin ya shafa. Sun ƙirƙira bayanan yanki don bin diddigin wuraren shafukan, inda aka sami WNS. Ma'aikatar Kifi da namun daji tana haɗin gwiwa tare da North East Cave Conservancy don bin diddigin motsi na kogon da suka ziyarci wuraren da abin ya shafa a New York. [18]

A cikin 2009, Sabis ɗin ya ba da shawarar rufe kogo ga masu bincike a cikin jihohi 20, daga Midwest zuwa New England. Ya kamata a tsawaita wannan umarni zuwa jihohin kudu 13. Wani masanin kimiya na Virginia ya ce, "Idan ta kara shiga cikin kogo zuwa kudu, a wurare kamar Tennessee, Kentucky, Jojiya da Alabama, za mu yi maganar mutuwar miliyoyin." A cikin Maris 2012, an gano WNS akan wasu jemagu masu launi uku ( Perimyotis subflavus ) a cikin Russell Cave a gundumar Jackson, Alabama . [19]

Dalili

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Pseudogymnoascus yana lalata

Naman gwari Pseudogymnoascus destructans shine ainihin dalilin WNS. [20] Zai fi dacewa girma a cikin 4-15 °C (39-59 °F) kuma ba zai yi girma a yanayin zafi sama da 20 ba °C (68 °F). [21] Soyayya ce mai sanyi ko kuma ruhi . Yana da alaƙa da phylogenetic da Geomyces spp ., amma tare da tsarin halittar halittar conidial wanda ya bambanta da mambobi na wannan jinsin. [14] Binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje na farko ya sanya naman gwari a cikin jinsin Geomyces, [14] [22] amma daga baya kimantawar phylogenic ya nuna cewa ya kamata a sake canza wannan kwayoyin a cikin Pseudogymnoascus . [23]

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa kashi 100 cikin 100 na lafiyayyen jemagu na Arewacin Amurka da suka kamu da naman gwari da aka yi daga jemagu masu kamuwa da cutar suna nuna raunukan da suka dace da cutar. [22] Ƙwararrun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai da al'adu sun nuna cewa fata na jemagu da suka shafi WNS yana mamaye da naman gwari. [14]

An samo nau'in jinsin akan jemagu a Turai da Asiya, [24] [25] [26] duk da haka, ba za a iya sanya mace-mace da ba a saba ba ga cututtuka. [27] [28] Nazarin kwayoyin halitta sun nuna cewa naman gwari dole ne ya kasance a Turai na dogon lokaci kuma ana iya jigilar shi zuwa Arewacin Amirka a matsayin wani sabon labari. [29] [30]

Kamuwa da cuta

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Wani masanin kimiyya ya goge bakin jemage mai launi uku a Tennessee, don ba da gudummawa ga binciken da Virginia Tech ta yi game da nau'in nau'in da ciwon farin hanci.

Wani gwajin da aka yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje ya nuna cewa ana bukatar tuntuɓar jiki don jemage ɗaya ya kamu da wani, saboda jemagu a cikin kejin ragar da ke kusa da jemagu masu kamuwa da cuta ba su kamu da naman gwari ba. Wannan yana nuna cewa naman gwari ba ya iska, ko aƙalla, ba a yaɗuwa daga jemage zuwa jemagu ta iska. [22] Hanya ta farko da wannan naman gwari ke yaɗuwa ita ce ta hanyar tuntuɓar jemage-da-jemage ko kamuwa da kogo-zuwa jemage. Ana tafka muhawara kan rawar da mutane ke takawa wajen yaduwar cutar. Wataƙila ayyukan ɗan adam ne ya kawo naman gwari zuwa Arewacin Amurka, saboda babu wani jemagu da ke ƙaura tsakanin Turai da Arewacin Amurka, kuma an fara gano naman gwari a New York inda akwai manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tekun Atlantika. An rubuta jujjuyawar jemagu ta jirgin ruwa da jirgin sama. [31] Bincike ya nuna cewa naman gwari na iya dagewa a kan tufafin mutum kuma ta haka za a iya ɗauka tsakanin wurare da mutane, amma har zuwa 2016 ba a nuna cewa wannan ya taka rawa wajen yaduwar cutar ba. [32] [33]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Blehert DS, Hicks AC, Behr M, Meteyer CU, Berlowski-Zier BM, Buckles EL, Coleman JT, Darling SR, Gargas A, Niver R, Okoniewski JC, Rudd RJ, Stone WB (January 2009). "Bat white-nose syndrome: an emerging fungal pathogen?" (PDF). Science. 323 (5911): 227. doi:10.1126/science.1163874. PMID 18974316. S2CID 23869393.
  2. 1 2 "White Nose Syndrome of Bats Fact Sheet | Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife". wdfw.wa.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
  3. ↑ DanaMichaels2013 (2019-07-05). "Deadly Bat Fungus Detected in California". CDFW News (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-07-22. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
  4. ↑ Coghlan A (26 October 2011). "Bat killer identified". New Scientist.
  5. ↑ Ferrante J. "Bucknell University professor, national research team identify cause of White-Nose Syndrome in bats". Archived from the original on 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  6. ↑ Langwig KE, Frick WF, Bried JT, Hicks AC, Kunz TH, Kilpatrick AM (September 2012). "Sociality, density-dependence and microclimates determine the persistence of populations suffering from a novel fungal disease, white-nose syndrome". Ecology Letters. 15 (9): 1050–7. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01829.x. PMID 22747672. S2CID 12803482.
  7. ↑ "Cave activity discouraged to help protect bats from deadly white-nose syndrome" (PDF) (Advisory). US Fish and Wildlife Service. March 26, 2009.
  8. ↑ "White Nose Syndrome Page". National Speleological Society. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  9. ↑ "Fungal disease sapping bats all over Georgia". Savannah Now. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  10. ↑ "Bats affected by WNS". White-Nose Syndrome. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  11. 1 2 Langwig KE, Frick WF, Bried JT, Hicks AC, Kunz TH, Kilpatrick AM (September 2012). "Sociality, density-dependence and microclimates determine the persistence of populations suffering from a novel fungal disease, white-nose syndrome". Ecology Letters. 15 (9): 1050–7. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01829.x. PMID 22747672. S2CID 12803482.
  12. ↑ Frick WF, Pollock JF, Hicks AC, Langwig KE, Reynolds DS, Turner GG, Butchkoski CM, Kunz TH (August 2010). "An emerging disease causes regional population collapse of a common North American bat species". Science. 329 (5992): 679–82. Bibcode:2010Sci...329..679F. doi:10.1126/science.1188594. PMID 20689016. S2CID 43601856.
  13. ↑ Auteri GG, Knowles LL (February 2020). "Decimated little brown bats show potential for adaptive change". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 3023. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.3023A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59797-4. PMC 7033193. PMID 32080246.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Blehert DS, Hicks AC, Behr M, Meteyer CU, Berlowski-Zier BM, Buckles EL, Coleman JT, Darling SR, Gargas A, Niver R, Okoniewski JC, Rudd RJ, Stone WB (January 2009). "Bat white-nose syndrome: an emerging fungal pathogen?". Science. 323 (5911): 227. doi:10.1126/science.1163874. PMID 18974316. S2CID 23869393.
  15. ↑ "Newly Identified Fungus Implicated In White-nose Syndrome". Science Daily. 2008-10-31. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  16. ↑ "Bats Affected by WNS". White-nose Syndrome Response Team. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  17. ↑ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". Iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named US
  19. ↑ Tennessee Valley Authority (22 April 2013). "WNS in Alabama Updates | Alabama Bat Working Group". Alabamabatwg.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
  20. ↑ Warnecke L, Turner JM, Bollinger TK, Lorch JM, Misra V, Cryan PM, Wibbelt G, Blehert DS, et al. (May 2012). "Inoculation of bats with European Geomyces destructans supports the novel pathogen hypothesis for the origin of white-nose syndrome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (18): 6999–7003. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.6999W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1200374109. PMC 3344949. PMID 22493237.
  21. ↑ Verant ML, Boyles JG, Waldrep W, Wibbelt G, Blehert DS (2012). "Temperature-dependent growth of Geomyces destructans, the fungus that causes bat white-nose syndrome". PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e46280. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...746280V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046280. PMC 3460873. PMID 23029462.
  22. 1 2 3 Lorch JM, Meteyer CU, Behr MJ, Boyles JG, Cryan PM, Hicks AC, Ballmann AE, Coleman JT, Redell DN, Reeder DM, Blehert DS (October 2011). "Experimental infection of bats with Geomyces destructans causes white-nose syndrome". Nature. 480 (7377): 376–8. Bibcode:2011Natur.480..376L. doi:10.1038/nature10590. PMID 22031324. S2CID 4381156.
  23. ↑ Minnis AM, Lindner DL (September 2013). "Phylogenetic evaluation of Geomyces and allies reveals no close relatives of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, comb. nov., in bat hibernacula of eastern North America". Fungal Biology. 117 (9): 638–49. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.07.001. PMID 24012303.
  24. ↑ Puechmaille SJ, Verdeyroux P, Fuller H, Gouilh MA, Bekaert M, Teeling EC (February 2010). "White-nose syndrome fungus (Geomyces destructans) in bat, France" (PDF). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 290–3. doi:10.3201/eid1602.091391. PMC 2958029. PMID 20113562.
  25. ↑ Young S (2011-10-26). ""Culprit behind bat scourge confirmed" Nature". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.613. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
  26. ↑ Zukal J, Bandouchova H, Brichta J, Cmokova A, Jaron KS, Kolarik M, Kovacova V, Kubátová A, Nováková A, Orlov O, Pikula J, Presetnik P, Šuba J, Zahradníková A, Martínková N (January 2016). "White-nose syndrome without borders: Pseudogymnoascus destructans infection tolerated in Europe and Palearctic Asia but not in North America". Scientific Reports. 6: 19829. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619829Z. doi:10.1038/srep19829. PMC 4731777. PMID 26821755.
  27. ↑ Fritze M, Puechmaille SJ (2018). "Identifying unusual mortality events in bats: a baseline for bat hibernation monitoring and white-nose syndrome research". Mammal Review (in Turanci). 48 (3): 224–228. doi:10.1111/mam.12122. ISSN 1365-2907. S2CID 90460365.
  28. ↑ Wibbelt G, Puechmaille SJ, Ohlendorf B, Mühldorfer K, Bosch T, Görföl T, Passior K, Kurth A, Lacremans D, Forget F (2013-09-04). "Skin lesions in European hibernating bats associated with Geomyces destructans, the etiologic agent of white-nose syndrome". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e74105. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...874105W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074105. PMC 3762782. PMID 24023927.
  29. ↑ Drees KP, Lorch JM, Puechmaille SJ, Parise KL, Wibbelt G, Hoyt JR, Sun K, Jargalsaikhan A, Dalannast M, Palmer JM, Lindner DL, Marm Kilpatrick A, Pearson T, Keim PS, Blehert DS, Foster JT (December 2017). "Phylogenetics of a Fungal Invasion: Origins and Widespread Dispersal of White-Nose Syndrome". mBio. 8 (6): e01941–17. doi:10.1128/mBio.01941-17. PMC 5727414. PMID 29233897.
  30. ↑ Leopardi S, Blake D, Puechmaille SJ (March 2015). "White-Nose Syndrome fungus introduced from Europe to North America". Current Biology. 25 (6): R217–R219. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.047. PMID 25784035.
  31. ↑ Constantine DG (January 2003). "Geographic translocation of bats: known and potential problems". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 9 (1): 17–21. doi:10.3201/EID0901.020104. PMC 2873759. PMID 12533276.
  32. ↑ "Bureau Land Management: "How is White-Nose Syndrome Spread?"". Archived from the original on 2016-03-01. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  33. ↑ "White-Nose Syndrome". www.blm.gov. 2014-11-28. Archived from the original on 2016-03-01. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
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