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Dalilan canjin yanayi

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Dalilan canjin yanayi
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na attribution (en) Fassara
Brown sanduna nuna direbobi da ke kara yawan dumamar duniya, kuma blue sanduna suna nuna wadanda ke rage dumamar duniya. Kyakkyawan yiwuwar dumama duniya na gaba ga direbobi masu rai kamar hayakin carbon dioxide ba a wakilce su ba.

Masana kimiyya suna binciken abubuwan da ke haifar da Canjin yanayi na tsawon shekaru. Bayan dubban karatu, Yarjejeniyar kimiyya ita ce "ba shakka cewa tasirin ɗan adam ya dumama yanayi, teku da ƙasa tun zamanin da suka gabata". [1]: 3 Wannan yarjejeniyar tana tallafawa kusan ƙungiyoyin kimiyya 200 a duk duniya. Ka'idar kimiyya da ke haifar da canjin yanayi na yanzu shine tasirin greenhouse, wanda ke ba da iskar gas din ta wuce hasken rana wanda ke dumama duniya, amma ya kama wasu daga cikin zafin da ke fitowa daga farfajiyar duniya[2]. An saki iskar gas mai yawa kamar carbon dioxide da methane a cikin yanayi ta hanyar ƙone burbushin burbushin halittu tun lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu. Hanyar fitarwa ta kai tsaye daga canjin amfani da ƙasa, fitarwa na wasu iskar gas kamar su nitrous oxide, da karuwar yawan tururin ruwa a cikin yanayi, suma suna taimakawa ga canjin yanayi.[1]

An lura da zafin jiki daga NASA [3] da matsakaicin 1850-1900 da IPCC ta yi amfani da shi azaman tushen masana'antu. [4] Babban direba don karuwar yanayin zafi na duniya a zamanin masana'antu shine aikin ɗan adam, tare da dakarun halitta da ke ƙara bambanci.

Warming daga greenhouse sakamako yana da dangantaka tare da taro na greenhouse gas. Wannan yana nufin cewa kowane ƙarin ɓangaren da sauran iskar gas a cikin yanayi yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasirin dumama fiye da ɓangarorin da ke gabansa yayin da jimlar maida hankali ke ƙaruwa. Koyaya, kusan rabin hayakin CO2 ne kawai ke ci gaba da zama a cikin yanayi da farko, yayin da sauran rabin ke cikin sauri ta hanyar nutsewar carbon a cikin ƙasa da teku. ::450 Bugu da ƙari, dumama ta kowane Bayani iskar gas mai ɗumi yana shafar abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su, kamar canje-canje a cikin tururin ruwa ko albedo na Duniya (tunani).  : 2233 :2233

Yayin da dumama daga CO="true" id="mwUw" typeof="mw:Transclusion">CO ke ƙaruwa, sinks na carbon suna shan ƙaramin ɓangaren jimlar hayaki, yayin da "saurin" canjin yanayi ke kara dumama gas. Don haka, tasirin yana magance juna, kuma dumama daga kowane ɗayan CO2 da mutane ke fitarwa yana ƙara zafin jiki a cikin daidaitattun daidaito ga jimlar hayaki. ::746 Bugu da ƙari, wasu sassan dumamawar greenhouse an "masked" ta hanyar hayaki da mutum ya haifar na sulfur dioxide, wanda ke samar da aerosols waɗanda ke da tasirin sanyaya. Koyaya, wannan rufe fuska yana raguwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, saboda matakan da za a yi don yaki da ruwan sama da gurɓataccen iska da sulfates suka haifar.[5][6][ana buƙatar hujja]

Abubuwan da ke shafar yanayin duniya

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Infographic
Hoton da ke nuna inda karin zafi ya kasance a Duniya saboda rashin daidaituwa na makamashi.

tilasta wani abu ne da aka sanya a waje akan tsarin yanayi. Ƙarfafawa na waje sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru na halitta kamar fashewar dutsen wuta da bambance-bambance a cikin fitowar rana. Ayyukan ɗan adam na iya tilasta tilasta, alal misali, ta hanyar canza abun da ke cikin Yanayin duniya. Tilasta radiative shine ma'auni na yadda dalilai daban-daban ke canza ma'aunin makamashi na duniyar Duniya. Kyakkyawan tilasta radiative zai haifar da dumama farfajiyar kuma, a tsawon lokaci, tsarin yanayi. Tsakanin farkon Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu a cikin shekara ta 1750, da shekara ta 2005, karuwar yawan carbon dioxide na yanayi (tsarin sinadarai: CO2) ya haifar da tilasta radiative mai kyau, matsakaici a saman duniya, na kimanin 1.66 watts a kowace murabba'in mita (abbreviated W m−2).  

Tsarin yanayi zai bambanta dangane da canje-canje a cikin tilastawa. Tsarin yanayi zai nuna bambancin ciki a gaban da rashin tilasta da aka ɗora masa. Wannan bambancin ciki shine sakamakon hadaddun hulɗa tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin yanayi, kamar haɗuwa tsakanin yanayi da teku. Misali na bambancin ciki shine El Niño-Southern Oscillation .

Tasirin da mutum ya haifar

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Makamashi yana gudana tsakanin sararin samaniya, yanayi, da kuma farfajiyar duniya. Hawan matakan iskar gas yana ba da gudummawa ga Rashin daidaituwa na makamashi.

Abubuwan da ke shafar yanayin duniya za a iya raba su zuwa tilastawa, ra'ayoyi da bambance-bambance na ciki. : 7 Manyan layin huɗu na shaidu suna tallafawa rawar da ayyukan ɗan adam ke takawa a cikin canjin yanayi na Bayani-bayan nan: [7]

  1. Fahimtar jiki game da tsarin yanayi: yawan iskar gas ya karu kuma an kafa halayensu masu kyau.
  2. Akwai kimantawa na tarihi game da sauye-sauyen yanayi na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa sauye-shiryen kwanan nan a cikin zafin jiki na duniya ba sabon abu ba ne.
  3. Misalai na yanayi na ci gaba ba su iya maimaita yanayin zafi da aka lura ba sai dai idan an haɗa hayakin gas na mutum.
  4. Binciken da aka yi game da ƙarfin halitta, kamar aikin hasken rana da na dutsen wuta, ya nuna cewa ba zai iya bayyana yanayin zafi da aka lura ba. Misali, karuwar aikin hasken rana zai wartsake dukkan yanayi, duk da haka kawai ƙananan yanayi ya wartsake.[8]

Gas mai sanyaya

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Tasirin dumama na iskar gas mai sanyaya yanayi ya kusan ninka sau biyu tun 1979, tare da carbon dioxide da methane su ne manyan direbobi.[9]

Gas din yana Bayani ga , don haka yana ba da damar wucewa ta cikin yanayi don dumama farfajiyar duniya. Duniya yana haskaka shi a matsayin zafi, kuma iskar Gas mai sanyaya ta sha wani ɓangare na shi. Wannan sha yana jinkirta yawan abin da zafi ke tserewa cikin sararin samaniya, yana kama zafi kusa da farfajiyar Duniya kuma yana dumama shi a tsawon lokaci.[10] Duk da yake tururi na ruwa da girgije sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga tasirin greenhouse, suna canzawa da farko a matsayin aikin zafin jiki. Sabili da haka, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abubuwan da ke canza Yanayin yanayi. A gefe guda, ana ƙara iskar gas kamar CO2, tropospheric ozone, CFCs da nitrous oxide ko cire su da kansu daga zafin jiki.[11] Saboda haka, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin tilastawa na waje waɗanda ke canza yanayin zafi na duniya.[12] : 742 :742

CO2 concentrations over the last 800,000 years as measured from ice cores[13][14][15][16] (blue/green) and directly[17] (black)

Ayyukan ɗan adam tun daga juyin juya halin masana'antu (kimanin 1750), galibi hakowa da kona albarkatun mai ( kwal, mai, da iskar gas ), ya ƙara yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi, wanda ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na haske . A cikin shekaru 150 da suka gabata ayyukan ɗan adam sun fitar da ƙara yawan iskar gas a cikin sararin samaniya . A shekara ta 2019, yawan adadin CO da methane ya karu da kusan 48% da 160%, bi da bi, tun daga 1750. [18] Wadannan matakan CO sun kasance mafi girma fiye da yadda suke a kowane lokaci a cikin shekaru 2 na karshe. Abubuwan da ake samu na methane sun yi yawa fiye da yadda suke a cikin shekaru 800,000 da suka gabata. [19]

Wannan ya haifar da karuwar yawan zafin jiki na duniya, ko dumamar yanayi. Halin da mutum ya haifar da yanayin zafi na iska ta 2010-2019 idan aka kwatanta da matakan a 1850-1900 shine 0.8 ° C zuwa 1.3 ° C, tare da mafi kyawun kimantawa na 1.07 ° C. Wannan yana kusa da yanayin zafi da aka lura a wannan lokacin na 0.9 ° C zuwa 1.2 ° C. Canjin zafin jiki a wannan lokacin mai yiwuwa ne kawai ±0.1 °C saboda tilastawa ta halitta da ±0.2 °C saboda bambancin yanayi.

Rashin iskar gas mai guba a duniya a cikin ya yi tan biliyan 59 na CO="true" id="mwATA" typeof="mw:Transclusion">CO. Daga cikin wadannan hayaki, 75% shine CO2, 18% shine methane, 4% shine nitrous oxide, kuma 2% shine iskar gas. :7 

Shirin Carbon na Duniya ya nuna yadda ƙarin tun daga 1880 ya haifar da tushe daban-daban da ke tasowa ɗaya bayan ɗaya.
Keeling Curve yana nuna karuwar carbon dioxide na sararin samaniya () tun 1958.

Rashin CO2 da farko ya fito ne daga ƙone burbushin burbushin halittu don samar da makamashi don sufuri, masana'antu, dumama, da wutar lantarki.[20] Ƙarin hayaki na CO2 ya fito ne daga karfe daji da hanyoyin masana'antu, waɗanda suka haɗa da CO2 da aka saki ta hanyar halayen sunadarai don yin siminti, ƙarfe, aluminum, da taki.[21]

CO2 yana shanyewa kuma ana fitar da shi ta halitta a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake zagayowar carbon, ta hanyar numfashi na dabba da shuke-shuke, fashewar dutsen wuta, da musayar yanayi-tashin teku.[22] Ayyukan ɗan adam, kamar ƙone burbushin burbushin halittu da canje-canje a cikin amfani da ƙasa (duba ƙasa), suna fitar da adadi mai yawa na carbon zuwa yanayi, wanda ke haifar da maida hankali ga CO2 a cikin yanayi don tashi.[22]

Babban ma'auni na yanayin CO , wanda Charles David Keeling ya fara a cikin 1958, ya zama babban jerin lokutan da ke tattara abubuwan da ke canza yanayin . [23] Wadannan bayanan, wanda aka sani da Keeling Curve, suna da matsayi mai mahimmanci a kimiyyar canjin yanayi a matsayin shaida na tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan sinadarai na yanayin duniya. [23]

Ma'aunin farko na Keeling na 1958 ya nuna sassa 313 a kowace miliyan ta hanyar girma. CO2 na yanayi, wanda aka fi rubuta "ppm", a cikin sassa-da-million ta hanyar girma (ppmv). A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, yawan CO2 a cikin yanayi ya kai 415 ppm. Lokaci na karshe lokacin da ya kai wannan matakin shine shekaru miliyan 2.6-5.3 da suka gabata. Ba tare da sa hannun mutum ba, zai zama 280 ppm.   

A cikin -2024, yawan CO a cikin yanayi ya karu da sauri fiye da kowane lokaci a cewar Hukumar Kula da Oceanic da Atmospheric ta Kasa, sakamakon ci gaba da hayaki da yanayin El Niño.[24]

Methane da nitrous oxide

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Babban tushen hayaki na duniya (2008-2017) bisa ga Global Carbon Project [25]

Rashin hayaki na methane ya fito ne daga dabbobi, turare, noman shinkafa, wuraren zubar da shara, ruwa mai guba, da hakar kwal, da kuma man fetur da iskar gas.[26] Rashin fitar da nitrous oxide ya fi fitowa daga lalacewar microbial na taki.[27]

6" href="./Methane" id="mwAbg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Methane">Methane da ƙananan nitrous oxide suma manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga tasirin greenhouse. Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta lissafa waɗannan tare da hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), da sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), [28] waɗanda gaba ɗaya iskar gas ce ta wucin gadi, a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa ga tilasta radiative. Shafin da ke dama yana nuna hayakin iskar gas mai guba ga manyan bangarori takwas na tattalin arziki, wanda manyan masu ba da gudummawa sune Tashoshin wutar lantarki (da yawa daga cikinsu suna ƙone kwal ko wasu man fetur), matakai na masana'antu, man fetur na sufuri (yawanci man fetur mai burbushin halittu), da kayan aikin gona (musamman methane daga fermentation na ciki da nitrous oxide daga amfani da taki).

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 Empty citation (help)
  2. ↑ https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-52774716.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536811735238&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Flabarai-52774716
  3. ↑ "Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020..
  4. ↑ IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014.
  5. ↑ Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali (21 September 2022). "Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (in Turanci). 22 (18): 12221–12239. Bibcode:2022ACP....2212221Q. doi:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022. S2CID 252446168 Check |s2cid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  6. ↑ Cao, Yang; Zhu, Yannian; Wang, Minghuai; Rosenfeld, Daniel; Liang, Yuan; Liu, Jihu; Liu, Zhoukun; Bai, Heming (7 January 2023). "Emission Reductions Significantly Reduce the Hemispheric Contrast in Cloud Droplet Number Concentration in Recent Two Decades". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 128 (2): e2022JD037417. Bibcode:2023JGRD..12837417C. doi:10.1029/2022JD037417.
  7. ↑ "EPA's Endangerment Finding Climate Change Facts". National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP). 2009. Report ID: 430F09086. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  8. ↑ USGCRP 2009.
  9. ↑ "The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)". NOAA.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2024. Archived from the original on 5 October 2024.
  10. ↑ NASA. "The Causes of Climate Change". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  11. ↑ Wang, Bin; Shugart, Herman H; Lerdau, Manuel T (2017-08-01). "Sensitivity of global greenhouse gas budgets to tropospheric ozone pollution mediated by the biosphere". Environmental Research Letters. 12 (8): 084001. Bibcode:2017ERL....12h4001W. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7885. ISSN 1748-9326. Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere (as opposed to the stratospheric ozone layer)
  12. ↑ Schmidt, Gavin A.; Ruedy, Reto A.; Miller, Ron L.; Lacis, Andy A. (2010-10-27). "Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (in Turanci). 115 (D20). Bibcode:2010JGRD..11520106S. doi:10.1029/2010JD014287. ISSN 0148-0227.
  13. ↑ Lüthi, Dieter; Le Floch, Martine; Bereiter, Bernhard; Blunier, Thomas; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Siegenthaler, Urs; Raynaud, Dominique; Jouzel, Jean; Fischer, Hubertus; Kawamura, Kenji; Stocker, Thomas F. (May 2005). "High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present". Nature (in Turanci). 453 (7193): 379–382. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..379L. doi:10.1038/nature06949. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18480821. S2CID 1382081.
  14. ↑ Fischer, Hubertus; Wahlen, Martin; Smith, Jesse; Mastroianni, Derek; Deck, Bruce (12 March 1999). "Ice Core Records of Atmospheric CO 2 Around the Last Three Glacial Terminations". Science (in Turanci). 283 (5408): 1712–1714. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1712F. doi:10.1126/science.283.5408.1712. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10073931.
  15. ↑ Indermühle, Andreas; Monnin, Eric; Stauffer, Bernhard; Stocker, Thomas F.; Wahlen, Martin (1 March 2000). "Atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 60 to 20 kyr BP from the Taylor Dome Ice Core, Antarctica". Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 27 (5): 735–738. Bibcode:2000GeoRL..27..735I. doi:10.1029/1999GL010960. S2CID 18942742.
  16. ↑ Etheridge, D.; Steele, L.; Langenfelds, R.; Francey, R.; Barnola, J.-M.; Morgan, V. (1998). "Historical CO2 Records from the Law Dome DE08, DE08-2, and DSS Ice Cores". Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  17. ↑ Keeling, C.; Whorf, T. (2004). "Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the SIO Air Sampling Network". Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  18. ↑ WMO 2021.
  19. ↑ IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021.
  20. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah (18 September 2020). "Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  21. ↑ Olivier & Peters 2019; Our World in Data, 18 September 2020; EPA 2020; "Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals". Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide; Kvande 2014
  22. 1 2 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (28 June 2012). "Causes of Climate Change: The Greenhouse Effect causes the atmosphere to retain heat". EPA. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  23. 1 2 Empty citation (help), in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007.
  24. ↑ "During a year of extremes, carbon dioxide levels surge faster than ever". Home National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  25. ↑ Saunois, M.; Stavert, A.R.; Poulter, B.; et al. (July 15, 2020). "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017". Earth System Science Data (in Turanci). 12 (3): 1561–1623. Bibcode:2020ESSD...12.1561S. doi:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020. ISSN 1866-3508. Retrieved 28 August 2020. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  26. ↑ EPA 2020; Global Methane Initiative 2020
  27. ↑ EPA 2019; Davidson 2009
  28. ↑ "The Kyoto Protocol". UNFCCC. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
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