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Damuwa (biology)

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Damuwa (biology)
failure mode (en) Fassara
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Ƙaramin ɓangare na biological process (en) Fassara da risk factor (en) Fassara
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Handled, mitigated, or managed by (en) Fassara stress management (en) Fassara

Damuwa, ko ta fuskar jiki, ko ta fuskar halitta, ko ta fuskar tunani, martani ne na halitta ga abin da ke haifar da damuwa, kamar yanayin muhalli ko canjin yanayin rayuwa. [1] [2] Idan aka matsa masa da abubuwan da ke canza yanayin halittu, tsarin jiki da yawa suna amsawa a duk faɗin jiki. [1] A cikin mutane da yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsarin jijiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kuma axis na hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) sune manyan tsarin jiki guda biyu da ke mayar da martani ga damuwa. [3] [4] Sanannun hormones guda biyu da mutane ke samarwa a lokacin damuwa sune adrenaline da cortisol . [3] [4]

Tsarin sympathoadrenal medullary axis (SAM) na iya kunna martanin faɗa ko tashi ta hanyar tsarin juyayi mai tausayi, wanda ke keɓe kuzari ga tsarin jiki mafi dacewa don daidaitawa da damuwa mai tsanani, yayin da tsarin juyayi na parasympathetic ke dawo da jiki zuwa yanayin homeostasis . [3] [4]

Babban cibiyar amsawa ga damuwa ta jiki ta biyu, wato axis na HPA, yana daidaita sakin cortisol, wanda ke shafar ayyuka da yawa na jiki, kamar ayyukan metabolism, na tunani da na rigakafi . [4] Ana sarrafa axis na SAM da HPA ta yankuna da dama na kwakwalwa, ciki har da tsarin limbic, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, da stria terminalis . [3] Ta hanyar waɗannan hanyoyin, damuwa na iya canza ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwa, lada, aikin garkuwar jiki, metabolism, da kuma sauƙin kamuwa da cututtuka. [3] [4]

Haɗarin cututtuka yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga cututtukan kwakwalwa, inda damuwa mai tsanani ko mai tsanani ta kasance sanadin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan kwakwalwa da dama. [1] [5]

Ilimin halin dan Adam

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Yanayi mai tsanani na damuwa inda damuwar da ake fuskanta ta yi tsanani yana haifar da canji a tunanin mutum wanda ke cutar da lafiyarsa, ta yadda ake samun rashin fahimta da rashin fahimtar mutum, da kuma damuwa da yawan tashin hankali . [6] Rarraba Cututtuka ta Duniya ya haɗa da rukuni na cututtukan tunani da na hali waɗanda ke da alaƙa da rashin lafiyarsu ga matsananciyar damuwa da kuma sakamakon amsawar daidaitawa. [7] [8] Damuwa ta yau da kullun, da rashin albarkatun magance matsalolin da ake da su, ko kuma wanda mutum ke amfani da su, sau da yawa na iya haifar da ci gaban matsalolin tunani kamar ruɗi, [9] baƙin ciki da damuwa . [4]

Masu damuwa na yau da kullun ba za su yi tsanani kamar masu damuwa na gaggawa kamar bala'i na halitta ko babban haɗari ba, amma suna ci gaba da daɗewa kuma suna da mummunan tasiri ga lafiya saboda suna dawwama kuma don haka suna buƙatar amsawar jiki ta jiki ta faru kowace rana. [4] Wannan yana rage kuzarin jiki da sauri kuma yawanci yana faruwa a cikin dogon lokaci, musamman lokacin da ba za a iya guje wa waɗannan ƙananan masu damuwa ba. [4]

Idan mutane suna cikin damuwa ta yau da kullun, canje-canje na dindindin a cikin halayensu na jiki, motsin rai, da halayensu na iya faruwa. [10] Damuwa ta yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da abubuwan da suka faru kamar kula da matar aure mai fama da tabin hankali, ko kuma na iya faruwa daga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan gajeren lokaci waɗanda ke da tasirin dogon lokaci, kamar fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i. Nazarin ya kuma nuna cewa damuwa ta tunani na iya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga yawan mace -mace da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin etiologic. Musamman, an nuna damuwa mai tsanani da ta yau da kullun suna haɓaka lipids na jini kuma suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na zuciya. [11]

Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa mutane su nuna taurin kai - kalma ce da ke nufin ikon kasancewa cikin damuwa na yau da kullun da lafiya. Duk da cewa damuwa ta tunani galibi tana da alaƙa da rashin lafiya ko cuta, yawancin mutane masu lafiya har yanzu suna iya zama ba tare da cutar ba bayan sun fuskanci abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa na yau da kullun. Wannan yana nuna cewa akwai bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya a cikin raunin da ke tattare da tasirin damuwa; bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya a cikin rauni yana tasowa ne saboda abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta da na tunani. Bugu da ƙari, shekarun da ake fuskantar damuwa na iya haifar da tasirinsa ga lafiya. Bincike ya nuna cewa damuwa ta yau da kullun a ƙuruciya na iya yin tasiri ga rayuwa a kan martanin halitta, na tunani, da na hali ga damuwa daga baya a rayuwa. [12]

Etymology da amfani da tarihi

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Kalmar "damuwa" ba ta da wata ma'ana ta zamani kafin shekarun 1920. Wani nau'i ne na kalmar " stress " ta Tsakiya ta Ingilishi, wadda aka samo ta hanyar Tsohon Faransanci daga Latin stringere, "don jawo hankali". [13] Kalmar ta daɗe ana amfani da ita a fannin kimiyyar lissafi don nufin rarrabawar cikin gida na ƙarfin da aka yi wa jiki, wanda ke haifar da damuwa . A cikin shekarun 1920 da '30, da'irori na halittu da na tunani wani lokaci suna amfani da "damuwa" don nufin wani rikici na jiki ko muhalli wanda zai iya haifar da "matsalar jiki" da ta tunani. Yawan damuwa a cikin martanin damuwa ya dogara ne akan juriya . Matsala mai yawa zai bayyana a matsayin rashin lafiya. [14]

Walter Cannon ya yi amfani da shi a shekarar 1926 don ya ambaci abubuwan waje da suka kawo cikas ga abin da ya kira homeostasis . Amma "...damuwa a matsayin bayanin abin da ya faru a rayuwa ba ta cikin labaran rayuwa na yau da kullun da na ƙwararru kafin shekarun 1930". [15] Damuwar jiki tana wakiltar nau'ikan martanin jiki iri-iri waɗanda ke faruwa a matsayin tasirin damuwa kai tsaye wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin yanayin jiki. Bayan rushewar daidaiton tunani ko na jiki nan take, jiki yana amsawa ta hanyar ƙarfafa tsarin jijiyoyi, endocrine, da garkuwar jiki. Amsar waɗannan tsarin yana haifar da canje-canje da yawa na jiki waɗanda ke da tasirin ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci akan jiki. [16]

An ƙirƙiro ma'aunin damuwa na Holmes da Rahe a matsayin hanyar tantance haɗarin cututtuka daga canje-canjen rayuwa. [17] Ma'aunin ya lissafa canje-canje masu kyau da marasa kyau waɗanda ke haifar da damuwa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar babban hutu ko aure, ko mutuwar miji da korar aiki. [18]

Bukatar Halitta don Daidaito

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Homeostasis ra'ayi ne mai mahimmanci ga ra'ayin damuwa. [19] A fannin ilmin halitta, yawancin hanyoyin sinadarai suna ƙoƙari su kiyaye daidaito (homeostasis), yanayi mai dorewa wanda ke wanzuwa a matsayin mafi kyau kuma ƙasa da yanayin da za a iya cimmawa. Abubuwan muhalli, abubuwan da ke motsa jiki na ciki ko na waje, suna ci gaba da kawo cikas ga homeostasis; yanayin da kwayoyin halitta ke ciki a yanzu yanayi ne na ci gaba da gudana a kusa da wurin homeostasis wanda shine mafi kyawun yanayin rayuwa na kwayoyin halitta. [20] Abubuwan da ke sa yanayin kwayoyin halitta ya bambanta da homeostasis ana iya fuskantar su a matsayin damuwa. Yanayi mai barazana ga rayuwa kamar babban rauni na jiki ko yunwa mai tsawo na iya kawo cikas ga homeostasis sosai. A gefe guda kuma, ana iya fassara ƙoƙarin da kwayoyin halitta ke yi na dawo da yanayi zuwa ko kusa da homeostasis, wanda galibi yana cinye makamashi da albarkatun halitta, a matsayin damuwa. [21]

Hans Selye (1907–1982) ne ya fara gane rashin tabbas game da bayyana wannan lamari a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1951 wani mai sharhi ya taƙaita ra'ayin Selye game da damuwa a matsayin wani abu da "...banda kasancewarsa kansa, shi ma shine sanadin kansa, da kuma sakamakonsa". [22]

Da farko da ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin mahallin halitta, Selye ya ci gaba da bayyana damuwa a matsayin "martani mara takamaiman jiki ga duk wata buƙata da aka sanya masa". Masana kimiyyar jijiyoyi kamar Bruce McEwen da Jaap Koolhaas sun yi imanin cewa damuwa, bisa ga shekaru na bincike na gwaji, "ya kamata a takaita damuwa ga yanayi inda buƙatar muhalli ta wuce ƙarfin tsarin halitta na wani abu". [23] Hakika, a cikin 1995 Toates ya riga ya ayyana damuwa a matsayin "yanayi na yau da kullun wanda ke tasowa ne kawai lokacin da hanyoyin kariya ko dai ana tsawaita su akai-akai ko kuma suna gazawa," yayin da a cewar Ursin (1988) damuwa yana faruwa ne daga rashin daidaito tsakanin abubuwan da ake tsammani ("ƙimar da aka saita") da abubuwan da aka fahimta ("ƙimar gaske") waɗanda ba za a iya warware su da gamsuwa ba, [24] wanda kuma ya sanya damuwa a cikin mahallin ka'idar daidaiton fahimta . [25]

Ilimin Halittar Damuwa

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Hulɗar endocrine ta kwakwalwa tana da mahimmanci wajen fassara damuwa zuwa canje-canje na jiki da na tunani. [4] Tsarin jijiyoyi masu zaman kansu (ANS) yana taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar fassara damuwa cikin amsawa ga abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa ta jiki da kuma abubuwan da kwakwalwa ke samarwa. [26]

ANS ta ƙunshi tsarin jijiyoyi na parasympathetic da tsarin juyayi mai tausayi, rassan biyu waɗanda duka suna aiki da ƙarfi tare da ayyukan da ke gaba da juna. [26] ANS tana shiga nama kai tsaye ta hanyar jijiyoyin postganglionic, waɗanda ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi na preganglionic ke sarrafawa. [26] ANS tana karɓar bayanai daga medulla, hypothalamus, limbic system, prefrontal cortex, midbrain da monoamine nuclei . [4] [27]

Ayyukan tsarin juyayi mai tausayi yana jagorantar abin da ake kira martanin "yaƙi ko gudu". [4] Amsar faɗa ko gudu ga gaggawa ko damuwa ta ƙunshi ƙaruwar bugun zuciya da matsewar ƙarfi, matsewar jijiyoyi, bronchodilation, gumi, da kuma fitar da epinephrine da cortisol daga adrenal medulla, tsakanin sauran martanin jiki da na hormones da yawa. [26] Amsar juyayi mai narkewar jiki ta ƙunshi komawa ga kula da homeostasis, kuma ya haɗa da miosis, matsewar broncho, ƙaruwar aikin tsarin narkewar abinci, da matsewar bangon mafitsara. [26] An lura da alaƙa mai rikitarwa tsakanin abubuwan kariya da rauni akan tasirin damuwa a gida na yara akan cututtukan tunani, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da daidaitawa. [4] [28] Hanyoyin da suka shafi ANS na iya ƙara haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini bayan manyan abubuwan damuwa. [4] [29]

Tsarin HPA tsarin neuroendocrine ne wanda ke daidaita martanin damuwa. [4] Jijiyoyin jijiyoyi a cikin hypothalamus, musamman ma'aunin paraventricular, suna sakin vasopressin da corticotropin hormone mai sakin hormone, waɗanda ke tafiya ta cikin jirgin ruwa mai ƙarancin jini inda suke tafiya zuwa da kuma ɗaurewa ga mai karɓar hormone mai sakin corticotropin akan glandar pituitary ta gaba . [4] [26] An gano peptides CRH da yawa, kuma masu karɓar su suna wanzu a yankuna da yawa na kwakwalwa, gami da amygdala. [4] CRH shine babban kwayar halittar da ke daidaita sakin ACTH. [4] Fitar ACTH cikin zagayawar jiki yana ba shi damar ɗaurewa da kunna masu karɓar melanocortin, inda yake ƙarfafa sakin hormones na steroid . [4] Tsarin garkuwar jiki na iya fuskantar damuwa. Tsarin HPA a ƙarshe yana haifar da sakin cortisol, wanda gabaɗaya yana da tasirin rage garkuwar jiki. [4]

Fuskantar wani abu mai tsanani ko na yau da kullun wanda ba a iya sarrafa shi ba yana lalata ayyukan fahimta na prefrontal cortex, misali yana lalata ƙwaƙwalwar aiki da kuma raunana ikon kulawa, aiki da motsin rai daga sama zuwa ƙasa. Tare da damuwa mai tsanani, akwai ƙaruwar sakin norepinephrine da dopamine a cikin prefrontal cortex, wanda ke buɗe tashoshin potassium akan kashin baya na dendritic don rage ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa na prefrontal cortical excitatory synapses cikin sauri , wani tsari da ake kira Dynamic Network Connectivity. Tare da fallasa damuwa na yau da kullun, akwai asarar prefrontal cortical dendrites da kashin baya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin fahimta. Cortisol na iya ƙara ta'azzara waɗannan ayyukan ta hanyar toshe wuraren ɗaukar catecholamine akan glia.

Ilimin halittar damuwa na tsirrai

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A cikin tsire-tsire, ilimin halittar damuwa yana nufin martanin sinadarai, ƙwayoyin halitta, da na jiki da ke haifar da mummunan yanayi kamar fari, gishiri, matsanancin zafin jiki, da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki. A cewar binciken ilimin halittar tsirrai da Kaur da Arora suka taƙaita, waɗannan abubuwan damuwa suna kawo cikas ga tsarin metabolism, photosynthesis, da dangantakar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da raguwar girma da yawan aiki idan aka wuce hanyoyin daidaitawa.

Tsire-tsire suna mayar da martani ga damuwar muhalli ta hanyar daidaitawar tsarin jiki, gami da daidaita osmotic, kunna kariya daga antioxidants, siginar hormones, da canje-canje a cikin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta. Waɗannan martanin suna ba da damar haƙuri na ɗan gajeren lokaci da kuma daidaitawa na dogon lokaci, kodayake damuwa mai tsawo ko mai tsanani na iya lalata yawan amfanin gona da kwanciyar hankali na yanayin muhalli.

Illolin damuwa na yau da kullun

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Damuwa ta yau da kullun kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don bambanta ta da damuwa mai tsanani. Ma'anoni sun bambanta, kuma suna iya kasancewa tare da ci gaba da kunna martanin damuwa, [30] damuwa da ke haifar da canjin allostatic a cikin ayyukan jiki, [3] ko kuma kamar "tsawon lokaci na damuwa". [31] Duk da cewa martani ga masu damuwa mai tsanani yawanci ba sa sanya nauyi ga matasa, masu lafiya, damuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin tsofaffi ko marasa lafiya na iya samun sakamako na dogon lokaci wanda ke cutar da lafiya. [32]

Mai yaɗuwa

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Wasu bincike sun lura da ƙaruwar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar numfashi ta sama a lokacin damuwa ta rayuwa ta yau da kullun. Ga marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV, ƙaruwar damuwa ta rayuwa da cortisol suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin ci gaban cutar HIV. [30] Haka kuma tare da ƙaruwar damuwa, bincike ya tabbatar da shaidar cewa yana iya sake kunna ƙwayoyin cutar herpes da ke ɓoye. [33]

Ci gaba

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An kuma nuna cewa damuwa ta yau da kullun tana lalata ci gaban yara ta hanyar rage samar da hormone na girma na glandar pituitary, kamar yadda yake a cikin yara da ke da alaƙa da yanayin gida wanda ya haɗa da rikice-rikicen aure, shan giya, ko cin zarafin yara . Gabaɗaya, rayuwar haihuwa, jariri, yarinta, da samartaka lokaci ne mai mahimmanci wanda raunin damuwa ke da yawa. [34] [35]

Ilimin halin dan Adam

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Wani bita na 2024 ya ruwaito cewa an kiyasta cewa yawan cututtukan damuwa bayan rauni (PTSD) a duniya a tsawon rayuwa a cikin manya ya kai kusan kashi 3.9%. [36] Damuwa na iya haifar da cututtuka daban-daban, kamar fibromyalgia, [37] chronic fatigue syndrome, [38] depression, [39] da kuma functional somatic syndromes . [40]

Ka'idojin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam

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Ana kiran abubuwan damuwa masu daɗi ko kuma masu ƙarfafa gwiwa eustress, wanda gabaɗaya yana da tasiri mai kyau akan kuzari, lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da ayyukan fahimta . [4]

A shekarar 1975, Selye ta buga wani samfurin da ke raba damuwa zuwa eustress da damuwa . [41] Inda damuwa ke inganta aiki (ta jiki ko ta hankali, kamar ta hanyar horar da ƙarfi ko aiki mai wahala), ana iya ɗaukarsa eustress. [4] Damuwa mai ɗorewa wadda ba a warware ta ta hanyar jurewa ko daidaitawa ba, wacce ake ɗauka a matsayin damuwa, na iya haifar da damuwa ko ɗabi'ar janyewa (baƙin ciki). [4] [41]

Bambancin da ke tsakanin abubuwan da ke haifar da eustress da waɗanda ke haifar da damuwa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar rashin daidaito tsakanin abin da ya faru (na gaske ko na tunani) da kuma abin da mutum ke tsammani, da kuma albarkatun da za a iya magance damuwar. [4] [42]

Kimantawa ta Fahimta

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Lazarus ya yi jayayya cewa, domin yanayin zamantakewa ya zama mai damuwa, dole ne a kimanta shi kamar haka. Ya yi jayayya cewa hanyoyin tantancewa na fahimta suna da mahimmanci wajen tantance ko yanayi yana da barazanar, yana haifar da lahani/rashi ko ƙalubale, ko kuma yana da sauƙi.

Abubuwan da suka shafi mutum da muhalli suna tasiri ga wannan kimantawa ta farko, wanda hakan ke haifar da zaɓin hanyoyin magance matsalar. Magance matsalar da ta mayar da hankali kan matsaloli yana mayar da hankali kan magance matsalar, yayin da hanyoyin magance matsalar da ta mayar da hankali kan motsin rai suna mayar da hankali kan sarrafa motsin rai mara kyau. Kimantawa ta biyu tana nufin kimanta albarkatun da ake da su don magance matsalar, kuma tana iya canza kimantawa ta farko.

A wata ma'anar, kimantawa ta farko ta haɗa da fahimtar yadda matsalar take da damuwa da kuma kimantawa ta biyu ta kimanta ko mutum yana da isassun albarkatu don magance matsalar da ke shafar kimantawar damuwa gaba ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, magancewa yana da sassauƙa ta yadda, gabaɗaya, mutum yana bincika ingancin magancewa akan lamarin; idan ba shi da tasirin da ake so, za su, gabaɗaya, gwada dabaru daban-daban.

Kimantawa

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Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin lafiya

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Abubuwan damuwa marasa kyau da masu kyau duka na iya haifar da damuwa. Tsananin damuwa da tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka yana canzawa dangane da yanayi da yanayin motsin zuciyar mutumin da ke tare da shi (Arnold. E da Boggs. K. 2007). Wasu nau'ikan da misalan abubuwan damuwa da aka saba gani sun haɗa da:

  • Shigar da abubuwan da ke haifar da ji kamar zafi, haske mai haske, hayaniya, yanayin zafi, ko matsalolin muhalli kamar rashin iko kan yanayin muhalli, kamar abinci, iska da/ko ingancin ruwa, gidaje, lafiya, ' yanci, ko motsi.
  • Matsalolin zamantakewa na iya haifar da damuwa, kamar gwagwarmaya da mutane masu wahala da kuma rashin nasara a zamantakewa, ko rikicin dangantaka, yaudara, ko rabuwa, da manyan abubuwan da suka faru kamar haihuwa da mutuwa, aure, da saki .
  • Abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa kamar talauci, rashin aikin yi, baƙin ciki na asibiti, rashin lafiyar da ke damun mutum, shan giya mai yawa, ko rashin isasshen barci suma na iya haifar da damuwa. Dalibai da ma'aikata na iya fuskantar matsin lamba daga jarrabawa da wa'adin aikin.
  • Ana kyautata zaton munanan abubuwan da suka faru yayin ci gaba (misali, fuskantar damuwa a lokacin haihuwa ga uwa, [43] mummunan tarihin alaƙa, cin zarafin jima'i ) [44] suna taimakawa wajen raguwar girman tsarin amsawar damuwa na mutum. Ɗaya daga cikin kimantawa na damuwa daban-daban a rayuwar mutane shine Holmes da Rahe Scale Stress .

Ciwon daidaitawa na gabaɗaya

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Masana kimiyyar halittar jiki sun bayyana damuwa a matsayin yadda jiki ke mayar da martani ga mai damuwa - wani abu mai motsa rai, na gaske ko na tunani. Abubuwan damuwa masu tsanani suna shafar wani abu a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci; abubuwan damuwa na yau da kullun na tsawon lokaci. Ciwon daidaitawa na gabaɗaya ( GAS ), wanda Hans Selye ya haɓaka, bayanin yadda halittu ke mayar da martani ga damuwa; GAS yana da siffofi uku: matakin motsin ƙararrawa mara takamaiman, wanda ke haɓaka aikin tsarin juyayi mai tausayi; matakin juriya, wanda a lokacin yake ƙoƙarin shawo kan barazanar; da kuma matakin gajiya, wanda ke faruwa idan kwayoyin halitta suka kasa shawo kan barazanar kuma suka rasa albarkatun ilimin halittarsu.

Mataki na 1

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Ƙararrawa ita ce mataki na farko, wanda aka raba zuwa matakai biyu: matakin girgiza da matakin hana girgiza . [45]

  • Matakin Girgiza : A wannan lokacin, jiki zai iya jure canje-canje kamar rashin isasshen ruwa, rashin isasshen ruwa, rashin isasshen ruwa, rashin isasshen ruwa, da ƙarancin ruwa - tasirin damuwa. Wannan matakin yana kama da cutar Addison . Juriyar halittar ga mai rage damuwa tana raguwa na ɗan lokaci ƙasa da matsakaicin da aka saba kuma ana iya fuskantar wani matakin girgiza (misali girgizar jini ).
  • Matakin hana girgiza : Lokacin da aka gano ko aka gane barazanar ko abin damuwa, jiki zai fara amsawa kuma yana cikin yanayi na fargaba. A wannan matakin, tsarin jijiyoyi na locus coeruleus da tsarin juyayi masu tausayi suna kunna samar da catecholamines ciki har da adrenaline, wanda ke haifar da martanin yaƙi ko tashi da aka sani. Adrenaline yana samar da ƙarar tsoka na ɗan lokaci, ƙaruwar hawan jini saboda jijiyoyin jini da tachycardia, da kuma ƙaruwar glucose a cikin jini. Akwai kuma ɗan kunna axis na HPA, yana samar da glucocorticoids (cortisol, wanda aka fi sani da S-hormone ko stress-hormone).

Mataki na 2

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Juriya ita ce mataki na biyu. A wannan matakin, ƙaruwar fitar da glucocorticoids yana ƙara ƙarfin amsawar jiki ga tsarin jiki. Glucocorticoids na iya ƙara yawan glucose, mai, da amino acid a cikin jini. A cikin allurai masu yawa, glucocorticoid ɗaya, cortisol, yana fara aiki kamar mineralocorticoid ( aldosterone ) kuma yana kawo jiki zuwa yanayin da yayi kama da hyperaldosteronism . Idan mai damuwa ya ci gaba, ya zama dole a yi ƙoƙarin wasu hanyoyin magance damuwar. Jiki yana ƙoƙarin mayar da martani ga abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa, amma bayan tsawaita aiki, albarkatun sinadarai na jiki za su ragu a hankali, wanda zai kai ga matakin ƙarshe.

Tarihi a cikin bincike

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Amfani da kalmar damuwa a yanzu ya samo asali ne daga gwaje-gwajen Hans Selye na shekarun 1930. Ya fara amfani da kalmar don komawa ga wakili kawai, har ma da yanayin halittar yayin da take amsawa da daidaitawa da muhalli. Ka'idojinsa na amsawar damuwa ta duniya ba ta musamman ba sun jawo hankali da jayayya a fannin ilimin halittar jiki, kuma ya gudanar da shirye-shiryen bincike da wallafe-wallafe masu yawa. [46]

Duk da cewa aikin ya ci gaba da jawo goyon baya daga masu fafutukar maganin psychosomatic, mutane da yawa a fannin gwajin ilimin halittar jiki sun kammala da cewa ra'ayoyinsa ba su da tabbas kuma ba za a iya auna su ba. A shekarun 1950, Selye ya juya baya daga dakin gwaje-gwaje don yaɗa ra'ayinsa ta hanyar littattafai masu shahara da rangadin lacca. Ya yi rubutu ga likitoci marasa ilimi da kuma, a cikin wani littafi mai suna Stress of Life, wanda aka fi sayarwa a duniya, ga jama'a.

Faɗaɗɗen ra'ayi na biopsychosocial game da damuwa da daidaitawa ya ba da alƙawarin taimaka wa kowa ya sami lafiya da farin ciki ta hanyar samun nasarar mayar da martani ga ƙalubalen duniya da ke canzawa da matsalolin wayewar zamani. Selye ya ƙirƙiro kalmar " eustress " don damuwa mai kyau, sabanin damuwa . Ya yi jayayya cewa duk mutane suna da sha'awar halitta kuma suna buƙatar yin aiki don amfanin kansu, saƙo wanda ke samun tagomashi daga masana masana'antu da gwamnatoci. [46] Ya kuma ƙirƙiro kalmar damuwa don nufin abin da ke haifar da shi ko abin da ke motsa shi, sabanin yanayin damuwa da ya haifar.

Selye ta yi mu'amala da masana'antar taba tun daga shekarar 1958 kuma sun kasance abokan hulɗa da ba a bayyana su a shari'o'i da kuma haɓaka manufar damuwa, suna ɓoye alaƙar da ke tsakanin shan taba da ciwon daji, da kuma nuna shan taba a matsayin "ɓarna", ko kuma a cikin ra'ayin Selye "ɓarna", daga damuwar muhalli. [47]

Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun fara ɗaukar ra'ayin Selye; sun nemi a auna "damuwar rayuwa" ta hanyar ƙididdige " mahimman abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa ", kuma an gudanar da bincike mai yawa don bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin damuwa da cututtuka iri-iri. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970, damuwa ta zama fannin likitanci mafi damuwa ga jama'a, kuma an buƙaci ƙarin bincike na asali don magance matsalar. An kuma sake sabunta binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje kan tushen damuwa na neuroendocrine, molecular, da immunological, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin wani abu mai amfani wanda ba lallai bane ya shafi hasashen Selye na asali. Sojojin Amurka sun zama babbar cibiyar binciken damuwa, suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar da rage raunin jijiyoyi da kuma waɗanda suka mutu a fannin tabin hankali. [46]

An ƙirƙiro cutar tabin hankali bayan tashin hankali ( PTSD ) a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, wani ɓangare ta hanyar ƙoƙarin masu fafutukar yaƙi da Yaƙin Vietnam da kuma tsoffin sojojin Vietnam da ke yaƙi da Yaƙin, da kuma Chaim F. Shatan . An ƙara wannan yanayin a cikin Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali a matsayin cutar damuwa bayan tashin hankali a cikin 1980. An ɗauki PTSD a matsayin mummunan martanin motsin rai ga mummunan rauni na tunani, kuma galibi ana danganta shi da sojoji, jami'an 'yan sanda, da sauran ma'aikatan gaggawa. Abin damuwa na iya haɗawa da barazana ga rayuwa (ko kallon ainihin mutuwar wani), mummunan rauni na jiki, ko barazana ga mutuncin jiki ko na tunani. A wasu lokuta, yana iya kasancewa daga mummunan rauni na tunani da na motsin rai, ban da duk wani lahani na zahiri ko barazana. Sau da yawa, duk da haka, ana haɗa su biyun.

A shekarun 1990, "damuwa" ta zama muhimmin ɓangare na fahimtar kimiyya ta zamani a dukkan fannoni na ilimin halittar jiki da aikin ɗan adam, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan misalai na rayuwar Yamma. Mayar da hankali kan damuwa a wasu wurare, kamar damuwa a wurin aiki, kuma an haɓaka dabarun sarrafa damuwa . Kalmar ta kuma zama kalma mai kama da "magana", hanyar da ake amfani da ita wajen ambaton matsaloli da kuma nuna tausayi ba tare da furta ikirari ba, kawai "damuwa". Ya zo ne don rufe abubuwa da yawa daga ƙaiƙayi mai sauƙi zuwa irin matsaloli masu tsanani waɗanda ka iya haifar da lalacewar lafiya . A cikin amfani da jama'a, kusan duk wani abu ko yanayi tsakanin waɗannan mawuyacin hali za a iya kwatanta shi da damuwa.

Binciken Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka na 2015 game da Damuwa a Amurka [48] ya gano cewa damuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar na ƙaruwa kuma manyan hanyoyin damuwa guda uku sune "kuɗi", "alhakin iyali", da "aiki".

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  45. ↑ (W ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  46. 1 2 3 Viner R (1999). "Putting Stress in Life: Hans Selye and the Making of Stress Theory". Social Studies of Science. 29 (3): 391–410. doi:10.1177/030631299029003003. JSTOR 285410. S2CID 145291588.
  47. ↑ Petticrew, Mark P.; Lee, Kelley (March 2011). "The "Father of Stress" Meets "Big Tobacco": Hans Selye and the Tobacco Industry". American Journal of Public Health. 101 (3): 411–418. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177634. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 3036703. PMID 20466961.
  48. ↑ "2015 Stress in America Snapshot". www.apa.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
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