Cututtukan cututtuka (ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya)
 Cututtukan cututtuka (ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya) | |
|---|---|
medical specialty (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Is the study of (en) |
infectious disease (en) |
| Gudanarwan |
infectious disease physician (en) |
ID="mwCg">cututtukan cututtuka (ID), wanda aka fi sani da cututtukan cuta, ƙwarewar likita ce da ke hulɗa da ganewar asali da kuma maganin cututtukani. Ayyukan kwararren kwararren cututtukan cututtuka sun ƙunshi sarrafa cututtuken nosocomial (lafiya da aka samu) ko cututtukon da aka samu a cikin al'umma.[1] Wani kwararren ID yana bincike kuma yana tantance dalilin cutar (bacteria, kwayar cuta, kwayar cutar, fungus ko prions). Da zarar an san dalilin, ƙwararren ID na iya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban don tantance mafi kyawun magani don magance cutar.[2] Duk da yake cututtukan cututtuka sun kasance a kusa, ƙwarewar cututtukatattun cututtukayyaki ba ta wanzu ba har zuwa ƙarshen 1900s bayan masana kimiyya da likitoci a karni na 19 sun shirya hanya tare da bincike kan tushen cututtukani masu yaduwa da ci gaban allurar rigakafi.[3][4][5]
Yankin da ake ciki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masana cututtukan cututtukani yawanci suna aiki a matsayin masu ba da shawara ga wasu likitoci a lokuta na kamuwa da cuta mai rikitarwa, kuma galibi suna sarrafa marasa lafiya tare da HIV / AIDS da sauran nau'ikan rigakafi.[6][7] Kodayake likitoci ne ke kula da cututtukan da suka saba da su ba tare da ƙwarewa ba a cikin cututtukani masu yaduwa, ana iya tuntuɓar ƙwararru don lokuta inda kamuwa da cuta ke da wuyar ganewa ko sarrafawa. Hakanan ana iya tambayar su don taimakawa wajen tantance dalilin zazzabi na asalin da ba a sani ba. [6] [8]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cututtukan cututtuka suna da alaƙa da tarihi tare da tsabta da cututtukan annoba saboda barkewar lokaci-lokaci da ke lalata ƙasashe, musamman a cikin birane kafin zuwan tsabtatawa, amma kuma tare da maganin tafiye-tafiye da maganin wurare masu zafi, kamar yadda yawancin cututtukani da aka samu a yankuna masu zafi da na subtropical suna kamuwa da yanayi.[9]
Sabbin abubuwa na Yammacin Turai don magance cututtukan cututtuka sun samo asali ne a Tsohon Girka, kuma kafin a fahimci cutar cututtuka, likitan Girka mai suna Hippocrates ya kafa Hippocratic Corpus. An haɗa shi a cikin wannan tarin takardu 70 rubutu ne wanda ke dauke da cututtukan cututtukani masu yaduwa. Wannan rubutun, wanda ake kira Epidemiai volumes, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da tsarin yammacin cutar cututtuka. Wani likita a lokacin daular Romawa, Galen na Pergamon, ya kuma yi tasiri sosai a kan fahimtar yammacin cutar cututtukan cututtuka tare da litattafansa da yawa.[4] Wadannan litattafan sun ba da haske game da annoba ta Antonine wanda yanzu muka gane shi a matsayin kyanda bisa ga bayanin da ke cikin litattafai na Galen.[10]
Tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 18, ƙwararrun likitoci suna ilimantar da mutane da yawa, suna koyo daga binciken su, da kuma samun damar samun bayanai daga wasu ƙwararrun a fagen saboda amfani da masu bugawa kamar Gutenberg da kuma samar da littattafan likita. Wadannan littattafai, yanzu a hannun mutane da yawa, sun haɗa da lura da cututtukan cututtuka. Kamar syphilis, zazzabin cizon sauro, da kyanda. A ƙarshen karni na 18 mun fara ganin allurar rigakafi kuma an kafa allurar rigakawa ta farko don kyanda. Kodayake akwai rubuce-rubuce na cututtukan cututtukani da suka bazu a kan takardun kiwon lafiya, haɗin fahimtar cututtukatattun cututtukans a matsayin yanki na magani bai wanzu ba a wannan lokacin.
A cikin karni na 19, maganin zamani ya fara bunkasa kuma tushen cututtukan cututtukani sun zama a bayyane. Robert Koch, likitan Jamus wanda ya yi nazarin cututtukan cututtuka, ya gano manyan cututtukani guda uku waɗanda suka haifar da Anthrax, Tuberculosis, da Cholera.[4] Louis Pasteur ya kasance na farko a cikin kirkirar allurar rigakafi don cututtukan cututtuka, daya shine allurar rigakawa ga Anthrax. Ya kuma haɓaka ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta na cututtukan cututtuka wanda ya rinjayi Joseph Lister don yin amfani da hanyoyin tiyata yayin aikin tiyata wanda ke rage ci gaban cututtukani da ke haifar da cututtukana.[5] Kodayake cututtukan cututtuka sun fara zama ra'ayi na hadin gwiwa a cikin karni na 19 ba a dauke shi a matsayin ƙwarewar likita ba har zuwa shekarun 1970 saboda yawancin sababbin cututtuka da allurar rigakafi.[3]
Bincike
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin ganowa, ƙwararren likita dole ne ya fara tantance ko mai haƙuri yana da cutar kamuwa da cuta ko wani yanayi wanda ba ya haifar da kamuwa da cutar amma yana nuna irin waɗannan alamun. Da zarar an tabbatar da cewa cutar ta samo asali ne daga kamuwa da cuta, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun cututtukan cututtuka suna amfani da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na bincike don taimakawa wajen gano kwayar cutar da ke haifar da kamuwa da cutar. Gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun sun haɗa da staining, gwaje-gwajen al'adu, gwaje'o'in serological, gwajewar kamuwa da cuta, kwayar halitta, gwajin nucleic acid-base, da kuma tasirin sarkar polymerase. Ganin yadda ake amfani da samfurori na ruwa ko nama a cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, ƙwararre zai bambanta tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta da ba sa haifar da cuta da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ke zaune a jiki don ganowa da kuma magance kamuwa da cuta.[2]
Staining wata hanya ce ta gwaji wacce ke amfani da dye na musamman don canza launi na pathogens da microscope don duba su. Canjin launi yana taimaka wa likitoci su rarrabe kwayar cutar daga kewayenta kuma su gano abin da take. Wannan hanyar tana cin nasara ne kawai tare da manyan cututtukan da ke akwai. Sabili da haka, wannan hanyar ba ta yi nasara tare da ƙwayoyin cuta saboda ba za a iya kallon su a ƙarƙashin microscope ba saboda ƙaramin girman su. Staining yana da tasiri sosai a kan ƙwayoyin cuta inda ake amfani da launi mai launi, wannan ana kiransa gram staining. Idan kwayar cuta ta bayyana shuɗi ana ɗaukar ta da gram mai kyau kuma idan ta bayyana ja ba ta da gram.[2]
Ana yin Gwaje-gwaje na al'adu lokacin da babu isasshen kwayar cutar da za a gani ta hanyar wasu gwaje-gaje. Masana ID za su shuka kwayar cutar a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje har sai sun sami isasshen aiki tare. Kodayake al'adu suna aiki a kan wasu cututtuka, kamar kwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da makogwaro, ba su da tasiri a kan wasu da yawa, kamar syphilis. Gwajin don gano kwayar cutar, kamar shafawa, zai faru bayan gwaje-gwajen al'adu.
Ana yin Gwaje-gwaje na kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar ƙwararrun ID don gano wane maganin rigakafi zai fi tasiri wajen kashe kwayar cutar. Hakanan ana iya amfani da al'adu a matsayin nau'in gwajin kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar ƙara maganin ga cututtukan al'adu da kuma lura da ko yana kashe kwayar cutar ko a'a da kuma yawan maganin da ake buƙata don kashe shi.
Ana amfani da gwaje-gwaje na tushen acid na nukiliya don gano kayan kwayar halitta. Ga cututtukan da ba za a iya al'ada ba, ƙwararrun ID na iya gano su ta hanyar neman takamaiman DNA ko RNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , wani nau'in gwajin nucleic acid-base, yayi kama da gwaje-gwajen al'adu a cikin wannan kwayar halitta daga pathogen an ninka su. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar galibi lokacin da ake zargin takamaiman kwayar cuta.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Mehta Y, Gupta A, Todi S, Myatra S, Samaddar DP, Patil V, et al. (March 2014). "Guidelines for prevention of hospital acquired infections". Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 18 (3): 149–163. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.128705. PMC 3963198. PMID 24701065.
- 1 2 3 "Diagnosis of Infectious Disease – Infections". Merck Manuals Consumer Version (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- 1 2 "A Day in the Life of an Infectious Disease Specialist". ebsco.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- 1 2 3 Sakai T, Morimoto Y (October 2022). "The History of Infectious Diseases and Medicine". Pathogens. 11 (10): 1147. doi:10.3390/pathogens11101147. PMC 9609744 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 36297204 Check|pmid=value (help). - 1 2 Cavaillon JM, Legout S (April 2022). "Louis Pasteur: Between Myth and Reality". Biomolecules. 12 (4): 596. doi:10.3390/biom12040596. PMC 9027159 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 35454184 Check|pmid=value (help). - 1 2 "IDSA : What is an ID Specialist". idsociety.org. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ↑ "Infectious Diseases Specialty Description". American Medical Association. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020.
- ↑ "ABMS Guide to Medical Specialties" (PDF). American Board of Medical Specialties. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
- ↑ Joint Royal Colleges Postgraduate Training Board. "Infectious Diseases". Archived from the original on 2014-11-05. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
- ↑ "Antonine Plague". World History Encyclopedia (in Turanci). Retrieved 21 March 2023.