Dama na dare na farko

Vasily Polenov: Le droit du Seigneur (1874); fassarar mai zane game da wani tsoho da ke kawo 'ya'yansa mata ga ubangijin su

  Droit du seigneur ('dama na ubangiji'), wanda aka fi sani da jus primae noctis ('dama ta dare na farko'), wani lokacin ana kiranta prima nocta, wani haƙƙin doka ne a Turai ta zamani, yana ba da damar iyayengiji su yi jima'i da kowane batun mace, musamman a daren bikin aurenta. Akwai nassoshi da yawa game da al'adar da ake zargi a cikin ƙarni.

Kalmomin

Maganar Faransanci droit du seigneur tana fassara a matsayin "dama na ubangiji", amma amfani da Faransanci na zamani ya fi son droit de jambage ( [dʁwa d (ə) ʒɑ̃baʒ], daga jambe, 'ƙafa') ko, mafi yawanci, droit de cuissage (Faransaniya: [dɾwa d (ɪ) kɥisaʒ], daga cuisse, 'thigh'). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]frfrfrfr

Ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa daidai da Latin-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">jus primae noctis, Latin don "dama na dare na farko".

Lokaci na dā

Masanin tarihin Girka Herodotus ya ambaci irin wannan al'ada tsakanin Adyrmachidae a tsohuwar Libya: "Su ne kuma kawai kabilar da al'adar ta samu ta kawo dukkan mata don zama amarya a gaban sarki, cewa zai iya zaɓar irin su sun dace da shi. "

Lokacin da plebeians na garin Etruscan na Volsinii suka yi tawaye da aristocrats a cikin 280 BC, "Sun dauki matansu mata don kansu kuma sun sanya 'ya'yan mata na manyan mutane a ƙarƙashin jus primæ noctis, yayin da duk tsoffin iyayensu waɗanda za su iya ɗora hannu a kansu an azabtar da su har zuwa mutuwa".

An kuma ambaci shi a cikin Talmud na Babila, Tractate Ketubot 3b תיבעל__ilo____ilo____ilo__ (tibael lehegmon), game da dokar da wani mai mulkin Siriya-Girkanci ya ɗora wa al'ummar Yahudawa, inda aka ɗauki dukkan amarya Yahudawa kafin bikin aurensu.

Zamanin Tsakiya

Turai

  Wani lokaci ana fassara tarar aure na zamani ko merchet a matsayin biyan kuɗi don a dakatar da droit du seigneur. A madadin haka, an fassara shi alamar diyya ga ubangiji ga 'yan mata da ke barin ƙasashensa. Encyclopædia Britannica ta bayyana cewa shaidar ta nuna cewa harajin kuɗi ne da ke da alaƙa da auren vassal, tunda adadi mai yawa na haƙƙin mallaka ya shafi aure.

An kuma fassara irin wannan biyan kuɗi ga hukumomin coci kamar yadda ya shafi droit du seigneur . Koyaya, a cewar masanin Burtaniya W. D. Howarth, Cocin Katolika a wasu lokuta sun haramta cinye aure a daren farko. Biyan ya kasance don indulgence daga coci don ya watsar da wannan haramcin.

A cikin Wooing of Emer a cikin tatsuniyoyin Irish Sarki Conchobar yana da droit du seigneur a kan dukkan auren talakawansa. Yana jin tsoron abin da Cú Chulainn ya yi idan ya yi amfani da shi a wannan yanayin, amma yana jin tsoron rasa ikonsa idan bai yi ba. druid Cathbad ya ba da shawarar mafita: Conchobar ya kwana da Emer a daren bikin aure, amma Cathbad ya kwana tsakanin su.

Tarihin Gerald na Aurillac wanda Odo na Cluny (879-942) ya rubuta ya ba da labarin saurayi mai daraja yana neman ya yi wa ɗaya daga cikin bayinsa fyade, kawai don Mu'ujiza ta hana aikin, ta aika Gerald a kan hanyar zuwa tsarkaka. Masanin tarihin Amurka Vern Bullough ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan ya nuna cewa irin wannan hali ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin, kuma cewa "labari [na droit du seigneur] ya nuna gaskiyar".

A cikin waka mai suna Baudouin de Sebourc na ƙarni na 14, wani mai zalunci ya yi ikirarin jus primae noctis sai dai idan ya karɓi wani ɓangare na sadakar amarya.

Takardar shari'a ta zamani kawai da ta ambaci wannan aikin ita ce Mataki na 9 na Ferdinand II na Aragon's Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe a cikin 1486, inda sarki ya hana iyayengiji yin barci tare da sabon amarya na manomi. Koyaya, wannan Mataki bai nuna cewa irin wannan haƙƙin ya wanzu ba, kamar yadda Mataki na 9 ya lissafa wasu cin zarafi waɗanda ba su samo asali daga kowane haƙƙin da ya gabata ba. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin takardar da ta gabata da ta shafi Sentencia, iyayengijin Catalonia sun amsa cewa suna shakkar cewa kowane ubangiji ya bukaci irin wannan aikin.

Bayanan bayan zamani

Turai

Yankin Baltic

Bayanan mutum daga farkon karni na 19 na Yammacin Estonia sun yi ikirarin yaduwar amfani da mulkin dare na farko; ko cikakkiyar haƙƙin doka ba a bayyana ba.

Ingila

In Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 2 (c. 1591) the rebel Jack Cade proclaims: "there shall not a maid be married, but she shall pay to me her maidenhead ere they have it". According to the French scholar Alain Boureau, Cade was demanding the payment of merchet, not the right of first night,. Howarth states that Cade's payment was simply the lord's compensation for a serf who departed to get married, and had no connection with any sexual "right" to maidens.

Masanin ilimin Ingilishi Thomas Blount ya yi iƙirarin a cikin Fragmenta Antiquitatis na 1679 cewa "dama" ya kasance a baya a matsayin al'ada ta zamani na wasu manors na Ingilishi, amma an sauya shi zuwa biyan kuɗi. Koyaya, Howarth ya nuna cewa babu wata shaida cewa ka'idar Blount a zahiri ta nuna halin da ake ciki na zamani.

The Curiosities of Literature (1823) na marubucin Burtaniya Isaac D'Israeli ya yi iƙirarin cewa aikin ya bazu a duk faɗin Turai.

Faransa

Voltaire, wanda a cikin 1762 shine mutum na farko da ya yi amfani da kalmar droit du seigneur

An ambaci haƙƙin da ake tsammani a cikin 1556 a cikin Recueil d'arrêts notables des cours souveraines de France na lauyan Faransa kuma marubuci Jean Papon . Labarin Papon ba shi da tabbas game da nuna inda aka ce wannan aikin ya faru. Marubucin Faransanci Antoine du Verdier ya kuma yi sharhi game da shi a cikin 1577, yana cewa an gaya masa cewa irin wannan haƙƙin ya taɓa kasancewa a Scotland.

Masanin falsafar Faransa Montesquieu ya ambaci aikin a cikin The Spirit of the Laws (1748), yana cewa an tilasta shi a Faransa sama da dare uku, kodayake wannan kuskuren fassarar ainihin aikin zamani ne inda aka haramta cin zarafin aure a cikin dare na farko ko na farko na aure, sai dai idan an dakatar da shi ta hanyar sayen indulgence daga bishop ko abbot.

Voltaire mentioned the practice in his Dictionnaire philosophique, published in 1764. He wrote the five-act comedy Le droit du seigneur or L'écueil du sage in 1762, although it was not performed until 1779, after his death. This play was the first time the term droit du seigneur was used.

A cikin karni na 19 na Faransa, marubuta da yawa sun yi wasu da'awar game da ikon da ake tsammani na masu mulki a lokacin Tsohon Tsarin Mulki, kamar su droit de ravage (dama na lalacewa; samar wa ubangiji damar lalata filayen mulkinsa), da kuma droit de prélassement (dama na lounging; an ce ubangiji yana da damar cire barikinsa don dumi ƙafafunsa a ciki).

Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki

A cikin Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 1786 tare da littafin Lorenzo Da Ponte, makircin ban dariya ya kewaye da nasarar da matashiyar amarya da ango, Susanna da Figaro, suka yi, don toshe kokarin Count Almaviva marar aminci don yaudari Susanna. Don cimma burinsa, Count din da ya yi takaici ya yi barazanar sake kafa droit du seigneur. Ya samo asali ne daga wasan kwaikwayo na wannan taken da Pierre Beaumarchais ya yi.

Netherlands

Acta Sanctorum ("Ayyukan Tsarkaka"), wanda aka buga daga 1643 zuwa gaba, ya ambaci jus primæ noctis a cikin tarihin St Margaret da St Forannan.

Scotland

Hector Boece, masanin tarihi na farko da ya rubuta droit du seigneur, a cikin 1527

A shekara ta 1527, masanin tarihin Scotland Hector Boece ya rubuta cewa "dama" ya wanzu a Scotland har sai Malcolm III (r. 1058-93) ya soke shi a ƙarƙashin tasirin matarsa, Margaret (daga baya St Margaret na Scotland). An kafa biyan kuɗi a wurinsa. Boece ya danganta dokar ga wani sarki mai ban mamaki, Ewen ko Evenus III. Masanin Faransanci na zamani Alain Boureau ya ce mai yiwuwa Boece ya ƙirƙiri Sarki Ewen, amma yana kallon wannan a matsayin tatsuniyoyi, ba a matsayin jayayya da zalunci na zamani ba.

Sauran malaman Scotland na zamaninsa sun nakalto Boece tare da amincewa, ciki har da John Lesley (1578), George Buchanan (1582), da Habbakuk Bisset (1626). An kuma yarda da kasancewar tarihin al'ada a Scotland a cikin ayyukan shari'a na Scotland kamar James Balfour's Practicks (c. 1579), John Skene's De Verborum (1597), da Thomas Craig's Jus Feudale (1603). Masanin Ingilishi Henry Spelman ya bayyana a cikin ƙamus nasa (1664) cewa al'adar ta wanzu a Scotland, amma ba a Ingila ba. Masanin shari’a na Ingila William Blackstone ya kawo furucin Boece a cikin Sharhinsa akan Dokokin Ingila (1765-1769), yayin da yake lura da cewa al’adar bata taba wanzuwa a Ingila ba.  A cikin 1776, masanin shari'a na Scotland David Dalrymple ya yi jayayya da wanzuwar al'ada, yana jayayya cewa asusun Boece na almara ne kawai, amma ana ganin matsayinsa a kan kishin kasa na Scotland. Koyaya, a cewar masanin shari'a na Scotland David Maxwell Walker, an yi rikodin shari'o'in jus primæ noctis har zuwa karni na 18. Walker ya kammala da cewa yana yiwuwa jus ya wanzu a matsayin al'ada a Scotland, ya dogara da halin sarki, kuma ya rayu tsawon lokaci a yankuna masu nisa..

Bayan tafiye-tafiyen da suka yi a Scotland a shekara ta 1773, Samuel Johnson da James Boswell sun rubuta al'adar biyan kuɗi, suna haɗa shi da "dama na dare na farko". Sun daidaita shi da wannan al'ada na Borough English, suna ba da shawarar cewa Al'adar Ingilishi ta fi son ƙarami saboda mahaifin ɗan fari yana da shakku. Sir Walter Scott ya ambaci al'adar a cikin littafinsa na tarihi na Scotland, The Fair Maid of Perth (1828).

Spain

Littafin Mutanen Espanya Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda ("Ayyukan Persiles da Sigismunda", 1617) na Miguel de Cervantes ya ƙunshi wani labari inda amarya da ango suka tsere wa al'adar aure a Ireland. A cewar masanin Burtaniya W.D. Howarth, Cervantes ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar bikin auren Peruvian kuma abin da aka bayyana ya bambanta da classic version of the droit du seigneur kamar yadda ya shafi budurwa da yawa. Koyaya, labarin Cervantes shine tushen wasan Ingilishi The Custom of the Country, wanda John Fletcher da Philip Massinger suka rubuta kuma aka buga a shekara ta 1647. Wasan yana da classic version na "dama na dare na farko" tare da biyan kuɗi a matsayin madadin. A cewar Howarth, wannan yana nuna cewa droit du seigneur sanannen ra'ayi ne ga mutane a wannan lokacin, wanda ya samo asali daga Boece.

Afirka

A zamanin yau, shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko ya mallaki droit de seigneur yayin da yake tafiya a fadin kasar, inda shugabannin yankin suka ba shi budurwa.

Arewacin Amurka

An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana cin zarafin jima'i na bayi a Amurka.

Asiya

As late as the 19th century, some Kurdish chieftains in Anatolia raped Armenian brides on their wedding night (part of what was then known as the khafir or hafir system).

Oceania

A cikin Tsibirin Hawaiian, ana kiyaye dama ga Shugabannin sau da yawa, bisa ga "Halin Jima'i a Pre Contact Hawai'i" na Milton Diamond . Iyayen yarinya yarinya sun kalli haɗin tare da ni'ima. Wannan shi ne saboda yarinyar na iya ɗaukar ɗa na shugaban kuma an ba ta damar riƙe shi.

Tattaunawa a cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20

Masana a cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20 sun ba da tushen tarihi na "dama na dare na farko" mai kyau. A tsawon lokaci, Encyclopædia Britannica da encyclopedias na Larousse sun canza ra'ayinsu game da batun, suna motsawa daga karɓa zuwa ƙin gaskiyar tarihin ra'ayin.

Marubucin Faransa Louis Veuillot ya rubuta littafi a 1854 yana jayayya da wanzuwarsa. Bayan cikakken binciken tarihi, masanin shari'a na Jamus Karl Schmidt ya kammala a 1881 cewa kuskuren masanin kimiyya ne. Bayan Schmidt, da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka yi imani da wanzuwar al'ada sun dogara da ra'ayoyinsu akan nazarin ilimin ɗan adam na al'ummomin kabilanci, kodayake a cewar W. D. Howarth, wannan gardama ce mara kyau saboda bambancin da ke tsakanin al'ummomi da al'ummar Turai ta zamani. A cikin The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State a cikin 1884, ɗan gurguzu Friedrich Engels ya yi jayayya cewa yana da gaske kuma yana da asalin ɗan adam. Masanin Italiyanci Paolo Mantegazza, a cikin littafinsa na 1885 The Sexual Relations of Mankind, ya ce yayin da ba doka ba ce, mai yiwuwa al'ada ce mai ɗaurewa.

A cikin 1910, masanin Celtic Whitley Stokes ya ce kasancewar aikin "an tabbatar da shi ko da yake ba a tabbatar da shi ba" cewa ya wanzu a Ireland. A cikin 1930, masanin shari'a na Scotland Hector McKechnie ya kammala, bisa ga shaidar tarihi, cewa aikin ya wanzu a Scotland a farkon lokutan. Masana tarihi David M. Walker da Hector McKechnie sun rubuta cewa haƙƙin na iya kasancewa a Turai ta zamani, amma wasu masana tarihi sun kammala cewa tatsuniya ce, kuma duk nassoshi game da ita daga lokutan baya ne.

Dubi kuma

• Childwite
• Cuckoldry
• Abin da ba na uba ba
• Yarinya ta sarauta
• Budurwa mai tsabtace tatsuniyoyi, imani cewa yin jima'i da budurwa na iya warkar da wasu cututtuka (musamman Cutar kanjamau) ko kuma ya ba da iko ga mutumin

Bayani mai bayani

• Fassara na: Hakkin cinyewa: Samar da tatsuniyoyi (karni na 13 zuwa na 20), Albin Michel 
• Bullough, Vern L. (1991). "Jus Primae Noctis or Droit du Seigneur". The Journal of Sex Research. 28 (2): 163–166. doi:10.1080/00224499109551602.
• Howarth, W. D. (1971). "'Droit du seigneur': fact or fantasy". Journal of European Studies. 1 (4): 291–312.
• McKechnie, Hector (1930). "Jus Primae Noctis". Juridical Review. 42: 303–311.
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• Utz, Richard (2005). "'Mes souvenirs sont peut-être reconstruits': Medieval Studies, Medievalism, and the Scholarly and Popular Memories of the 'Right of the Lord's First Night'". Philologie Im Netz. 31: 49–59.
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• Wettlaufer, Jörg (2000). "The jus primae noctis as a male power display: A review of historic sources with evolutionary interpretation". Evolution and Human Behavior. 21 (2): 111–123. Bibcode:2000EHumB..21..111W. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00032-X. PMID 10785347.

Haɗin waje

• The Straight Dope: Shin iyayengiji na zamani suna da "dama na dare na farko" tare da amarya na gida? An adana shi 2008-07-03 a
• Snopes: Knight na farko - Tattaunawa game da droit du seigneur, ko 'dama na ubangiji.'
• Jinin da aka yi da dare. Das Herrenrecht der ersten Nacht (a cikin Jamusanci) , (a cikin Turanci) (a Turanci)