Jump to content

Damuwa na zamantakewa

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Damuwa na zamantakewa
Description (en) Fassara
Iri Matsalar damuwa
Field of study (en) Fassara psychiatry (en) Fassara, clinical psychology (en) Fassara
Ilimin halin dan Adam
Symptoms and signs (en) Fassara Damuwar jama'a
Therapy (en) Fassara
Magani gabapentin, paroxetine (en) Fassara, sertraline (en) Fassara da venlafaxine (en) Fassara
Identifier (en) Fassara
ICD-10-CM F40.1, F40.10 da F93.2
ICD-9-CM 300.23
ICD-10 F40.1
MedlinePlus 000957
eMedicine 000957
MeSH D000072861
Disease Ontology ID DOID:11257

Rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa ( SAD ), wanda a da aka sani da tsoron zamantakewa, cuta ce ta damuwa wadda ke da yawan damuwa da sanin kai a cikin yanayi na zamantakewa, wanda ke haifar da matsananciyar damuwa da kuma rashin iya aiki a rayuwar yau da kullun. [1] [2] [3] Babban abin da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa shine tsoron ci gaba da kimantawa mara kyau ko mai kyau daga wasu. [4] [5] Waɗannan fargabar na iya tasowa ne ta hanyar binciken da aka gani ko kuma na gaske daga wasu. Bayanan da aka samu kwanan nan sun nuna cewa yawan matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa yana ƙaruwa, musamman a tsakanin matasa. [6]

Alamomin jiki galibi sun haɗa da jajayen fuska, gumi mai yawa, rawar jiki, bugun zuciya, tashin hankali na tsoka, gajeriyar numfashi, da tashin zuciya . [7] Harin tsoro kuma na iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin tsananin tsoro da rashin jin daɗi. Wasu mutanen da abin ya shafa na iya amfani da barasa ko wasu magunguna don rage tsoro da hana su a tarurrukan zamantakewa. Abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga mutanen da ke cikin damuwa ta zamantakewa su yi wa kansu magani ta wannan hanyar, musamman idan ba a gano su ba ko kuma ba a yi musu magani ba. Wannan yana haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da rashin lafiyar shan barasa, matsalar cin abinci, ko wasu matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a tsakanin masu fama da cutar. A cewar jagororin ICD-11, mutum ya cika sharuɗɗan matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa idan ya fuskanci alamun da suka daɗe na tsawon watanni da yawa, wanda ke haifar da babban damuwa da rauni a cikin mutum, iyali, zamantakewa, ilimi, aiki, ko wasu muhimman fannoni na aiki. [8]

Hanya ta farko ta magance matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa ita ce maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT) tare da ko ba tare da magani ba. [1] [2] [9] CBT ya fi tasiri idan aka bayar da shi daban-daban, kodayake ana iya bayar da shi a cikin tsarin rukuni. [10] Abubuwan da ke tattare da fahimta da halayyar suna neman canza tsarin tunani da martanin jiki ga yanayin da ke haifar da damuwa. Maganin metacognitive da yarda da alƙawarin magani su ne zaɓuɓɓukan madadin waɗanda ke da inganci aƙalla sama da CBT. [11] [12]

Hankalin da aka bai wa matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa ya ƙaru sosai tun daga shekarar 1999, tare da amincewa da tallata magunguna don maganinsa. Magungunan da aka amince da su sun haɗa da masu hana sake ɗaukar serotonin (SSRIs) paroxetine, sertraline, da fluvoxamine, masu hana sake ɗaukar serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRI) venlafaxine, da kuma masu hana monoamine oxidase (MAOI) phenelzine. [2] [13] [14] [15] Ana amfani da Propranolol, mai hana beta, a wasu lokutan ba tare da la'akari da shi ba don damuwa ta aiki . [16]

Alamomi da Alamomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gyara na 11 na Tsarin Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya ( ICD-11 ) ya rarraba matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa a matsayin cuta mai alaƙa da damuwa ko tsoro. [17]

Bangarorin fahimta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin samfuran fahimta na rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa, waɗanda ke da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa suna jin tsoron yadda za su gabatar wa wasu. [3] Suna iya jin tsoron kansu fiye da kima, suna mai da hankali sosai ga kansu, ko kuma suna da manyan matakan aiki ga kansu. A cewar ka'idar ilimin halayyar zamantakewa na gabatar da kai, mutumin da abin ya shafa yana ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar ra'ayi mai kyau ga wasu amma yana ganin ba zai iya yin hakan ba. Sau da yawa, kafin yanayin zamantakewa mai haifar da damuwa, suna iya yin bita da gangan abin da zai iya faruwa ba daidai ba da kuma yadda za a magance kowace shari'a da ba a zata ba. Bayan abin da ya faru, suna iya fahimtar cewa sun yi abin da ba daidai ba. Saboda haka, za su fahimci duk wani abu da wataƙila ya zama abin kunya. Waɗannan tunanin na iya tsawaita na tsawon makonni ko fiye. Karkatarwar fahimta alama ce kuma ana koya game da su a cikin CBT (maganin fahimta-halayyar ɗabi'a). Tunani galibi yana lalata kansu kuma ba daidai ba ne. Waɗanda ke da fargabar zamantakewa suna fassara tattaunawa tsaka tsaki ko mara ma'ana tare da hangen nesa mara kyau kuma bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa mutanen da ke da damuwa ta zamantakewa suna tuna tunanin da ba daidai ba fiye da waɗanda ba su da damuwa. [2] [3]

Bangarorin halayya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin lafiyar damuwa ta zamantakewa wata fargaba ce ta dindindin ga wani yanayi ko fiye da haka inda mutum zai fuskanci wasu su yi masa tambayoyi kuma yana jin tsoron cewa zai iya yin wani abu ko ya yi wani abu da zai zama abin kunya ko kunya. [2] [3] Ya wuce "kunya" na yau da kullun domin yana haifar da wuce gona da iri na gujewa zamantakewa da kuma rashin isasshen aiki a zamantakewa ko aiki. [18]

Waɗanda ke fama da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa suna jin tsoron a yi musu hukunci daga wasu a cikin al'umma. Musamman ma, mutanen da ke fama da damuwa ta zamantakewa suna jin tsoro a gaban mutanen da ke da iko kuma suna jin rashin jin daɗi yayin gwajin jiki. [1] Mutanen da ke fama da wannan matsalar na iya yin wani abu ko kuma su faɗi wani abu sannan su ji kunya ko kunya bayan sun yi. Sakamakon haka, sau da yawa suna zaɓar su ware kansu daga al'umma don guje wa irin waɗannan yanayi. Hakanan suna iya jin rashin jin daɗin haɗuwa da mutanen da ba su sani ba kuma suna yin nesa da juna lokacin da suke tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin mutane. A wasu lokuta, suna iya nuna shaidar wannan matsalar ta hanyar guje wa kallon ido, ko yin jajayen fuska lokacin da wani yake magana da su. [1]

Bangarorin ilimin halittar jiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Illolin jiki na iya haɗawa da gumi mai yawa, tashin zuciya, wahalar numfashi, girgiza, bugun zuciya, da kuma ƙaruwar bugun zuciya . [2] [3]

Bangarorin zamantakewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutanen da ke fama da SAD suna guje wa yanayi da yawancin mutane ke ɗauka a matsayin na al'ada. Mutanen da ke fama da SAD suna guje wa duk wani yanayi na zamantakewa ko kuma mafi yawan yanayi kuma suna ɓoyewa daga wasu, wanda zai iya shafar dangantakarsu ta sirri. [2] [3] [7] Tsoron zamantakewa na iya kawar da mutane gaba ɗaya daga yanayi na zamantakewa saboda tsoron da ba shi da tushe na waɗannan yanayi. Mutanen da ke fama da SAD na iya zama masu jaraba ga hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa, suna da rashin barci, kuma suna jin daɗi lokacin da suka guji hulɗa da mutane. [7] SAD kuma na iya haifar da ƙarancin girman kai, tunani mara kyau, babban rashin kwanciyar hankali, jin daɗin suka, da kuma ƙwarewar zamantakewa mara kyau waɗanda ba sa inganta. [7] Mutanen da ke fama da SAD suna fuskantar damuwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa, daga haɗuwa mai mahimmanci, mai ma'ana zuwa yanayi na yau da kullun. Waɗannan mutanen na iya jin tsoro sosai a cikin hirar aiki, saduwa, hulɗa da hukuma, ko a wurin aiki da makaranta. [2] [3] [7]

Cututtukan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

SAD ta nuna babban ci gaba da kamuwa da cututtukan tabin hankali. A gaskiya ma, wani bincike da aka gudanar a kan yawan jama'a ya gano cewa kashi 66% na waɗanda ke fama da SAD suna da ɗaya ko fiye da wasu cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa. [19] SAD sau da yawa yana faruwa tare da ƙarancin girman kai da kuma mafi yawan baƙin ciki na asibiti . Baƙin ciki na asibiti yana da yuwuwar faruwa sau 1.49 zuwa 3.5 a cikin waɗanda ke fama da SAD. [20] [21] [22] Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa kasancewar wasu fargabar zamantakewa (misali, guje wa shiga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, guje wa zuwa biki) sun fi haifar da alamun damuwa mai kama da juna fiye da sauran fargabar zamantakewa. [2] [23]

Matsalolin damuwa banda SAD suma sun zama ruwan dare a cikin mutanen da ke fama da SAD, musamman matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya . [24] [25] Matsalolin halayen da ke guje wa mutum yana da alaƙa sosai da SAD, tare da yawan kamuwa da cuta tsakanin kashi 25% zuwa 89%. [26] [27]

Domin ƙoƙarin rage damuwarsu da kuma rage baƙin ciki, mutanen da ke fama da fargabar zamantakewa na iya amfani da barasa ko wasu ƙwayoyi, wanda zai iya haifar da matsalolin shan ƙwayoyi . An kiyasta cewa kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na mutanen da ke fama da matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa suma suna da matsalar shan barasa . [28] Duk da haka, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa SAD ba ta da alaƙa da, ko ma kariya daga matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da barasa. [29] [30] Waɗanda ke fama da matsalar shan barasa da kuma matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa sun fi guje wa jiyya ta hanyar rukuni da kuma sake dawowa idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba su da wannan haɗin. [31]

Dalilai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bincike kan musabbabin damuwa da tsoro a cikin al'umma yana da faɗi sosai, wanda ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi da yawa daga ilimin kimiyyar jijiyoyi zuwa ilimin halayyar ɗan adam . Masana kimiyya har yanzu ba su gano ainihin musabbabin ba. Nazarin ya nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta na iya taka rawa tare da abubuwan muhalli. Tsoron zamantakewa ba ya faruwa ne ta hanyar wasu matsalolin tunani ko amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Gabaɗaya, damuwa ta zamantakewa tana farawa ne a wani takamaiman lokaci a rayuwar mutum. Wannan zai taso akan lokaci yayin da mutumin ke ƙoƙarin murmurewa. Daga ƙarshe, ɗan rashin jin daɗi na zamantakewa na iya zama alamun damuwa ta zamantakewa ko tsoro. Amfani da kafofin watsa labarun marasa amfani na iya haifar da damuwa ta zamantakewa a wasu mutane. [32]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 "Social Anxiety Disorder: Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment". National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2025. Retrieved 12 March 2025. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NICE2025" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rose GM, Tadi P (25 October 2022). "Social Anxiety Disorder". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. PMID 32310350. Retrieved 13 March 2025. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "rose" defined multiple times with different content.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness". National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health. 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2025. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "nimh" defined multiple times with different content.
  4. ↑ "Social Anxiety Disorder: What You Need to Know" (in Turanci). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2025. Retrieved 2026-04-08.
  5. ↑ Peker, Mehmet; Akkuş, Koray (2023-04-01). "Fear of positive evaluation differentially predicts social anxiety: a six-month longitudinal panel study". Current Psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.). 43 (4): 3621–3631. doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04597-y. ISSN 1046-1310. PMC 10066961 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37359644 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ Jefferies, Philip; Ungar, Michael (2020). "Social anxiety in young people: A prevalence study in seven countries". PLOS ONE. 15 (9). Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1539133J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239133. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7498107. PMID 32941482.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)". Mayo Clinic. 19 June 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2025. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "mayo" defined multiple times with different content.
  8. ↑ Domschke, Katharina; Zwanzger, Peter (2025-07-29). "Taxonomy of anxiety disorders—a comparison of ICD‑10 and ICD‑11". Der Nervenarzt. 96 (Suppl 1): 1–5. doi:10.1007/s00115-025-01842-6. ISSN 1433-0407. PMC 12638383 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 40728738 Check |pmid= value (help).
  9. ↑ Pilling, S; Mayo-Wilson, E; Mavranezouli, I; Kew, K; Taylor, C; Clark, DM; Guideline Development, Group (May 22, 2013). "Recognition, assessment and treatment of social anxiety disorder: summary of NICE guidance" (PDF). BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 346. doi:10.1136/bmj.f2541. PMID 23697669. S2CID 13776769.
  10. ↑ Hofmann, S. G.; Smits, J. A. (2008). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 69 (4): 621–632. doi:10.4088/JCP.v69n0415. PMC 2409267. PMID 18363421.
  11. ↑ Lakshmi, Jayasree; Sudhir, Paulomi Matam; Sharma, Mahendra Prakash; Math, Suresh Bada (2016). "Effectiveness of Metacognitive Therapy in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Investigation". Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 38 (5): 466–471. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.191385. ISSN 0253-7176. PMC 5052963. PMID 27833233.
  12. ↑ Soltani, Esmail; Bahrainian, Seyed Abdolmajid; Farhoudian, Ali; Masjedi Arani, Abbas; Gachkar, Latif (2023). "Effectiveness of Acceptance Commitment Therapy in Social Anxiety Disorder: Application of a Longitudinal Method to Evaluate the Mediating Role of Acceptance, Cognitive Fusion, and Values". Basic and Clinical Neuroscience. 14 (4): 479–490. doi:10.32598/bcn.2021.2785.1. ISSN 2008-126X. PMC 10693806 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 38050569 Check |pmid= value (help).
  13. ↑ Blanco, C.; Bragdon, L. B.; Schneier, F. R.; Liebowitz, M. R. (2012). "The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 16 (1): 235–249. doi:10.1017/S1461145712000119. PMID 22436306.
  14. ↑ Liebowitz, Michael R.; Schneier, Franklin R.; Bragdon, Laura B.; Blanco, Carlos (2013-02-01). "The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder". International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 16 (1): 235–249. doi:10.1017/S1461145712000119. ISSN 1461-1457. PMID 22436306.
  15. ↑ Williams, Taryn; McCaul, Michael; Schwarzer, Guido; Cipriani, Andrea; Stein, Dan J.; Ipser, Jonathan (2020). "Pharmacological treatments for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis". Acta Neuropsychiatrica (in Turanci). 32 (4): 169–176. doi:10.1017/neu.2020.6. ISSN 0924-2708. PMID 32039743.
  16. ↑ Archer, Charlotte; Wiles, Nicola; Kessler, David; Turner, Katrina; Caldwell, Deborah M. (2025-01-01). "Beta-blockers for the treatment of anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Affective Disorders. 368: 90–99. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.068. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 39271062 Check |pmid= value (help).
  17. ↑ Kogan CS, Stein DJ, Maj M, First MB, Emmelkamp PM, Reed GM (2016). "The Classification of Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in the ICD-11". National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 33 (12): 1141–1154. doi:10.1002/da.22530. PMID 27411108.
  18. ↑ Leichsenring, Falk; Leweke, Frank (2017-06-08). Solomon, Caren G. (ed.). "Social Anxiety Disorder". New England Journal of Medicine (in Turanci). 376 (23): 2255–2264. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1614701. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 28591542.
  19. ↑ Acarturk, C.; De Graaf, R.; Van Straten, A.; Have, M. T.; Cuijpers, P. (2008). "Social phobia and number of social fears, and their association with comorbidity, health-related quality of life and help seeking" (PDF). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 43 (4): 273–9. doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0309-1. PMID 18219433. S2CID 8450876.
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "ReferenceB".
  21. ↑ Beesdo, K.; Bittner, A.; Pine, D. S.; Stein, M. B.; Höfler, M.; Lieb, R.; Wittchen, H. U. (2007). "Incidence of Social Anxiety Disorder and the Consistent Risk for Secondary Depression in the First Three Decades of Life". Archives of General Psychiatry. 64 (8): 903–912. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.903. PMID 17679635.
  22. ↑ Stein, M. B.; Fuetsch, M.; Müller, N.; Höfler, M.; Lieb, R.; Wittchen, H. U. (2001). "Social Anxiety Disorder and the Risk of Depression: A Prospective Community Study of Adolescents and Young Adults". Archives of General Psychiatry. 58 (3): 251–256. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.251. PMID 11231832.
  23. ↑ Heeren A, Jones PJ, McNally RJ (2018). "Mapping network connectivity among symptoms of social anxiety and comorbid depression in people with social anxiety disorder". Journal of Affective Disorders. 228: 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.003. PMID 29232567. S2CID 205644882. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  24. ↑ Chartier, M. J.; Walker, J. R.; Stein, M. B. (2003). "Considering comorbidity in social phobia". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 38 (12): 728–34. doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0720-6. PMID 14689178. S2CID 43116158.
  25. ↑ Sanderson, W. C.; Dinardo, P. A.; Rapee, R. M.; Barlow, D. H. (1990). "Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III--R anxiety disorder". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 99 (3): 308–12. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.99.3.308. PMID 2212281.
  26. ↑ Chambless, D. L.; Fydrich, T.; Rodebaugh, T. L. (2008). "Generalized social phobia and avoidant personality disorder: Meaningful distinction or useless duplication?". Depression and Anxiety. 25 (1): 8–19. doi:10.1002/da.20266. PMID 17161000. S2CID 493410.
  27. ↑ Schneier, F. R.; Spitzer, R. L.; Gibbon, M.; Fyer, A. J.; Liebowitz, M. R. (1991). "The relationship of social phobia subtypes and avoidant personality disorder". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 32 (6): 496–502. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(91)90028-B. PMID 1778076.
  28. ↑ Buckner, J. D.; Schmidt, N. B.; Lang, A. R.; Small, J. W.; Schlauch, R. C.; Lewinsohn, P. M. (2008). "Specificity of social anxiety disorder as a risk factor for alcohol and cannabis dependence". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 42 (3): 230–9. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.01.002. PMC 2254175. PMID 17320907.
  29. ↑ Morris, E. P.; Stewart, S. H.; Ham, L. S. (2005). "The relationship between social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorders: A critical review". Clinical Psychology Review. 25 (6): 734–60. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.004. PMID 16042994.
  30. ↑ Deborah Beidel. Missing |author1= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ↑ Kushner, M. G.; Abrams, K.; Thuras, P.; Hanson, K. L.; Brekke, M.; Sletten, S. (2005). "Follow-up Study of Anxiety Disorder and Alcohol Dependence in Comorbid Alcoholism Treatment Patients". Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. 29 (8): 1432–1443. doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000175072.17623.f8. PMID 16131851. S2CID 26834258.
  32. ↑ Erliksson, Olivia J. (26 July 2020). "Measuring associations between social anxiety and use of different types of social media using the Swedish Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users: A psychometric evaluation and cross-sectional study". Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 61 (6): 819–826. doi:10.1111/sjop.12673. PMID 32713014.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damuwa_na_zamantakewa&oldid=859890"