Cyrus Cylinder

 

Cyrus Cylinder
archaeological artefact (en) , archaeological find (en) da inscription (en)
Bayanai
Farawa	539
Al'ada	Achaemenid Empire
Ƙasa	Birtaniya
Mawallafi	Cyrus the Great
Ranar wallafa	530 "BCE"
Harshen aiki ko suna	Akkadian (en)
Kayan haɗi	clay (en)
Collection (en)	Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya
Inventory number (en)	90920
Mai ganowa ko mai ƙirƙira	Hormuzd Rassam (en)
Time of discovery or invention (en)	ga Maris, 1879
Location of discovery (en)	Babylon (en)
Copyright status (en)	public domain (en) da public domain (en)
Wuri
51°31′10″N 0°07′37″W
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Birtaniya
Constituent country of the United Kingdom (en)	Ingila
Region of England (en)	London (mul)
Ceremonial county of England (en)	Greater London (en)
Metropolis (en)	Landan

Cyrus Cylinder tsohuwar silinda ce ta yumbu, wanda yanzu ya karye zuwa gunduwa-gunduwa, a kanta aka rubuta rubutun sarauta na Achaemenid a cikin rubutun cuneiform na Akkadian da sunan Sarkin Farisa Cyrus Babba . An samo shi daga karni na 6 BC kuma an gano shi a cikin rugujewar tsohuwar birnin Mesopotamiya na Babila (yanzu a Iraki ta zamani) a cikin 1879. A halin yanzu yana hannun gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya . An ƙirƙira shi kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman ajiyar tushe bayan cin nasara da Farisa suka yi wa Babila a cikin 539 BC, lokacin da Cyrus ya mamaye Daular Neo-Babila kuma aka haɗa shi cikin daularsa ta Farisa .

Rubutun da ke kan Silinda ya yabi Cyrus, ya bayyana tarihinsa kuma ya kwatanta shi a matsayin sarki daga zuriyar sarakuna. Sarkin Babila Nabonidus, wanda Cyrus ya ci nasara kuma ya kore shi, an la’anta shi a matsayin mai zaluntar mutanen Babila kuma asalinsa ƙanƙanta ya bambanta da na sarauta na Cyrus. An kwatanta Cyrus mai nasara a matsayin wanda allahn Babila Marduk ya zaɓi ya mai da salama da tsari ga Babila. Nassin ya ce mutanen Babila sun karɓi Cyrus a matsayin sabon sarkinsu kuma ya shiga birnin cikin salama. Yana roƙon Marduk don karewa da taimaka wa Cyrus da ɗansa Cambyses . Ya ɗaukaka Cyrus a matsayin mai ba da taimako ga ’yan ƙasar Babila waɗanda suka kyautata rayuwarsu, suka mai da mutanen da suka rasa matsugunansu da kuma maido da haikali da wuraren ibada a Mesofotamiya da sauran wurare a yankin. Ya ƙare da kwatancin yadda Sairus ya gyara garun birnin Babila kuma ya sami irin wannan rubutu da wani sarki na farko ya rubuta a wurin.

A al’adance malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki suna ganin rubutun Silinda a matsayin shaida na tabbatar da manufofin Cyrus na mayar da mutanen Yahudawa bayan zaman bautar Babila (wani aiki da Littafin Ezra ya danganta ga Cyrus ), kamar yadda nassin ke nuni ga maido da wuraren ibada da kuma mayar da mutanen da aka kora. An yi gardama kan wannan fassarar, domin nassin ya bayyana wurare masu tsarki na Mesopotamiya kawai, kuma bai ambaci Yahudawa, Urushalima, ko Yahudiya ba. Duk da haka, ana ganin shi a matsayin alamar dabarar Cyrus ta ɗan haske game da bambancin al'adu da addini. Neil MacGregor, tsohon darektan gidan tarihi na Biritaniya, ya ce silinda ita ce "yunƙurin farko da muka sani game da gudanar da al'umma, jihar da ke da ƙasashe da addinai daban-daban. – sabon nau'in aikin gwamnati."

A wannan zamani daular Pahlavi mai mulki ta dauki Silindar a matsayin wata alama ta kasa ta Iran, wadda ta baje kolin a Tehran a shekarar 1971 don tunawa da bikin shekaru 2,500 na daular Farisa . Gimbiya Ashraf Pahlavi ta gabatar da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya U Thant da kwafin Silinda. Gimbiya ta tabbatar da cewa "gadon Cyrus shine gadon fahimtar ɗan adam, haƙuri, ƙarfin hali, tausayi da kuma, fiye da duka, 'yancin ɗan adam". Ɗan'uwanta, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, ya inganta Silinda a matsayin "yarjejeniya ta farko ta haƙƙin ɗan adam", kodayake masana tarihi daban-daban sun bayyana wannan fassarar da "maimakon rashin daidaituwa " kuma mai rikitarwa.

Ganowa

Hormuzd Rassam a Mosul kusan 1854. An gano Cyrus Cylinder a lokacin tonowar Rassam a Babila a cikin Fabrairu-Maris 1879.

Assyro - Masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Biritaniya Hormuzd Rassam ya gano Cyrus Cylinder a cikin Maris 1879 a lokacin wani dogon shiri na tono abubuwa a Mesopotamiya da aka gudanar don Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya. An sanya shi a matsayin ajiyar tushe a cikin harsashin ginin Ésagila, babban haikalin birnin. Tafiyar Rassam ta biyo bayan wani tono da aka yi a baya a cikin 1850 ta wani masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Biritaniya Austen Henry Layard, wanda ya tona tudu uku a wuri guda amma bai sami mahimmanci ba. A cikin 1877, Layard ya zama jakadan Biritaniya a Daular Ottoman, wacce ke mulkin Mesofotamiya a lokacin. Ya taimaki Rassam, wanda ya kasance mataimakinsa a cikin 1850, don samun wani firman (hukunci) daga Sultan Ottoman Abdul Hamid II don ci gaba da tonowar farko. Kamfanin yana aiki ne kawai na shekara guda amma na biyu firman, tare da ƙarin sharuɗɗa masu sassaucin ra'ayi, an ba da shi a cikin 1878. An ba da shi tsawon shekaru biyu (har zuwa 15 Oktoba 1880) tare da alkawarin tsawaita zuwa 1882 idan an buƙata. Dokar Sultan ta ba wa Rassam izini don "shirya da aika zuwa Ingila duk wani kayan tarihi [ya] samu ... in dai, duk da haka, babu kwafi". An umurci wakilin Sarkin Musulmi da ya kasance a wurin tonon domin duba abubuwan da aka gano.

Tare da samun izini, Rassam ya ƙaddamar da wani babban tono a Babila da sauran wurare a madadin Wakilan Dokokin Tarihi na Biritaniya. Ya gudanar da tonon sililin a matakai guda hudu. A tsakanin kowane lokaci, ya koma Ingila don dawo da abubuwan da ya samu tare da tara kudade don ƙarin aiki. An gano Cyrus Cylinder a karo na biyu na balaguronsa hudu zuwa Mesopotamiya, wanda ya fara da tashi daga Landan a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1878. Ya isa garinsu na Mosul a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Tigris zuwa Bagadaza, wanda ya kai ranar 30 ga Janairu 1879. A cikin Fabrairu da Maris, ya kula da wuraren da Babila suka yi wa Babila da kanta.

Taswirar wurin Babila a cikin 1829. Masu haƙa na Hormuzd Rassam sun sami Cylinder Cylinder a cikin tudun Tell Amran-ibn-Ali (wanda aka yiwa alama da "E" a tsakiyar taswirar) wanda ke ƙarƙashin haikalin Esagila da ya lalace.

Ba da daɗewa ba ya gano wasu muhimman gine da suka haɗa da haikalin Ésagila, babban wurin ibada ga babban allahn Babila Marduk, ko da yake ba a tabbatar da ainihin sa ba har sai da wani masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Jamus Robert Koldewey ya yi a shekarar 1900. Rassam ya ba da bayanai masu karo da juna na inda aka yi bincikensa. Ya rubuta a cikin tarihinsa, Asshur da ƙasar Nimrod, cewa an sami Silinder a wani tudun da ke kudancin Babila kusa da ƙauyen Jumjuma ko Jimjima. Duk da haka, a cikin wata wasika da aka aika a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1879 zuwa ga Samuel Birch, mai kula da kayan tarihi na gabas a gidan tarihi na Biritaniya, ya rubuta cewa, "An sami Silinda na Cyrus a Omran [Ka gaya wa Amran-ibn-Ali] tare da kusan guda ɗari shida na rubutun terracottas kafin in bar Baghdad." Ya bar Baghdad a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, ya koma Mosul kuma ya tashi daga can a ranar 2 ga Mayu don tafiya zuwa London wanda ya kasance har zuwa 19 ga Yuni.

An sanar da ganowa ga jama'a ta Sir Henry Rawlinson, Shugaban Royal Asiatic Society, a wani taro na Society a ranar 17 Nuwamba 1879. Ya bayyana shi a matsayin "daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa rubuce-rubucen tarihi a cikin cuneiform hali wanda har yanzu an kawo shi ga haske", ko da yake ya yi kuskure ya kwatanta shi daga tsohon birnin Borsippa maimakon Babila. Rawlinson's "Notes on a new-discovered Clay Cylinder of Cyrus the Great" an buga shi a cikin mujallar al'umma a shekara mai zuwa, gami da fassarar ɓangaren farko na rubutun.

Bayani

Silinda Cyrus Silinda Silinda ce mai siffar ganga na yumbu da aka gasa wanda ya kai 22.5 centimetres (8.9 in) ta 10 centimetres (3.9 in) a matsakaicin diamita. An ƙirƙira shi a matakai da yawa a kusa da tsakiyar yumbu mai siffar mazugi wanda a cikinsa akwai manyan abubuwan da aka haɗa da dutse mai launin toka. An gina shi da ƙarin yumbu don ya ba shi siffar silidi kafin a saka lallausan yumbu mai kyau a saman saman da ke waje, wanda aka rubuta rubutun. An tono shi a guntu-guntu da yawa, wanda a fili ya rabu a zamanin da. A yau yana cikin manyan gutsuttsura biyu, waɗanda aka fi sani da "A" da "B", waɗanda aka sake haɗuwa a cikin 1972.

Haƙƙin ɗan adam

Silinder ya sami sabon shahara a ƙarshen 1960s lokacin da Shah na Iran na ƙarshe ya kira ta "Shar'idar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta farko a duniya". Silinda wata mahimmiyar alama ce ta akidar siyasar Shah kuma har yanzu wasu masu sharhi suna kallonsa a matsayin kundin haƙƙin ɗan adam, amma ƙwararrun masana a daular Farisa sun yi jayayya da hakan.

Ra'ayin gwamnatin Iran Pahlavi

Cyrus Cylinder a tsakiyar alamar hukuma na bikin shekaru 2,500 na Daular Farisa a zamanin Pahlavi na Iran

Gwamnatin Iran kafin juyin juya halin Musulunci ta yi wa Cyrus Cylinder lakabin "Sanarwa ta farko na haƙƙin ɗan adam" karantawa wanda Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi ya inganta, a cikin wani littafi na 1967, The White Revolution of Iran . Shah ya bayyana Cyrus a matsayin babban jigo a akidar gwamnati kuma ya danganta gwamnatinsa da Achaemenids. Ya rubuta cewa "tarihin daularmu ta fara ne da sanannen shela na Cyrus, wanda, don ba da shawarar ka'idodin ɗan adam, adalci da 'yanci, dole ne a ɗauke shi ɗaya daga cikin muhimman takardu a tarihin ɗan adam." Shah ya bayyana Cyrus a matsayin shugaba na farko a tarihi da ya baiwa talakawansa "'yancin ra'ayi da sauran hakkoki na asali". A cikin 1968, Shah ya buɗe taron farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin ɗan adam a Tehran yana mai cewa Cyrus Cylinder shine mafarin sanarwar 'yancin ɗan adam ta duniya ta zamani.

A cikin jawabinsa na Nowruz (Sabuwar Shekara) na 1971, Shah ya bayyana cewa 1350 AP (1971-1972) za ta zama Babban Shekarar Cyrus, a lokacin da za a gudanar da gagarumin bikin tunawa da shekaru 2,500 na sarautar Farisa. Zai zama abin baje koli ga Iran ta zamani inda za a gane irin gudunmawar da Iran ta bayar ga wayewar duniya. Babban jigon bikin dai shi ne cibiyar daular da ke cikin tsarin siyasar kasar Iran, inda ta danganta Shah na Iran da shahararrun sarakunan Farisa da suka shude, musamman ma Sairus. Shah ya kalli lokacin Achaemenid a matsayin "wani lokaci daga abubuwan da suka gabata na kasa wanda zai iya zama abin koyi da taken al'ummar masarautar da yake fatan haifarwa".

Tarihin nuni

Cyrus Cylinder a Daki na 52 na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya a Landan

An nuna Cyrus Cylinder a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya tun lokacin da aka samo shi a 1880. An ba da bashi sau biyar. – sau biyu zuwa Iran, tsakanin 7-22 Oktoba 1971 a tare da 2,500 shekara bikin daular Farisa da kuma sake daga Satumba-Disamba 2010, sau daya zuwa Spain daga Maris-Yuni 2006, sau daya zuwa Amurka a wani balaguron balaguro daga Maris-Oktoba 2013, da kuma sake dawo da su a May-June. 2024. An yi kwafi da yawa. Shah ya raba wasu ne bayan bukukuwan tunawa da 1971, yayin da gidan tarihi na Biritaniya da gidan tarihi na Iran ya sayar da su a kasuwa.

A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2012, BBC ta sanar da yawon shakatawa na farko na Amurka na Cylinder. A karkashin taken "Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya ya ba da tsohuwar 'bill of rights' cylinder ga Amurka", darektan Gidan Tarihi Neil MacGregor ya bayyana cewa "The cylinder, sau da yawa ana kiransa lissafin farko na haƙƙin ɗan adam, 'ya kamata a raba shi ko'ina yadda ya kamata'". Gidan kayan gargajiya na Burtaniya da kansa ya sanar da labarin a cikin sanarwar manema labarai, yana cewa "'Sanarwar farko ta haƙƙin ɗan adam' don yawon shakatawa birane biyar a Amurka". Dangane da gidan yanar gizon Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya don baje kolin Cylinder na Amurka "CyrusCylinder2013.com", yawon shakatawa ya fara ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2013 kuma ya haɗa da Washington DC's Smithsonian's Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Gidan Tarihin Fine Arts a Houston, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Metropolitan a New York, Getty Museum a San Francisco kuma ya ƙare a Getty Museum.

Silinda, tare da wasu abubuwa talatin da biyu masu alaƙa daga tarin kayan tarihi na Biritaniya, gami da nau'i-nau'i na zinariya daga Oxus Treasure da Darius Seal, wani ɓangare ne na nunin baje kolin mai taken 'The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia - Sabon Farko' a gidan kayan tarihi na Yariman Wales a Mumbai, Indiya, daga ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2013, an shirya shi a ranar 2013 ga Fabrairu da gidan tarihi na Biritaniya. Gidan kayan tarihi na Wales tare da haɗin gwiwar Sir Dorabji Tata Trust, Sir Ratan Tata Trust da Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust, duk waɗanda aka kafa ta masu haske daga al'ummar Parsi, waɗanda zuriyar Zoroastrians na Farisa ne, waɗanda ke riƙe da Cyrus da girma, kamar yadda masana da yawa suka ɗauka a matsayin mai bin Zoroastrianism . An nuna silinda ta watan Yuni 2024 a gidan kayan tarihi na Yale Peabody a New Haven CT don murnar sake buɗe su

Hoton 'Yanci

Hotunan 'Yanci ko 'Yanci: Mafarki Mai Raɗaɗi ( Persian ) wani zane-zane ne na bakin karfe na jama'a na 2017 na zane-zane da kuma gine-gine Cecil Balmond, wanda yake a cikin Century City, California, kuma an tsara shi akan Cyrus Cylinder.