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Dangantakar Afghanistan da Amurka

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Dangantakar Afghanistan da Amurka
alakar kasashen biyu
Bayanai
Ƙasa Government of Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (en) Fassara da Tarayyar Amurka
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Dangantaka tsakanin Afghanistan da Amurka ta fara ne a 1921 a karkashin jagorancin Sarki Amanullah Khan da Shugaba Warren G. Harding, bi da bi.[1] Saduwa ta farko tsakanin kasashe biyu ta faru ne a cikin shekarun 1830 lokacin da mutum na farko da aka rubuta daga Amurka ya binciki Afghanistan.[2] Shirin taimakon kasashen waje na gwamnatin Amurka ya ba da kusan dala miliyan 500 don taimakawa ci gaban tattalin arziki; taimakon ya ƙare kafin Juyin Juya Halin Saur na 1978. [1] Harin Soviet na Afghanistan a shekara ta 1979 ya kasance wani canji a cikin Yaƙin Cold, lokacin da Amurka ta fara tallafawa masu adawa da Afghanistan. Kasar, a karkashin gwamnatocin Carter da Reagan sun ba da dala biliyan 3 a tallafin kudi da diflomasiyya tare da Pakistan kuma suna ba da goyon baya mai mahimmanci ga sojojin Mujahideen masu adawa da Soviet. Da farko a cikin 1980, Amurka ta fara shigar da dubban 'Yan gudun hijirar Afghanistan don sake zama, kuma ta ba da kuɗi da makamai ga Mujahideen ta hanyar Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). USSR ya janye dakarunsa a shekarar 1989.

Bayan Hare-haren 9/11 a shekara ta 2001, Amurka ta mamaye Afghanistan kuma ta hambarar da sabuwar gwamnatin Taliban don kama Osama bin Laden, kodayake an tsere shi kuma daga baya aka same shi a makwabciyar Pakistan. Wannan mamayewar ta haifar da sake gina Afghanistan da sake kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya da sauran duniya. A cikin 2012, Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya ayyana Afghanistan a matsayin Babban abokin tarayya wanda ba NATO ba; duk da haka, Joe Biden ya soke sunansa a cikin 2022 bayan Taliban ta mallaki Kabul.[3][4] Kasancewar Amurka a cikin Yaƙi a Afghanistan, yaƙin da ya fi tsayi a Tarihin Amurka, ya ƙare bayan janyewar sojojin Amurka daga kasar a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2021. Tare da janyewar Amurka, Taliban ta kaddamar da Babban hari a lokacin rani na 2021 kuma ta hambarar da Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan da ke da goyon baya, ta tilasta fitar da ma'aikatan diflomasiyyar Amurka daga Afghanistan. Ofishin Harkokin Kudancin da Tsakiyar Asiya yana kula da manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka a kan Afghanistan.

Tarihi

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Josiah Harlan, wanda aka fi sani da Yarima na Ghor, ɗan asalin Amurka ne kuma Mai fafutukar siyasa; an nuna shi a cikin wannan hoton kafin 1871 yana sanye da rigar Afghanistan.

Alamar farko da aka yi rikodi tsakanin Afganistan da Amurka ta faru ne a cikin 1830s lokacin da Josiah Harlan, dan fafutuka na Amurka kuma dan gwagwarmayar siyasa daga yankin Philadelphia na Pennsylvania, ya yi tafiya zuwa yankin Indiya da nufin zama Sarkin Afganistan. Ya kasance lokacin da sojojin Shugabancin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya (EIC) suka mamaye Afghanistan a lokacin yakin Anglo-Afghanistan na farko (1838-1842) lokacin da sarakunan Afganistan Shuja Shah Durrani da Dost Mohammad Khan ke fafatawa don neman sarautar Daular Durrani. Harlan ya shiga cikin siyasar Afghanistan da ayyukan soja na bangaranci, daga ƙarshe ya sami lakabin Yariman Ghor don musanya taimakon soja.[1] Sojojin Birtaniya da Indiya na EIC sun sha kaye tare da tilasta musu ficewa gaba daya bayan 'yan shekaru, inda aka ce an kashe kusan 16,500 daga cikinsu kuma an kama su a shekara ta 1842. Babu wata kwakkwarar shaida kan abin da ya faru domin William Brydon shi kadai ne ya tsira. Harlan ya bar Afganistan a daidai wannan lokacin, daga karshe ya koma Amurka..[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span>]

A cikin 1911, A.C. Jewett ya isa Afghanistan don gina tashar wutar lantarki a kusa da Kabul. Ya zama Babban Injiniya na Sarki Habibullah Khan . Tsohon ma'aikacin Janar Electric (GE), ya zama Ba'amurke na biyu da aka sani da zama da aiki a Afghanistan.[1]

Dangantakar diflomasiyya ta hukuma

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A watan Janairun 1921, bayan da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Rawalpindi tsakanin Afghanistan da Birtaniya Indiya, tawagar Afghanistan ta ziyarci Amurka don kulla huldar diflomasiyya. Bayan komawarsu birnin Kabul, wakilan sun kawo wasikar gaisuwa daga shugaban Amurka Warren G. Harding. Bayan kulla huldar diflomasiyya, manufofin Amurka na taimakawa kasashe masu tasowa su daukaka matsayin rayuwarsu, wani muhimmin al'amari ne na ci gaba da kyautata huldar Amurka da Afghanistan. Da yake zaune a Tehran, William Harrison Hornibrook ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka ba mazaunin ba (Minister Plenipotentiary) zuwa Afganistan daga 1935 zuwa 1936. Louis G. Dreyfus yayi aiki daga 1940 zuwa 1942, a lokacin ne aka bude Kabul Legation a watan Yuni 1942. Enders of the United States of Army and the First of Colonel Gordon B. Cornelius Van Hemert Engert ya wakilci Majalisar Dokokin Amurka daga 1942 zuwa 1945 sannan Ely Eliot Palmer ya biyo baya daga 1945 zuwa 1948. Ko da yake Afghanistan na da dangantaka ta kud da kud da Jamus na Nazi, ta kasance tsaka tsaki kuma ba ta shiga yakin duniya na biyu.   Dangantakar Afghanistan da Amurka ta zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci a lokacin farkon Yaƙin Cold, tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet. Yarima Mohammed Naim, dan uwan Sarki Zahir Shah, ya zama Chargé d'affaires a Washington, DC. A wannan lokacin, Shugaban Amurka Harry S. Truman ya yi sharhi cewa abokantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu za a "tsare da ƙarfafawa" ta wurin kasancewar manyan jami'an diflomasiyya a kowane babban birnin. Jakadan Afghanistan na farko a Amurka shi ne Habibullah Khan Tarzi, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1953. An ɗaga Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Kabul zuwa Ofishin Jakadun Amurka na Kabul a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1948. Louis Goethe Dreyfus, wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Minista Plenipotentiary, ya zama Jakadan Amurka a Afghanistan daga 1949 zuwa 1951. [5]

A cikin shekaru nan da nan bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, Amurka ta maye gurbin Ƙasar Ingila a matsayin "mafi girma" a cikin al'amuran Afghanistan.[6] Wani mujallar 1950 ta Arnold Fletcher daga Jami'ar Kudancin California ta lura da yanayin wannan ƙasar ga Amurka kuma ta bayyana shi kamar haka: [6]

Few Americans realize Afghanistan's potential political importance; to most Westerners, it is a faraway land, noted for nomads, dogs and rifle-packing tribesmen. Actually, it is a solid Central Asian state the size of Texas, with a virile population of 12 million, and a long history of ardent nationalism. For three thousand years it has been Asia's highway [...]

Koyaya, Fletcher ya kuma lura da matsalolin samar da dangantaka, a cikin rikice-Rikicin kan iyakar Afghanistan da Pakistan: [6]

Handicapped by a lack of area specialists, deficient intelligence service, and chronic Afghan suspicion nurtured by a century of being a buffer state, American diplomats have faced a series of problems. Most serious and immediate is the continuing quarrel between Afghanistan and Pakistan, a grave threat to the peace of Asia.

Louis Dupree, Walter Fairservis, da Henry Hart ne suka jagoranci balaguron Amurka na farko zuwa Afghanistan.[7] A shekara ta 1953, Richard Nixon wanda ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka a lokacin ya kai ziyara ta diflomasiyya zuwa Kabul. Ya kuma yi ɗan gajeren yawon shakatawa a kusa da birnin kuma ya sadu da 'yan Afghanistan na yankin.

Ziyarar Shugaban Amurka Dwight D. Eisenhower zuwa Afghanistan a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1959.

A shekara ta 1958, Firayim Minista Daoud Khan ya zama Afghan na farko da ya yi magana a gaban Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a Washington, DC. Gabatarwarsa ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwa da yawa, amma mafi mahimmanci, ya jaddada muhimmancin dangantakar Amurka da Afghanistan. Yayinda yake a babban birnin Amurka, Daoud ya sadu da Shugaba Eisenhower, ya sanya hannu kan wata muhimmiyar yarjejeniyar musayar al'adu, kuma ya sake tabbatar da dangantakar mutum da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Richard Nixon na lokacin da ya fara a lokacin tafiyar da ya yi zuwa Kabul a 1953. Firayim Minista ya kuma yi tafiya a kusa da Amurka yana ziyartar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin New York, Ginin Jihar Empire, wuraren hydroelectric a Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), da sauran shafuka.

Sarki Zahir Shah na Afghanistan da Shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy a Washington, DC, watanni biyu kafin a kashe shi.

A wancan lokacin Amurka ta ki amincewa da bukatar Afganistan na hadin gwiwar tsaro amma ta tsawaita shirin taimakon tattalin arziki da ya mayar da hankali kan raya ababen more rayuwa na kasar Afghanistan—hanyoyi, madatsun ruwa, da tashoshin wutar lantarki. Daga baya, taimakon Amurka ya ƙaura daga ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa zuwa shirye-shiryen taimakon fasaha don taimakawa haɓaka ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don gina tattalin arziƙin zamani. Tuntubar juna tsakanin Amurka da Afganistan ya karu a shekarun 1950, musamman a lokacin juyin juya halin Cuba tsakanin 1953 zuwa 1959. A lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ke goyon bayan Fidel Castro na Cuba, Amurka ta mayar da hankali kan Afghanistan don dabarunta. Wannan ya kasance don magance yaduwar gurguzu da ƙarfin Tarayyar Soviet zuwa Kudancin Asiya, musamman ma Tekun Fasha.

Shugaba Eisenhower ya ziyarci Afghanistan a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1959 don saduwa da shugabannin ta. Ya sauka a Filin jirgin saman Bagram sannan ya tuka daga can zuwa Kabul a cikin motar mota.[8] Ya sadu da Sarki Zahir Shah, Firayim Minista Daoud da wasu manyan jami'an gwamnati. Ya kuma yi rangadin Kabul. Bayan wannan muhimmiyar ziyarar, Amurka ta fara jin cewa Afghanistan ta sami lafiya daga zama jihar tauraron dan adam ta Soviet. Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1979, taimakon kasashen waje na Amurka ya ba Afghanistan sama da dala miliyan 500 a cikin rance, tallafi, da kayan aikin gona don bunkasa wuraren sufuri, kara samar da aikin gona, fadada tsarin ilimi, motsa masana'antu, da inganta gwamnatin gwamnati.[9] 

A cikin 1963, Sarki Zahir Shah na Afghanistan ya kai ziyara ta musamman zuwa Amurka inda John F. Kennedy da Eunice Kennedy Shriver suka sadu da shi. Zahir Shah ya kuma dauki rangadin na musamman na Amurka, ya ziyarci Disneyland a California, Birnin New York da sauran wurare. Habibullah Karzai, kawun Hamid Karzai wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Afghanistan a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an kuma yi imanin cewa ya bi Zahir Shah a lokacin ziyarar Sarki.[10] A wannan lokacin Soviets sun fara jin cewa Amurka tana juyar da Afghanistan zuwa jihar tauraron dan adam. A cikin 1965, Afghanistan da Cuba sun ga kafa Jam'iyyun kwaminisanci, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Cuba da Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'ar Afghanistan (PDPA).

Mataimakin shugaban kasar Spiro Agnew, tare da rakiyar 'yan sama jannatin Apollo 10 Thomas Stafford da Eugene Cernan, sun ziyarci Kabul a yayin rangadin kasashe goma sha daya na Asiya. A wani liyafar cin abincin dare da iyalan gidan sarauta suka shirya, tawagar ta Amurka ta ba wa Sarkin wani guntun dutsen wata, da karamar tutar Afghanistan da ke dauke da jirgin Apollo 11 zuwa duniyar wata, da kuma hotunan Afghanistan da aka dauka daga sararin samaniya. A cikin 1970s, malamai da yawa na Amurkawa, injiniyoyi, likitoci, masana, jami'an diflomasiyya, da masu bincike sun ratsa ƙaƙƙarfan yanayin Afganistan inda suke zaune da aiki. Rundunar zaman lafiya ta yi aiki a Afghanistan tsakanin 1962 zuwa 1979. Yawancin shirye-shiryen Amurkawa suna gudana a cikin ƙasar kamar CARE, American Scouting a ketare (Ƙungiyar Scout ta Afghanistan), USAID, da sauransu.

Gwamnatin hagu, mamayewar Soviet da yakin basasa

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Bayan Tito="Saur Revolution">Juyin Juya Halin Saur na Afrilu 1978, dangantakar da ke tsakanin kasashe biyu ta zama mai banƙyama. Duk da yake gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyya ta kasance a hukumance ba tare da haɗin kai ba kuma ta buɗe dangantakar diflomasiyya da Amurka a watan Yunin 1978, yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba da karuwar haɗin Afghanistan a cikin Soviet ya zama abin damuwa. Sakataren Harkokin Waje Cyrus Vance ya ce a lokacin "Muna buƙatar la'akari da haɗuwa da kishin ƙasa da kwaminisanci a cikin sabon shugabanci kuma neman guje wa fitar da mulkin zuwa cikin kusanci da Tarayyar Soviet fiye da yadda yake so. " [11] Sabon Jakadan Amurka Adolph "Spike" Dubs ya gaya wa wani jami'in baƙo'in Amurka mai kyau a watan Agusta 1978 cewa tsarin Amurka mafi kyau na iya rage tasirin Soviet, yana ƙara cewa yayin da yake da goyon bayan Soviet, "ba zai kasance mai goyon bayan Soviet ba, soja"s har ma da haka ba kamar yadda Hafiz Ceauullah Cats ma ya ji cewa[12]

A watan Fabrairun 1979, an kashe Jakadan Dubs a Kabul bayan da jami'an tsaro na Afghanistan suka fashe a kan masu garkuwa da shi, wanda ya haifar da lalacewar dangantaka. Daga nan ne Amurka ta rage taimakon kasashen biyu kuma ta dakatar da karamin shirin horar da sojoji. A lokaci guda, halin da ake ciki a cikin Afghanistan ya sa Amurka ta gargadi Tarayyar Soviet kada ta shiga tsakani. Bayan tashiwar Amin a matsayin Babban Sakatare, ya bayyana a fili sha'awarsa na dangantaka ta abokantaka da Amurka.[12] Yayin da tawaye ya bazu kuma yanayin tsaro ya kara muni, hukumomin Amurka sun yanke shawarar a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 1979, don kwashe iyalai na 'yan ƙasar Amurka a Afghanistan.[13]

Yunkurin da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Afganistan ya zama babban abin damuwa ga Amurka, inda shugaban kasar Jimmy Carter ya kira ta "barazana ce ga zaman lafiya".   Bayan mamayewar, Amurka ta goyi bayan yunkurin diflomasiyya don cimma nasarar ficewar Soviet.  Bugu da kari, gudummawar da Amurka ke bayarwa ga shirin 'yan gudun hijira a Pakistan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kokarin taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar Afghanistan.  Yunkurin na Amurka ya kuma haɗa da taimakon al'ummar da ke zaune a cikin Afghanistan.  Wannan shirin ba da agajin jin kai na kan iyaka da nufin kara yawan wadatar Afganistan da kuma taimaka wa yunƙurin da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi na korar fararen hula daga yankunan da 'yan tawaye suka mamaye.  A lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Afganistan, Amurka ta ba da tallafin soji da na tattalin arziki kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 3 ga kungiyoyin Mujahidan da suka jibge a bangaren Pakistan na layin Durand.  An rufe ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Kabul a watan Janairun 1989 saboda dalilai na tsaro.. 

Amurka ta yi maraba da sabuwar gwamnatin Islama da ta zo mulki a watan Afrilun 1992 bayan faduwar tsohuwar gwamnatin da ke goyon bayan Soviet. Bayan wannan, kungiyoyin Mujahideen da suka ci nasara, sun fara yakin basasa tsakanin kansu, amma hankalin Amurka ya kasance daga Afghanistan a lokacin.

Kamar yadda yake tare da kusan kowace ƙasa a duniya, ta ki amincewa da sabuwar gwamnatin Islama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da Taliban ta kafa kuma ta ci gaba da tallafawa Northern Alliance a matsayin gwamnatin da ta dace a kasar. Gwamnatin Amurka tana da hulɗa ta al'ada tare da Taliban, amma dangantakar ta kara muni bayan mutuwar Osama bin Laden da ta ayyana yaƙi da Amurka da kuma fashewar bam na ofishin jakadancin Amurka na 1998. Bayan Operation Infinite Reach, Mullah Mohammed Omar ya yi kira ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka yana buƙatar Shugaba Bill Clinton ya yi murabus. Amurka ta ki bayar da taimako ko amincewa ga gwamnatin Taliban sai dai idan ta kori bin Laden, wanda ta ki yi a karkashin dokar pashtunwali da ke buƙatar a ba baƙi mafaka.

NATO da gwamnatin Karzai

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Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush tare da Shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai a Kabul, Afghanistan, a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2006.
George W. Bush tare da matarsa Laura Bush suna maraba da Shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai a sansanin David a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 2007.

Bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba a Amurka, wanda aka yi imanin Osama bin Laden ne ya shirya shi wanda ke zaune a Afghanistan a karkashin mafaka a lokacin, an kaddamar da Operation Enduring Freedom da Amurka ke jagoranta. Wannan babban aikin soja an yi shi ne don cire Gwamnatin Taliban daga mulki da kuma kama ko kashe mambobin al Qaeda, gami da Osama bin Laden. Bayan juyin mulkin Taliban, Amurka ta goyi bayan sabuwar gwamnatin Shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai ta hanyar kula da manyan sojoji don kafa ikon gwamnatinsa da kuma yaki da ta'addanci na Taliban. Dukkanin Afghanistan da Amurka sun sake komawa dangantakar diflomasiyya a ƙarshen shekara ta 2001.

Amurka ta dauki muhimmiyar rawa a sake gina Afghanistan gabaɗaya ta hanyar samar da biliyoyin daloli ga Sojojin Tsaro na Afghanistan, gina hanyoyi na ƙasa, gwamnati da cibiyoyin ilimi. A shekara ta 2005, Amurka da Afghanistan sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa ta dabarun da ta sanya kasashe biyu cikin dangantaka ta dogon lokaci.[9] A ranar 1 ga Maris 2006, Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush tare da matarsa Laura sun ziyarci Afghanistan inda suka gaishe da sojojin Amurka, suka sadu da jami'an Afghanistan kuma daga baya suka bayyana a wani bikin rantsar da shi na musamman a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka. Kodayake 'yan siyasa da yawa na Amurka sun yaba da shugabancin shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai, ya fuskanci zargi a shekarar 2009 daga Gwamnatin Obama saboda rashin son ya murkushe cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. Bayan ya lashe Zaben shugaban kasa na 2009 Karzai ya yi alkawarin magance matsalar. Ya bayyana cewa "mutanen da ke da hannu a cin hanci da rashawa ba za su sami matsayi a cikin gwamnati ba".[14]

Ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Kabul, Afghanistan. Har ila yau, akwai ofishin jakadancin Amurka a garin Herat a yamma.
Ofishin Jakadancin Afghanistan a Washington, DC

Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Kabul ya fara gyare-gyare a ƙarshen 2001 kuma an faɗaɗa shi shekaru da yawa bayan haka. Yawancin manyan 'Yan siyasa na Amurka, ma'aikatan soja, fitattun mutane da' 'yan jarida sun fara ziyartar Afghanistan. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, Jakadan Amurka Karl Eikenberry da jami'an Afghanistan, bayan sun sanya hannu kan hayar ƙasa don aikin tare da Ministan Harkokin Waje na Afghanistan Rangin Spanta, sun ba da sanarwar cewa Amurka za ta bude ofisoshin jakadanci a waje da Kabul. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haya ta farko a arewacin birnin Mazar-i-Sharif kuma ta biyu a yammacin birnin Herat . [15][16]

Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan tana da ofishin jakadanci a Washington, DC, da kuma ofisoshin jakadanci da ke Birnin New York da Los Angeles.

Karzai da Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama a cikin Fadar Shugaban kasa a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2012.

A ranar 2 ga Mayu 2012, Shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai da Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu, bayan Shugaba Obama ya isa Kabul a matsayin wani ɓangare na tafiya ba tare da sanar da shi ba zuwa Afghanistan a ranar tunawa da Mutuwar Osama bin Laden. Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta Amurka da Afghanistan, wanda a hukumance ake kira "Yarjejeniyar Kasashen Kasuwanci mai dorewa tsakanin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan da Amurka", ya samar da tsarin dogon lokaci don dangantakar da ke tsakanin Afghanistan da Amurka bayan saukar da Sojojin Amurka a Yaƙin Afghanistan. [17][18] Yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa ta fara aiki a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2012, kamar yadda Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ya bayyana wanda ya ce a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2012 a Taron Tokyo kan Afghanistan: "Kamar kasashe da yawa da aka wakilta a nan, Amurka da Afghanistan sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasuwanci wanda ya fara aiki kwanaki hudu da suka gabata. "[19]

A ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2012, a matsayin wani bangare na Yarjejeniyar Kasuwanci ta Dindindin, Amurka ta sanya Afghanistan babbar abokiyar kawance da ba ta NATO ba bayan Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ya isa Kabul don saduwa da Shugaba Karzai. Ta ce, "Akwai fa'idodi da yawa da ke tattare da ƙasashe waɗanda ke da wannan suna... Suna iya samun damar samun kayan tsaro da yawa, alal misali, kuma suna iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na wasu nau'ikan horo da haɓaka iyawa. "[20]

Fitar da Sojoji da Gwamnatin Ghani

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Shugaban Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani tare da Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump a shekarar 2017.

Sojojin Amurka suna ƙaruwa lokaci-lokaci da rage yawan sojojin su a Afghanistan tun daga shekara ta 2002, sun kai kimanin 100,000 a shekara ta 2010. Wannan ya biyo bayan raguwar sojoji daga tsakiyar 2011 zuwa ƙarshen 2014. Koyaya, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Joe Biden ya ba da shawarar sanya ƙarin sojojin Amurka bayan 2014. [21] A watan Janairun 2017, Amurka ta yanke shawarar aika da Marines 300 zuwa lardin Helmand na Afghanistan don taimakawa jami'an tsaro na Afghanistan don yaƙi da masu tayar da kayar baya na Taliban a cikin batutuwan leken asiri da kayan aiki.[22]

Jami'an Amurka da Afghanistan sun ce bayan da Amurka ta sanya Afghanistan a matsayin babbar kungiyar da ba ta NATO ba a watan Yulin 2012 cewa yanzu dole ne su juya zuwa yin yarjejeniyar da za ta ci gaba da horar da Sojojin Afghanistan da kuma bin diddigin masu tayar da kayar baya bayan 2014. Tattaunawar game da shirin ba ta fara ba a cewar jami'an Amurka. Kimanin yawan sojojin da za su iya zama sun bambanta daga kadan kamar 10,000 zuwa 25,000 ko 30,000. Amma Sakataren Clinton ya sake jaddada a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2012, cewa Washington ta yi la'akari da ajiye sojojin Amurka a Afghanistan, inda za su samar da irin ikon iska da kuma damar sa ido da ake buƙata don ba sojojin Afghanistan damar cin Taliban. "Wannan shine irin dangantakar da muke tsammani za ta kasance mai fa'ida musamman yayin da muke yin canji kuma yayin da muke shirin kasancewar bayan 2014", in ji ta. "Zai buɗe ƙofar ga sojojin Afghanistan don samun damar da ta fi girma da kuma dangantaka mai zurfi da Amurka kuma musamman sojojin Amurka. "

A cikin 2018, Amurka ta amince da rage yawan sojojin su zuwa 8,600 daga kusan 13,000 a cikin watanni masu zuwa.[23]

Takardun Afghanistan

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A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Takardun Afghanistan sun bayyana cewa manyan jami'an soja da gwamnati suna da ra'ayin cewa yakin da aka yi a Afghanistan ba zai iya cin nasara ba, amma sun ɓoye wannan daga jama'a.[24] Rahoton, mai taken "Lessons Learned", ya kiyasta cewa kashi 40% na taimakon Amurka ga Afghanistan tun daga shekara ta 2001 ya ƙare a cikin aljihun jami'an cin hanci da rashawa, shugabannin yaƙi, masu laifi da masu tayar da kayar baya. Ryan Crocker, tsohon jakadan Afghanistan da Iraki, ya gaya wa masu binciken a cikin wata hira ta 2016, "Ba za ku iya sanya waɗannan kudaden a cikin ƙasa da al'umma masu rauni ba, kuma ba za ku iya samun rashawa ba. "

Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Taliban da Amurka

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Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Mike Pompeo ya gana da tawagar Taliban a Doha, Qatar, a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2020

A ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, 2020, Khalilzad (manzon Amurka) da Baradar na Taliban sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta yanayi wanda ya shirya hanya don raguwar sojojin Amurka a Afghanistan kafin Mayu 2021. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma haɗa da tabbacin daga Taliban cewa ba za a yi amfani da al'ummar don Ayyukan ta'addanci ba.[25]

Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana cewa dole ne a fara Tattaunawar cikin AfGhani a watan da ya biyo baya, Ghani, shugaban Afghanistan, ya ce ya kamata Taliban ta cika nasa sharuddan gwamnati kafin ta shiga tattaunawar. Yarjejeniyar Amurka da Taliban ba ta yi kira ga tsagaita wuta nan take ba. A cikin kwanaki bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, mayakan Taliban sun kai hare-hare da yawa a kan jami'an tsaro na Afghanistan. A mayar da martani ga harin, Amurka ta kai hare-haren sama a kan sojojin Taliban a lardin Helmand na kudancin.

Tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Amurka da Taliban a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 2020, Amurka da abokan hulɗa na NATO sun amince da rage yawan sojojin da aka ajiye a Afghanistan a matsayin da ba na yaƙi ba a cikin watanni 14 masu zuwa don kawo karshen yakin a Afghanistan.

Ci gaban da aka samu a shekarar 2020

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shugaban Amurka Joe Biden ya gana da Shugaba Ashraf Ghani da Shugaba Abdullah Abdullah a watan Yunin 2021

Bayan wannan yarjejeniyar, masana a kungiyar RAND sun jaddada yiwuwar sakamako mai cutarwa na rage yawan sojoji da sauri, suna mai cewa cire sojoji da gaggawa na iya haifar da "rashin amincewar Amurka, raunanawa da kuma darajar tabbatar da Amurka a wasu wurare, karuwar barazanar ta'addanci da ke fitowa daga yankin Afghanistan, da kuma tabbatar da yiwuwar dawowa da ake bukata a cikin mafi munin yanayi. [26] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwa huɗu a cikin yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu ita ce "rashin tashin hankali", wutan Afghanistan, farawar zaman lafiya, tsakanin sojojin Taliban.[27]

Koyaya, kasa da mako guda bayan tashin hankali na yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Amurka da Taliban a Afghanistan ya ci gaba, tare da 'yan bindiga biyu na ISIL da suka kashe fararen hula 32 kuma suka ji rauni aƙalla 58 a cikin taron mutane da suka halarci taron siyasa da shugaban adawa Abdullah Abdullah ya shirya a ranar 6 ga Maris, da kuma wani hari na Taliban a kan' yan sanda da sansanin soja a Lardin Zabul wanda ya kashe jami'an tsaro 24 na Afghanistan a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020. Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Afghanistan ta mayar da martani ga harin Taliban ta hanyar bayyana cewa "Sojojin Tsaro na Afghanistan ba za su bar wannan harin ba tare da amsa ba, kuma za su ɗauki fansa na jinin shahidai", suna barazanar jajircewar mai sanya hannu don rage tashin hankali tsakanin sojojin su.[23]

Shirye-shiryen tattaunawa tsakanin 'yan Afghanistan da jagorancin Taliban sun kara rikitarwa ba kawai ta hanyar ci gaba da tashin hankali tsakanin bangarorin biyu ba, har ma saboda zaben Shugaban kasa wanda ya haifar da rabuwa da gwamnati, tare da Shugaba Ashraf Ghani da Abdullah Abdullah "da bambanci suna yin rantsuwa da ofis" a cikin bukukuwan mutum a ranar 9 ga Maris. Bugu da ƙari, tare da barkewar COVID-19 ba zato ba tsammani, janyewar sojojin Amurka ya kasance mai rikitarwa ta hanyar hanyoyin keɓewa da ake buƙata ta hanyar umarni daga Pentagon da ke buƙatar sanya sojojin da suka dawo a cikin keɓewa na ɗan gajeren lokaci.

A cewar New York Times, "akalla sojoji 300 daga ƙungiyar Airborne ta 82 da ke dawowa daga Afghanistan sun keɓe kansu a Fort Bragg, NC, kuma da yawa daga cikin 1st Armored Division suna yin haka a Fort Bliss, Tex. "

Fitar da sojojin Amurka

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A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2021, Shugaban Amurka Joe Biden ya ba da sanarwar janyewa duk sauran dakarun da suka rage a Afghanistan a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2021. An fara janyewar ne a ranar 1 ga Mayu, kuma Taliban a lokaci guda ta kaddamar da hari a duk fadin kasar.[28] Kabul ta fadi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, kuma an rushe Jamhuriyar Musulunci. Kashegari, Biden ya yarda wa manema labarai cewa gwamnatinsa ba ta tsammanin Taliban za ta isa Kabul da sauri ba. Amurka a hukumance ta kammala janyewarta daga Afghanistan a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, inda Taliban ta yi ikirarin nasara.[29] Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Kabul - bayan ya koma Filin jirgin saman Hamid Karzai a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta - ya dakatar da ayyukansa a Afghanistan a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan kuma ya koma Doha, Qatar.[30] A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2021, Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa wani sashi na sha'awa zai buɗe a Ofishin Jakadancin Qatar a Kabul a ranar 31 ga Disamba, don zama mai karewa ga Amurka a Afghanistan. Ofisoshin diflomasiyya na Jamhuriyar Musulunci a Amurka sun yi aiki da kansu na watanni da yawa kafin rufe ayyukan da kuma canja wurin kula da kadarorin ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2022. Afghanistan ba ta da ikon kariya a Amurka.

Kimanin 'yan Afghanistan 150,000 da suka taimaka wa Amurka sun kasance a Afghanistan, gami da mutanen da suka yi aiki tare da sojojin Amurka.

Kasuwanci a karkashin gwamnatin Biden

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A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2025, an saki Amurkawa biyu da aka tsare a Afghanistan don musayar wani mayaƙin Taliban a Amurka. Qatar ce ta yi sulhu da yarjejeniyar kuma an kammala ta a cikin sa'o'i na ƙarshe na gwamnatin Biden mai barin gado.

Kaddamar da Matsayi na Tsaro na Wuri ga 'yan Afghanistan

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A cikin 2025, Gwamnatin Trump ta koma don kawo karshen Matsayin Karewa na Wuri (TPS) ga kimanin 'yan Afghanistan 14,600, suna mai cewa yanayin da ke Afghanistan ba ya cika ka'idodin TPS. Wannan yanke shawara, wanda aka yi a cikin Mulkin Taliban da ke gudana da kuma rikicin jin kai, ya haifar da zargi daga kungiyoyin 'yan gudun hijira da' yan siyasa waɗanda suka yi jayayya cewa dawowar Afghanistan za su fallasa su ga tsanantawa. TPS ta ba da izinin 'yan Afghanistan su zauna a Amurka saboda damuwa game da tsaro bayan janyewar sojojin Amurka na 2021. An saita sokewar ne a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, wanda ya shafi mutane da yawa da aka sake komawa bayan kwashewar Amurka sama da 'yan Afghanistan 82,000. Masu sukar sun nuna ci gaba da rashin kwanciyar hankali, gami da cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam na Taliban, a matsayin hujja don kiyaye matsayinsu na kariya.[31]

Cinikin makamai

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Amurka ta sayar da makamai masu daraja $ 15,892,402,425 ga Afghanistan tsakanin 1950 da 2020, kashi biyu bisa uku daga cikinsu an musayar su tun daga 2016.[32]

Dangantakar al'adu

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Kasuwancin Amurka ya ba da gudummawa ga Yammacin Afghanistan . Koyaya, wasu daga cikin waɗannan tasirin tarihi ne kawai suka kasance tare da sake dawo da mulkin Taliban.

Dangane da binciken BBC da aka gudanar daga 2005 zuwa 2006, Amurka ita ce ƙasa mafi kyau a Afghanistan, a cikin filin da ya kunshi Iran, China, Rasha, Faransa, Japan, EU, Burtaniya da Indiya.[33]

Wani zabe na kasa a Afghanistan da BBC, ABC News da ARD suka gudanar a shekarar 2009 sun gano cewa kashi 47% na mutane suna da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da Amurka, daga kashi 65% a 2007 da 83% a 2005.[34]

Gishiri na Afghanistan

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A watan Fabrairun 2022, Shugaban Amurka Joe Biden ya sanya hannu kan umarnin sakin dala biliyan 7 a cikin ajiyar bankin tsakiya na Afghanistan, wanda aka daskare tun lokacin da Taliban ta zo mulki. An ba da shawarar raba wuraren ajiya tsakanin kokarin jin kai ga mutanen Afghanistan da Amurka da ke fama da ta'addanci, gami da dangi na 9/11 .

Bayan Girgizar kasa mai girman 5.9 a watan Yunin 2022, [35] Taliban ta yi kira akai-akai ga Amurka da ta kwantar da kadarorinta na kasashen waje. Kungiyar ta kuma nemi Amurka ta rage takunkumi da fatan cewa zai ba da damar ingantaccen tsarin farfadowa. Har ila yau, Taliban ta yi kira ga taimakon jin kai na kasa da kasa, wanda Amurka ta ba da dala miliyan 55.

A watan Agustan 2022, Gwamnatin Biden ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za ta saki dala biliyan 7 da Babban Bankin Afghanistan ke riƙe da shi a ƙasar Amurka ba. Bayan wani ta'addanci na Amurka a tsakiyar Kabul, wanda ya kashe shugaban al Qa'ida Ayman al-Zawahiri, Amurka ta watsar da tattaunawar da ta gabata tare da Taliban saboda dalilai na tsaro na duniya. A cikin wata wasika da aka aika wa Shugaban Amurka Joe Biden da Sakataren Baitulmalin Janet Yellen, wasu sanannun masana tattalin arziki na duniya sun yi kira ga Washington da sauran kasashe da su saki dala biliyan 9 a cikin kadarorin babban bankin Afghanistan saboda "ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da ajiyar kasashen waje ba, babban bankin Afghanistan ba zai iya aiwatar da ayyukansa na yau da kullun ba, masu mahimmanci. "

A tsakiyar watan Satumba na shekara ta 2022, Gwamnatin Biden ta yanke shawarar canja wurin dala biliyan 3.5 a cikin kadarorin Babban Bankin Afghanistan zuwa Bankin Switzerland na Ƙaddamarwa ta Duniya (BIS), wanda ke tallafawa ruwa na bankunan tsakiya. Taliban mai mulki ta yi Allah wadai da canja wurin kuma ta dage kan biyan kuɗi kai tsaye ga Babban Bankin Afghanistan.

  1. 1 2 3 "In Small Things Remembered". meridian.org. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "In Small Things Remembered" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ "Biography of Josia Harlan". Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
  3. ↑ "Biden to rescind Afghanistan's designation as major non-NATO ally". The Hill. July 7, 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  4. ↑ "Letter to the Speaker of the House and President of the Senate providing notice of the President's intent to rescind the designation of Afghanistan as a Major Non-NATO Ally". White House. BRIEFING ROOM. July 6, 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  5. ↑ "About the Embassy". U.S. Embassy in Kabul. Archived from the original on 2011-10-15. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
  6. 1 2 3 FLETCHER, ARNOLD (1950). "Afghanistan: Highway of Conquest". Current History. 18 (106): 337–341. doi:10.1525/curh.1950.18.106.337. ISSN 0011-3530. JSTOR 45309347. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "fletcher" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ "In Small Things Remembered » The first American expedition to Afghanistan". Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  8. ↑ "In Small Things Remembered » President Dwight D. Eisenhower inspects the honor guard upon arrival at Bagram Airport". Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  9. 1 2 "U.S.-AFGHAN RELATIONS". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2011-10-13. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "USGov" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ "THE AFGHAN RULERS: FIERCELY TRADITIONAL TRIBES". Jere Van Dyck, special to the New York Times; the following dispatch was written by freelance journalist who recently spent six weeks in Afghanistan. December 21, 1981. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
  11. ↑ "Afghanistan: Lessons from the Last War".
  12. 1 2 "The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Détente. A Chronology" (PDF). gwu.edu. Retrieved 31 March 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "nsarchive2.gwu.edu" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ "Intensification of Warfare between Government Forces and Moslem Rebels – Government Changes – Alleged Involvement of Foreign Powers" (PDF). stanford.edu. 12 October 1979. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  14. ↑ "Karzai vows to tackle corruption". Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
  15. ↑ "Transcripts and Remarks – Embassy of the United States Kabul, Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  16. ↑ "Transcripts and Remarks – Embassy of the United States Kabul, Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  17. ↑ "Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America". Scribd. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  18. ↑ Sweet, Lynn (1 May 2012). "U.S.-Afgan strategic agreement: Roadmap to Chicago NATO Summit. Briefing transcript". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  19. ↑ Clinton, Hillary (8 July 2012). "Press Releases: Intervention at the Tokyo Conference on Afghanistan". NewsRoomAmerica.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  20. ↑ "U.S. designates Afghanistan a major ally, creates defense ties". CNN. 7 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  21. ↑ "Biden says the U.S. may stay in Afghanistan after 2014". Retrieved March 31, 2023.
  22. ↑ Smith, Josh (7 January 2017). "U.S. to send 300 Marines to Afghanistan's Helmand province". Reuters. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  23. 1 2 Baldor, Lolita (2020-03-09). "US begins troop withdrawal from Afghanistan, official says". Military Times (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-03-24. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Baldor" defined multiple times with different content
  24. ↑ Pickrell, Ryan (December 9, 2019). "Top US officials knew the Afghanistan war was unwinnable and 'lied' — even as costs rose to $1 trillion and 2,351 American troop's lives". Business Insider.
  25. ↑ "Trump may have to settle for partial withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan: officials". Global News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  26. ↑ Dobbins, James; Campbell, Jason H.; Mann, Sean; Miller, Laurel E. (2019). "Consequences of a Precipitous U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-03-24. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. ↑ "U.S.-Taliban Peace Deal: What to Know". Council on Foreign Relations (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-03-24.
  28. ↑ "Biden announces U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan to begin May 1". torontosun (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  29. ↑ Gaouette, Nicole; Hansler, Jennifer; Starr, Barbara; Liebermann, Oren (31 August 2021). "The last US military planes have left Afghanistan, marking the end of the United States' longest war". CNN. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  30. ↑ U.S. Embassy in Kabul (31 August 2021). "Security Message: Suspension of Operations". Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  31. ↑ "Trump officials end 'temporary protected status' for Afghans, Cameroonians". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-16.
  32. ↑ "DSCA Historical Sales Book" (PDF). www.dsca.mil. Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  33. ↑ "BBC Poll: Attitudes towards Countries". Archived from the original on 18 January 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  34. ↑ "BBC – Press Office – Afghanistan: National opinion poll".
  35. ↑ "M 5.9 – 46 km SW of Khōst, Afghanistan". United States Geological Survey. 22 June 2022. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
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