Dahomey Amazons
 Dahomey Amazons | |
|---|---|
regiment (en)  da all-female military unit (en) | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Wanda ya samar |
Houegbadja (en) |
| Ƙasa | Dahomey |
| Harshen aiki ko suna | Harshen Fon |
| Lokacin farawa | 1710 |
| Lokacin gamawa | 1904 |
| Present in work (en) |
The Woman King (en) |
Dahomey Amazons (Fon: 'Agoji', Agoji, Mino, ko Minon) sun kasance rundunar soja ta Fon ta mata ta Masarautar Dahomey (a Benin ta yau, Afirka ta Yamma) wacce ta wanzu daga karni na 17 har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. Su ne kawai sojojin mata a tarihin zamani.[1] Mutanen Yammacin Turai ne suka kira su Amazons waɗanda suka haɗu da su, saboda labarin mayaƙan mata na Amazons a cikin tatsuniyoyin Helenawa.
Fitowar rundunar soja ta mata ta kasance sakamakon yawan maza na Dahomey da ke fuskantar yawan wadanda suka mutu a cikin tashin hankali da yaƙi da jihohin Afirka ta Yamma. Wannan ya haifar da Dahomey kasancewa daya daga cikin manyan jihohi a Cinikin bayi tare da Daular Oyo, wanda ya yi amfani da bayi don musayar kayayyaki a Yammacin Afirka har sai cinikin bayi a yankin ya ƙare. Rashin maza mai yiwuwa ya sa sarakunan Dahomey su dauki mata cikin sojoji. Kafa rundunar sojoji ta mata kawai ta kasance ramuwar gayya da motsa jiki game da tilasta haraji na bayi maza zuwa Oyo a kowace shekara.
Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sarki Houegbadja (wanda ya yi mulki daga 1645 zuwa 1685), Sarki na uku na Dahomey, an ce da farko ya fara kungiyar wanda daga baya zai zama Mino a matsayin ƙungiyar mafarautar giwa da ake kira gbeto .[2] gbeto na iya riga ya wuce Houegbadja, saboda akwai al'ada inda kawai ya shirya kungiyoyin da suka riga sun kasance a cikin runduna, kuma wani shine gbeto da kansu da aka miƙa don yin hidima ga sarki.[3]
'Yar Houegbadja Sarauniya Hangbe (mai mulki daga 1716 zuwa 1718) ta kafa mace mai tsaron jiki. 'Yan kasuwa na Turai sun rubuta kasancewarsu. Bisa ga al'ada, ɗan'uwanta kuma magajinsa Sarki Agaja ya yi amfani da su cikin nasarar Dahomey na mulkin makwabta na Savi a cikin 1727. [4] An kira ƙungiyar mayaƙan mata da Mino, ma'ana "Uwarmu" a cikin Harshen Fon, ta sojojin maza na Dahomey.[2] Sauran kafofin sun kalubalanci da'awar cewa 'yar'uwar Sarki Agaja Sarauniya Hangbe ita ce mai mulki don kafa raka'a, wasu har ma sun kai ga yin tambaya ko Sarauniya Hangpe ta wanzu ko a'a.[5]
Daga lokacin Sarki Ghezo (yana mulki daga 1818 zuwa 1858), Dahomey ya zama mai son soja. Ghezo ya sanya muhimmancin gaske ga sojoji, yana kara kasafin kudin sa da kuma tsara tsarin sa daga bikin zuwa soja mai tsanani. Duk da yake labaran Turai suna magana ne game da mata sojoji a matsayin "Amazons", suna kiran kansu ahosi (mata sarki) ko Mino (mahaifiyarmu). [4]
Samun ma'aikata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ghezo ya dauki maza da mata a matsayin sojoji daga fursunonin kasashen waje. An kuma dauki sojoji mata daga 'yan matan Dahomean masu 'yanci, tare da wasu da suka yi rajista tun suna matasa tun suna da shekaru takwas.[4] Sauran asusun sun nuna cewa an tattara Mino daga cikin ahosi ("mata sarki"), wanda sau da yawa akwai daruruwan.[2] Wasu mata a cikin Al'ummar Fon sun zama sojoji da son rai, yayin da wasu suka shiga cikin ba tare da son rai ba idan mazajensu ko iyayensu suka koka wa sarki game da halayensu.[6]
Kasancewa memba a cikin Mino ya kamata ya inganta duk wani hali mai tsattsauran ra'ayi don manufar yaƙi. A lokacin membobinsu ba a yarda su haifi 'ya'ya ko kuma su kasance wani ɓangare na rayuwar aure ba (ko da yake an auri sarki bisa doka). Da yawa daga cikinsu budurwa ne. Rundunar tana da matsayi mai tsarki, wanda aka haɗa shi da imani na Fon a Vodun. Hadisin Dahomean na baki ya nuna cewa, a lokacin da aka ɗauke su aiki, an yi wa Amazons yankan mata.
Mino ya horar da motsa jiki mai tsanani. Sun koyi ƙwarewar tsira da rashin kulawa da ciwo da mutuwa, mamaye tsaron ƙaya a cikin Darussan soja da kuma kashe fursunoni.[7] An jaddada horo.
Yin hidima a cikin Mino ya ba mata damar "tashi zuwa matsayi na umurni da tasiri" a cikin yanayin da aka tsara don karfafa mutum.[4] Mino ma sun kasance masu arziki kuma suna da matsayi mai girma.[7]
Matsayin siyasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mino ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Babban Majalisar, yana muhawara game da manufofin masarautar. Daga shekarun 1840 zuwa 1870 (lokacin da jam'iyyar adawa ta rushe), yawancin Mino gabaɗaya sun goyi bayan zaman lafiya tare da Egba na Abeokuta suna jayayya maimakon su kai hari kan ƙananan kabilun da ba a kare su ba. Wannan ya sanya su cikin rashin jituwa da abokan aikin soja maza, waɗanda suka goyi bayan cikakken hari na Abeokuta. Mambobin majalisa na farar hula waɗanda suka haɗa kai da Agojie sun kuma ba da shawarar inganta dangantakar kasuwanci da Burtaniya, suna son cinikin Man dabino sama da na bayi.[8]
Baya ga majalisa, al'adun Dahomey na shekara-shekara sun haɗa da fareti da sake dubawa na dakarun, da dakarun da ke rantsuwa ga sarki. Bikin a ranar 27 ga al'adun shekara-shekara ya kunshi yaƙi na ƙarya inda Agojie ya kai hari kan "ƙarfi" kuma ya "kama" bayi a ciki, al'adar da firist Francesco Borghero ya rubuta a cikin rubutunsa.[8][7]
Yaki da tsari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An horar da sojoji mata sosai a cikin ciwo, jimiri da sauri. Da zarar an kammala horo an ba su kayan aiki. [ana buƙatar hujja]A tsakiyar karni na 19, sun kai tsakanin mata 1,000 zuwa 6,000, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukan sojojin Dahomey, bisa ga rahotanni da baƙi suka rubuta. Rahotanni sun kuma lura cewa an yanke wa mata sojoji hukunci a kai a kai a matsayin mafi girma ga sojoji maza a cikin tasiri da jaruntaka a yaƙi.[4]
An ce an tsara mata sojoji a layi daya tare da sojojin gaba ɗaya, tare da reshe na tsakiya (masu tsaron sarki) a bangarorin biyu, kowannensu a ƙarƙashin kwamandoji daban-daban. Wasu asusun sun lura cewa kowane soja namiji yana da takwaransa na Mino.[4] A cikin wani labarin tsakiyar karni na 19 da wani mai lura da Ingilishi ya yi, an rubuta cewa matan da ke da layi uku na fararen fata a kusa da kowace kafa an girmama su da alamun bambanci.
Sojojin mata sun kunshi rundunoni da yawa: mafarauta, mata masu bindiga, masu girbi, masu harbi da masu bindiga. Kowace runduna tana da kayan aiki daban-daban, makamai da kwamandoji.
A cikin wannan lokacin, mayaƙan mata na Dahomean suna dauke da bindigogi na Winchester, sanduna da wuƙaƙe. Rukunin suna karkashin umurnin mata. Wani fassarar da aka buga a shekara ta 1851 na waƙar yaƙi na mata ya ce mayaƙan za su yi waka: "[a]s ma'aikaci ƙarfe ya ɗauki sandar ƙarfe kuma ta hanyar wuta ya canza salon sa don haka mun canza yanayinmu. Ba mu da mata, mu maza ne. "[9]
Rikici da masarautun makwabta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yaƙe-yaƙe na Agojie sun kunshi galibi a cikin Afirka da masarauta da kabilun daban-daban. A wannan lokacin al'ada ce da zarar an ci abokin gaba za a kashe su ko kuma a bautar su. Yawancin kabilun Afirka sun shiga cikin wannan kuma Dahomey ba banda ba ne. Sau da yawa sukan bautar da abokan gaba kuma su sayar da su ga 'yan kasuwa na bayi na Turai don musayar makamai don yaƙi. Tun a farkon shekara ta 1728, a karkashin jagorancin Sarki Agaja, sojojin Dahomean sun ci masarautun Whydah, da Popos. A cikin 1840, sun taimaka wajen kama sansanin Mahee a Attahapahms . Koyaya, a hannun magabcin su na dogon lokaci Abeokuta ne suka sha wahala sosai, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka da yawa.
Rikici da Faransa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yaƙin Farko na Faransa da Dahomey
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yunkurin Turai zuwa Yammacin Afirka ya sami saurin a ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, kuma a cikin 1890 Sarki Béhanzin ya fara yaƙi da sojojin Faransa a lokacin Yaƙin Faransanci na Farko na Franco-Dahomean . Masu lura da Turai sun lura cewa matan "sun yi aiki da kyau" a cikin gwagwarmayar hannu da hannu, amma sun harbe su daga cinya maimakon harbe su da kafada.[7]
Mino sun shiga cikin babban yaƙi guda ɗaya: Cotonou, inda dubban Dahomeans (ciki har da Mino da yawa) suka caje layin Faransanci kuma suka shiga masu kare a cikin yaƙi na hannu da hannu. An murkushe Mino sosai, tare da daruruwan sojojin Dahomey da aka harbe su. An ruwaito cewa, an kashe mayakan Dahomey 129 a cikin yaƙi a cikin layin Faransa.[2]
Yaƙin Faransa da Dahomey na Biyu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙarshen Yaƙin Franco-Dahomean na Biyu, ana ba da raka'a na musamman na Mino musamman don yin niyya ga jami'an Faransa.[2] Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa, Faransanci sun yi nasara a Yaƙin Franco-Dahomean na Biyu kuma sun kawo ƙarshen mulkin Dahomean mai zaman kansa. Sojojin Faransa, musamman na rundunar kasashen waje ta Faransa, sun yi sha'awar ƙarfin hali na Amazons kuma daga baya sun rubuta game da "ƙarfin hali da ƙarfin hali" a yaƙi.[8]
A kan ƙungiyar soja tare da makamai masu kyau da kuma dogon bayonet, duk da haka, Dahomey Mino ba zai iya cin nasara ba.[8] A lokacin yakin da sojojin Faransa suka yi a Adegon a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1892, a lokacin yakin na biyu, an shafe yawancin rundunar Mino a cikin sa'o'i da yawa a cikin yakin hannu da hannu bayan Faransanci sun shiga su da cajin bayonet.[10] Dahomey ya rasa mutane 86 na yau da kullun da 417 Dahomey Mino, tare da kusan dukkanin wadanda suka mutu ta hanyar bayonets; Faransanci sun rasa sojoji shida.
Rarrabawar da gado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]._-_The_veteran_amazones(_AHOSI_)_of_the_Fon_king_Béhanzin,_Son_of_Roi_Gélé.jpg)
An rushe sojojin lokacin da masarautar ta zama mai kare Faransa a shekara ta 1894.[11] Hadisin baki ya bayyana cewa wasu Mino da suka tsira a asirce sun kasance a Abomey bayan haka, inda suka kashe wasu jami'an Faransa. Sauran labaru sun ce matan sun yi alkawarin ayyukansu don kare Agoli-Agbo, ɗan'uwan Béhanzin, suna yin kama da matansa don kare shi.[2]
Wasu daga cikin matan sun yi aure kuma suna da 'ya'ya, yayin da wasu suka kasance marasa aure. A cewar wani masanin tarihi wanda ya gano rayuwar kusan tsoffin Mino guda biyu, duk matan sun nuna wahalar daidaitawa da rayuwa a matsayin mayaƙan da suka yi ritaya, sau da yawa suna gwagwarmaya don samun sabbin matsayi a cikin al'ummominsu wanda ya ba su girman kai kamar rayuwarsu ta dā. Mutane da yawa sun nuna halin fara fada ko muhawara wanda ya tsoratar da maƙwabtansu da dangi.
Tsakanin shekara ta 1934 zuwa 1942, matafiya da yawa na Burtaniya a Abomey sun yi rikodin haɗuwa da tsoffin Mino, sannan tsofaffin mata waɗanda suka yi auduga ko kuma suka yi aiki a kusa da farfajiyar.[2] An ce mata da ba a san adadi ba sun horar da su tare da mambobin Dahomey Mino bayan an rushe su, a zahiri suna ci gaba da al'adar. Ba su taɓa ganin yaƙi ba. A kusa da 2019, Lupita Nyong'o ta yi hira da daya daga cikin wadannan wanda har yanzu yana da rai, don shirin talabijin na Warrior Women tare da Lupita Nyang'o .
Nawi, Dahomey Mino na ƙarshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wanda ya tsira na karshe na Dahomey Mino ana zaton wata mace ce mai suna Nawi. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekara ta 1978 a ƙauyen Kinta, wani ɗan tarihi na Benin ya sadu da Nawi, wanda ya yi iƙirarin ya yi yaƙi da Faransanci a shekara ta 1892.[7] Nawi ya mutu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1979, yana da shekaru sama da 100.[7]
A cikin al'adun gargajiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An ambaci Dahomey Mino a cikin littafin kimiyya-fi Robur the Conqueror (1886) na Jules Verne (Babi na XV: A skirmish in Dahomey).
Dahomey Mino an wakilta su a fim din Cobra Verde na 1987 ta darektan Jamus Werner Herzog .
Ghezo's Mino ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin littafin 1971 Flash for Freedom! George MacDonald Fraser ne ya rubuta shi.
Sojojin kuma sune manyan abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali kuma an rubuta su a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Layon Gray The Dahomey Warriors . [12]
Dora Milaje, mayaƙa da masu tsaron jiki na halin Black Panther na Marvel Comics, sun dogara ne akan Dahomey Mino.[13]
A cikin Age of Empires II: The African Kingdoms and Age of Emperes III: The African Royals akwai wata ƙungiyar mata mai suna Gbeto wacce Dahomey Mino ta rinjayi kuma ta sanya masa suna.
A cikin wasan bidiyo Empire: Total War za ku iya ɗaukar rukunin Dahomey Mino idan kun ci wasu yankuna a Arewacin Afirka.
A cikin Lovecraft Country episode "Ni ne", an kai Hippolyta zuwa duniya inda ta zama Dahomey Mino.
A cikin 2015, UNESCO ta buga Littafin hoto mai suna The Women Soldiers of Dahomey a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin UNESCO a kan Mata a Tarihin Afirka. [14] A matsayin fassarar fasaha da gani da aka nufa don amfani da masu zaman kansu ko na jama'a a cikin ɗakunan ajiya, yana ba da labarin Mino dangane da mulkin mallaka na Turai a Afirka kuma ya ƙare da abin da suka gada ga Jamhuriyar Benin ta yanzu: "Baya ga alamar da suka bari a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, mata sojoji sun ba da gudummawa ga Jamhurwar Benin da ake yi har zuwa yau a Abomey, waƙoƙi da tatsuniyoyi. Akwai mata sojoji da yawa a cikin Sojojin Benin a yau. "[15]
"The Last Amazon of Dahomey" wasa ne a cikin littafin Booker Prize na 2019 mai suna Girl, Woman, Other, na Bernardine Evaristo .
An nuna Ahosi a cikin littafin hoto na 2021 Wake: Tarihin da aka ɓoye na Tawayen Mata na Rebecca Hall da Hugo Martinez .
Dahomey Mino sune batun fim din Amurka na 2022 The Woman King, wanda Gina Prince-Bythewood ta jagoranta.[16][17]
Dahomey Amazons suna wakiltar Minos a cikin littafin Sister Mother Warrior na Vanessa Riley (William Morrow, 12 ga Yuli, 2022). [18]
Mortal Kombat 1 yana da Umgadi, wanda shine nassoshi ga Dahomey Minos.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tushen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Paquette, Danielle. "They were the world's only all-female army. Their descendants are fighting to recapture their humanity". Washington Post (in Turanci). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Alpern 1998b.
- ↑ Alpern, Stanley B. (1998a). "On the Origins of the Amazons of Dahomey". History in Africa. 25: 9–25. doi:10.2307/3172178. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 3172178.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Law 1993.
- ↑ Macdonald, Fleur (August 26, 2018). "The legend of Benin's fearless female warriors". BBC (in Turanci). Retrieved August 26, 2018.
- ↑ Bamidele, Michael (June 14, 2020). "The Story Of The Fearless Women Warriors Of Dahomey". The Guardian Nigeria News (in Turanci). Retrieved May 15, 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dash 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 Yoder 1974.
- ↑ Adams, Maeve (Spring 2010). "The Amazon Warrior Women and the De/construction of Gendered Imperial Authority in Nineteenth-Century Colonial Literature" (PDF). Nineteenth-Century Gender Studies. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
- ↑ "The Dahomey Amazon Women, a story". African American Registry (in Turanci). Retrieved May 15, 2022.
- ↑ Historical Museum of Abomey.
- ↑ Clodfelter 2017.
- ↑ Johnson 2018.
- ↑ "Women in African History - How to Use this Website". en.unesco.org. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
- ↑ UNESCO. "The women soldiers of Dahomey pedagogical unit". en.unesco.org. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
- ↑ Kroll, Justin (April 28, 2021). "Underground Railroad's Thuso Mbedu To Star Opposite Viola Davis In The Woman King". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
- ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 5, 2021). "Sony Dates TriStar Viola Davis Pic The Woman King; Moves Affirm's George Foreman Biopic To 2023". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
- ↑ "Sister Mother Warrior". HarperCollins.