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Cytomegalovirus

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Cytomegalovirus
Scientific classification
KingdomHeunggongvirae (mul) Heunggongvirae
PhylumPeploviricota (mul) Peploviricota
ClassHerviviricetes (mul) Herviviricetes
OrderHerpesvirales (mul) Herpesvirales
DangiHerpesviridae (mul) Herpesviridae
SubfamilyBetaherpesvirinae (mul) Betaherpesvirinae
genus (en) Fassara Cytomegalovirus
,
General information
Rashin lafiya Herpesviridae infectious disease (en) Fassara

Cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) (daga cyto- 'cell' ta hanyar Girkanci κύτος kútos - 'kwantena' + μέγας mégas 'babban, megalo-' + - kwayar cutar ta Latin vīrus 'guba') nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta ne a cikin tsari na Herpesvirales, a cikin dangin Orthoherpesviridae, [1] a cikin ƙaramin iyali na Betaherpesvirinae . Mutane da sauran birai suna aiki a matsayin masu masaukin baki na halitta. Nau'ikan 11 a cikin wannan nau'in sun haɗa da cutar cytomegalovirus ta ɗan adam (HCMV, HHV-5), wanda shine nau'in da ke kamuwa da mutane. Cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da HHV-5 sun haɗa da mononucleosis da ciwon huhu, [2] [3] da kuma CMV na haihuwa a cikin jarirai na iya haifar da nau'ikan lahani na haihuwa, gami da waɗanda suka shafi idanu, kunnuwa, hanta, da saifa. [4]

A cikin wallafe-wallafen likitanci, yawancin ambaton CMV ba tare da ƙarin bayani ba yana nufin CMV na ɗan adam. CMV na ɗan adam shine mafi yawan bincike a cikin dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta na cytomegalovirus.

An gano furotin na MX2/MXB a matsayin abin da ke hana ƙwayoyin cuta na herpes, wanda ke aiki a farkon matakin zagayowar kwafi kuma ƙuntatawa ta MX2/MXB na herpesvirus yana buƙatar aikin GTPase.[5]

Tsarin Haraji

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A cikin dangin Orthoherpesviridae, CMV na cikin dangin Betaherpesvirinae, wanda ya haɗa da kwayar halittar Muromegalovirus da Roseolovirus ( cutar herpesvirus ta ɗan adam 6 da cutar herpesvirus ta ɗan adam 7). Hakanan yana da alaƙa da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na herpes a cikin dangin Alphaherpesvirinae, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta na herpes simplex 1 da 2 da ƙwayar cuta ta varicella-zoster, da kuma dangin Gammaherpesvirinae, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwayar cuta ta Epstein-Barr da ƙwayar cuta ta herpes da ke da alaƙa da Kaposi's sarcoma .

An gano nau'ikan cutar Cytomegalovirus da dama kuma an rarraba su ga dabbobi masu shayarwa daban-daban. Wanda aka fi bincike a kansa shine cutar Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), wanda kuma aka sani da cutar Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5). Sauran nau'ikan CMV na primate sun hada da Chimpanzee cytomegalovirus (CCMV) wanda ke kamuwa da chimpanzees da orangutans, da Simian cytomegalovirus (SCCCMV) da Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) wanda ke kamuwa da macaques ; CCMV an san shi da Panine herpesvirus 2 (PaHV-2) da Pongine betaherpesvirus 4 (PoHV-4).[6] SCCMV ana kiranta Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5 (CeHV-5) [7] da RhCMV, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8 (CeHV-8).[8] An sanya wasu ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu da aka samu a cikin biri na dare a cikin kwayar halittar Cytomegalovirus, kuma ana kiransu Herpesvirus aotus 1 da Herpesvirus aotus 3. Beraye kuma suna da ƙwayoyin cuta da ake kira cytomegaloviruses waɗanda yanzu aka sake rarraba su a ƙarƙashin kwayar halittar Muromegalovirus ; wannan kwayar halittar ta ƙunshi kwayar halittar Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) wacce kuma aka sani da Murid herpesvirus 1 (MuHV-1) da kuma kwayar cutar Murid herpesvirus 2 (MuHV-2) mai alaƙa da ita wacce ake samu a cikin beraye.[9]

Nau'o'i

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Wannan nau'in halittar ya ƙunshi nau'ikan da ke ƙasa, waɗanda aka jera su da sunan kimiyya sannan aka biyo su da sunan gama gari na wannan nau'in:[3][10]

Tsarin gini

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Tsarin Cytomegalovirus

Kwayoyin cuta a cikin Cytomegalovirus suna da alaƙa, tare da icosahedral, mai siffar ƙwallo zuwa pleomorphic, da kuma siffar zagaye, da kuma daidaiton T=16. Diamita yana kusa da 150–200. nm. Kwayoyin halittar suna layi-layi kuma ba su da rarrabuwa, kimanin 200 kb a tsayi.[2]

Nau'in Tsarin gini Daidaito Capsid Tsarin kwayoyin halitta Rarraba kwayoyin halitta
Kwayar cutar Cytomegalovirus Siffar siffar pleomorphic T=16 An lulluɓe Layi mai layi Jumla ɗaya

Kwayoyin halitta

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Tsarin halittar HCMV na aji E. An nuna yankuna masu tsayi da gajeru na musamman a matsayin UL da US. An nuna yankuna masu maimaitawa a matsayin jerin a, b da c, inda firam ɗin ke nuna yanayin juyawa. Jerin ab da b′a′ sun yi daidai da tsawon maimaitawa na ƙarshe/na ciki (TRL/IRL); jerin a′ac′ da ca sun yi daidai da gajeren maimaitawa na ciki/na ƙarshe (IRS/TRS). Sama : tsarin kwayar halitta na yau da kullun na nau'in daji; ƙasa : tsarin kwayar halitta na nau'in AD169, nau'in da aka daidaita da dakin gwaje-gwaje. An nuna sake fasalin kwayoyin halitta da suka faru yayin wucewa mai yawa a ja tsakanin tsarin daji da na dakin gwaje-gwaje. [11]

Kwayoyin cutar Herpes suna da wasu daga cikin manyan kwayoyin halitta a tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam, waɗanda galibi ke ƙunshe da ɗaruruwan sunadarai. Misali, kwayar halittar DNA mai nau'in daji mai nau'in HCMV mai nau'in daji tana da girman kusan 235 kb kuma tana ƙunshe da aƙalla sunadaran 208. Don haka ta fi sauran ƙwayoyin cutar herpes na ɗan adam tsayi kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsayin kwayoyin halitta na dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam gabaɗaya. Tana da tsarin halittar kwayar halittar herpesvirus na aji E, wanda ya ƙunshi yankuna biyu na musamman (dogon UL na musamman da gajeriyar US ta musamman), duka suna da ma'auni biyu na maimaitawa (tashar/maimaita na ciki mai tsawo TRL/IRL da kuma gajeriyar maimaitawa ta ciki/tashar IRS/TRS). Duk saitin maimaitawa suna raba yanki na ƴan ɗaruruwan bps, abin da ake kira "jerin"; sauran yankuna na maimaitawa wani lokacin ana kiransu da "jerin b" da "jerin c". [11]

Zagayen rayuwa

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Kwafiyar ƙwayoyin cuta tana da sinadarin nukiliya kuma tana da sinadarin lysogenic. Ana samun shiga cikin ƙwayar mai masaukin baki ta hanyar haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɗauke da glycoproteins zuwa masu karɓar baƙi, wanda ke haifar da endocytosis . Kwafiyar tana bin tsarin kwafi na dsDNA mai hanyoyi biyu. Kwafiyar samfurin DNA, tare da wasu hanyoyin haɗa abubuwa ita ce hanyar kwafi. Fassara tana faruwa ta hanyar duban ɗigon ruwa . Kwayar cutar tana fita daga ƙwayar mai masaukin baki ta hanyar fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma bunƙasa. Mutane da birai suna aiki a matsayin masu masaukin baki na halitta. Hanyoyin watsawa sun dogara ne akan haɗuwa da ruwan jiki (kamar yau, fitsari, da kuma fitar da al'aura) daga mutumin da ya kamu da cutar.

Nau'in Cikakkun bayanai game da mai masaukin baki Tropism na nama Cikakkun bayanai game da shigarwa Cikakkun bayanai game da fitarwa Shafin kwafi Wurin tattarawa Watsawa
Kwayar cutar Cytomegalovirus mutane; birai Mucosa na epithelial Glycoproteins Buɗewa Nucleus Nucleus Fitsari; yau; haihuwa

Duk ƙwayoyin cuta na herpes suna da ikon kasancewa a ɓoye a cikin jiki na tsawon lokaci. Ko da yake ana iya samun su a ko'ina cikin jiki, cututtukan CMV galibi suna da alaƙa da glandar ruwan maniyyi a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa .

Injiniyan kwayoyin halitta

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Ana amfani da CMV wajen haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin aikin injiniyan kwayoyin halitta da ake gudanarwa a cikin ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa, domin yana da ƙarfi wajen haɓaka ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana haifar da bayyanar kwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin ikonsa. [12]

Tarihi

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Masanin cututtukan Jamus Hugo Ribbert ne ya fara lura da cutar Cytomegalovirus a shekarar 1881 lokacin da ya lura da ƙwayoyin halitta masu girma tare da ƙwayoyin halitta masu girma a cikin ƙwayoyin jariri. Shekaru bayan haka, tsakanin 1956 da 1957, Thomas Huckle Weller tare da Smith da Rowe sun ware kwayar cutar daban-daban, wacce aka sani daga baya da "cytomegalovirus". [13] A shekarar 1990, an buga daftarin kwayar halittar cytomegalovirus ta ɗan adam na farko, [14] mafi girman kwayar halittar da aka jera a wancan lokacin. [15]

Duba kuma

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  • CMV polyradiculomyelopathy

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Anshu A, Tan D, Chee SP, Mehta JS, Htoon HM (August 2017). "Interventions for the management of CMV-associated anterior segment inflammation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (8). doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011908.pub2. PMC 6483705. PMID 28838031.
  2. 1 2 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ViralZone" defined multiple times with different content.
  3. 1 2 "Virus Taxonomy: 2022 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ICTV" defined multiple times with different content.
  4. ↑ "Cytomegalovirus (CMV)". nhs.uk (in Turanci). 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2025-10-30.
  5. ↑ Staeheli P, Haller O (December 2018). "Human MX2/MxB: a Potent Interferon-Induced Postentry Inhibitor of Herpesviruses and HIV-1". Journal of Virology. 92 (24). doi:10.1128/JVI.00709-18. PMC 6258936. PMID 30258007.
  6. ↑ "Panine betaherpesvirus 2 (Chimpanzee cytomegalovirus)". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  7. ↑ "Simian cytomegalovirus (strain Colburn)". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  8. ↑ "Macacine betaherpesvirus 3 (Rhesus cytomegalovirus)". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  9. ↑ "Murid herpesvirus 1, complete genome". 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2019 – via NCBI Nucleotide.
  10. ↑ "Species List: Orthoherpesviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 4 May 2026.
  11. 1 2 Sijmons S, Van Ranst M, Maes P (March 2014). "Genomic and functional characteristics of human cytomegalovirus revealed by next-generation sequencing". Viruses. 6 (3): 1049–1072. doi:10.3390/v6031049. PMC 3970138. PMID 24603756. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content.
  12. ↑ Morgan K (3 April 2014). "Plasmids 101: The Promoter Region – Let's Go!". Addgene Blog.
  13. ↑ Craig JM, Macauley JC, Weller TH, Wirth P (January 1957). "Isolation of intranuclear inclusion producing agents from infants with illnesses resembling cytomegalic inclusion disease". Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 94 (1): 4–12. doi:10.3181/00379727-94-22841. PMID 13400856. S2CID 29263626.
  14. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  15. ↑ Martí-Carreras J, Maes P (April 2019). "Human cytomegalovirus genomics and transcriptomics through the lens of next-generation sequencing: revision and future challenges". Virus Genes. 55 (2): 138–164. doi:10.1007/s11262-018-1627-3. PMC 6458973. PMID 30604286.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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