Darius na Uku
 Darius na Uku | |||||||
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336 "BCE" - 332 "BCE" ← Arses of Persia (en)  - Alexander the Great →
336 "BCE" - 330 "BCE" ← Arses of Persia (en) - Bessus (en) →
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| Rayuwa | |||||||
| Haihuwa | Farisa, 380 "BCE" | ||||||
| ƙasa | Achaemenid Empire | ||||||
| Mutuwa |
Bactria (en) , 330 "BCE" | ||||||
| Makwanci |
Persepolis (en) | ||||||
| Ƴan uwa | |||||||
| Mahaifi | Arsames | ||||||
| Mahaifiya | Sisygambis | ||||||
| Abokiyar zama |
Stateira (en) Abandokht (en) | ||||||
| Yara |
view
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| Ahali |
Stateira (en) da Oxyathres of Persia (en) | ||||||
| Yare |
Achaemenid dynasty (en) | ||||||
| Sana'a | |||||||
| Sana'a | sarki | ||||||
| Imani | |||||||
| Addini |
mazdaism (en) | ||||||
Darius III ( Old Persian Dārayavaʰuš ; Ancient Greek Dareios ; c. 380 - 330 BC) shine sarki na goma sha uku kuma shi ne sarki na ƙarshe Achaemenid Sarkin sarakunan kasan Farisa, yana mulki daga 336 BC zuwa mutuwarsa a 330 BC. wanda ya riga shi Artaxerxes IV Arses, Darius memba ne mai nisa na Daular Achaemenid. A lokacin da ya fara aiki, an ruwaito shi wani mutum ne mai ban mamaki a tsakanin takwarorinsa kuma ya fara zama sananne a lokacin tafiyar Cadusian na Artaxerxes III a cikin 350s BC. A matsayin lada ga jaruntakarsa, an ba shi Satrapy na Armenia . Kusan 340 KZ, an sanya shi a matsayin mai kula da "hidimar gidan waya" ta sarauta, matsayi mai girma. A cikin 338 KZ, Artaxerxes III ya haɗu da ƙarshen kwatsam bayan da aka yi masa guba daga bābān kotu da chiliarch (hazahrapatish) Bagoas, wanda ya sanya ɗan ƙarami na Artaxerx Arses a kan kursiyin. Ya yi sarauta na 'yan shekaru kawai, har sai Bagoas ya sa shi da guba. Daga baya aka sanya Darius a kan kursiyin kuma nan da nan ya tilasta Bagoas ya sha guba bayan ya gano cewa bābān ya shirya ya sa masa guba.
A cikin 334 KZ, Alexander the Great ya fara mamaye Daular Farisawa kuma daga baya ya ci Farisa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa kafin ya yi fashi da lalata babban birnin su, Persepolis, da wuta a cikin 330 KZ. Tare da Daular Farisa yanzu yadda ya kamata a ƙarƙashin ikon Alexander, Alexander ya yanke shawarar bin Darius. Kafin Alexander ya isa gare shi, duk da haka, danginsa Bessus ne ya kashe Darius, wanda shi ma satrap ne na Bactria.
Ana tunawa da Darius a cikin al'adun Iran a matsayin Dara II, sarki na karshe na Daular Kayanian ta almara, wanda ya nuna tunanin Achaemenids.
Sunan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin ya hau mulki, Darius ya ɗauki sunan Arta (Tsohon Farisa: *Artašiyāta, "Farin ciki a Arta").[1][2] Masanin tarihin Romawa na ƙarni na 2 Justin shine kawai masanin tarihi da ya kira Darius a matsayin Codomannus, sunan da ya ɗauka kafin ya zama sananne. Wataƙila sunansa ne na laƙabi, ko kuma mai yiwuwa sunan na uku. Ba a san asalinsa ba. [1] [2] Badian ya ba da shawarar cewa sunan ya fito ne daga asalin Yammacin Semitic, mai yiwuwa daga Aramaic qdmwn ("daga Gabas, Easterner"). [3] Samun sunaye biyu ba sabon abu ba ne; akwai lokuta da yawa da aka rubuta na mutanen Babila da ke da sunaye biyu, sau da yawa sunan Babila da Aramaic. Wani mashahurin Farisa kuma an tabbatar da shi da sunan Babila da Iran. Koyaya, wannan al'ada da alama ta ɓace a lokacin rayuwar Darius. Badian ya nuna cewa sunan haihuwarsa shine Aramaic Codomannus, wanda daga baya ya sauke don goyon bayan Artashata lokacin da ya tashi cikin matsayi.[3] Ya fara karɓar sunan sarauta na Darius (Tsohon Farisa: Daraya-vahauš, "wanda ke riƙe da nagarta (ness) ") lokacin da ya hau gadon sarautar Achaemenid a 336 BC. [1] [4]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Karni na karshe na zamanin Achaemenid sananne ne saboda rashin tushe, musamman a lokacin mulkin Darius III. Ba a tabbatar da shi a cikin kowane tushe na Farisa ba kuma kusan an san shi gaba ɗaya ne kawai daga rahotanni na masana tarihi na Girka, waɗanda ke nuna aikinsa a matsayin saɓani da na Alexander the Great mai nasara.[1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Darius a c. 380 BC . Ya kasance memba mai nisa na gidan sarautar Achaemenid . Shi ɗa ne ga wani Arsames, kuma jikan Ostanes, wanda mahaifinsa Darius II ya mallaki Daular Achaemenid daga 424 BC zuwa 405 BC. [1] Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Sisygambis, mace ce mai asali. Wataƙila ta kasance zuriyar Achaemenid, ko da yake ba a san ko wane reshe ne ba. Wataƙila ita 'yar Ostanes ce, don haka 'yar'uwar Arsames ce. [5] Dariyus yana da ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa. Oxyathres da Stateira I, bi da bi. [2] [1]
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An fara tabbatar da Artashata a lokacin tafiyar Cadusian na Artaxerxes III (r. 358-338 BC) a cikin 350s BC. A lokacin yaƙi, Artashata ya bambanta kansa ta hanyar kashe jarumi a yaƙi ɗaya. Artaxerxes III ya lura da aikinsa, wanda ya aiko masa da kyaututtuka kuma ya ba shi Satrapy na Armenia.[1][3] Wataƙila bayan wannan ci gaba ne Artashata ya yi aure a karo na farko, ga wata mace mai daraja da ba a san ta ba, wacce ta haifa masa 'ya'ya mata biyu, kuma mai yiwuwa ɗa mai suna Ariobarzanes.[3] Aure na farko ya ba da shawarar zama ƙarshen ad quem lokacin da ya bar sunansa na Aramaic, Codomannus .[3] Marubutan Helenawa sun ba da rahoton cewa Artashata daga baya ya zama "mai aikawa" da "bawa" na sarki, wanda wasu masana tarihi na zamani suka yi imanin cewa an rubuta shi ne don rage Artashata. Koyaya, kalmomin a zahiri fassarar Helenanci ne na Tsohon Farisa bandaka, wanda ba ya nufin bawa, amma "henchman, (mai aminci) bawa, mai bin doka. " [1] [3][6]
A kan Rubutun Behistun, Darius the Great (r. 522-486 BC) yana amfani da kalmar don komawa ga manyan jami'ansa.[3] An gano cewa Artashata mai yiwuwa ne ke kula da "hidimar gidan waya" ta sarauta, matsayi mai girma. Wataƙila ya rike wannan ɓangaren Persepolis wanda sanannen jami'in Farisa Pharnaces (d. 497 BC) ke jagoranta.[1][3] Ba a tabbatar da lokacin da wannan ya faru ba, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan ci gaba ya faru a kusa da 340 BC, lokacin da Artashata ya yi aure a karo na biyu, tare da 'yar'uwarsa Stateira I. A cikin 339 BC, suna da ɗa mai suna Ochus . [1] Wannan ya nuna cewa Artaxerxes III, wanda ya kasance mai faɗakarwa sosai game da duk wani dangi mai yiwuwa don kalubalantar kursiyin, bai yi la'akari da Artashata don haifar da ƙaramin barazana ga shi ko ɗansa Arses ba.[3]
A ƙarshen Agusta / ƙarshen Satumba 338 BC, bābān kotu da chiliarch (hazahrapatish) Bagoas sun shirya guba da kuma mutuwar Artaxerxes III ta hanyar likitan Artaxerx.[lower-alpha 1][8][9] Mafi yawan 'ya'yan Artaxerxes III, ban da Arses da Bisthanes, Bagoas ya kashe su.[10] Mutuwar Artaxerxes III da wuri ta zama matsala ga Farisa.[10] Yawancin masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya cewa mutuwarsa ba zato ba tsammani ta shirya hanya don faduwar Daular Achaemenid.[2] Bagoas, wanda ke aiki a matsayin sarki, ya sanya matashi Arses (Artaxerxes IV) a kan kursiyin.[10][11][12] Arses ya ƙaddara a kan ƙoƙarin 'yantar da kansa daga ikon Bagoas da tasirinsa; ya yi ƙoƙari mara nasara don a sa shi guba, sai kawai Bagoas ya sa shi gubobi tare da sauran iyalinsa, wanda ya sanya Artashata a kan kursiyin a 336 BC.[11] Sunan Darius III na jaruntaka, mai yiwuwa zuriyarsa ta sarauta, da goyon bayan da ya ji daɗi daga Artaxerxes III duk sun taimaka masa ya sami karɓa tsakanin aristocracy.[1][3] Farfaganda na Makidoniya, wanda aka yi don halatta nasarar da Alexander the Great ya samu bayan 'yan shekaru, ya zargi Darius III da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kisan Arses, wanda aka nuna shi a matsayin sarki na karshe na gidan sarauta na Achaemenid.[12]
Rikici da Helenawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yakin Philip
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba da daɗewa ba Bagoas ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa Darius III guba, amma an gano shirye-shiryensa. Darius III ya kira Bagoas kuma ya tambaye shi ya sha masa toast, ya ba shi kofinsa wanda ya cika da guba. An tilasta Bagoas ya sha kofin, wanda ya haifar da mutuwarsa.[13] Wannan ya faru ne a lokacin da Alexander ya hau gadon sarautar Makidoniya a cikin kaka na 336 BC.[3] A farkon mulkin Darius III, Misira da Babila na iya shiga cikin tawaye. Ko ta yaya, ba su da mahimmanci, yayin da rahotanni game da abubuwan da suka faru da sauri suka ɓace.[1]
- ↑ According to a Babylonian tablet, Artaxerxes III "went to his fate", which is often understood to indicate death from natural causes. However, the same wording is also used to refer to the death of Xerxes I (Samfuri:Reign), who was in reality assassinated by his son.[7]
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 EIr. 1994.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Briant 2015.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Badian 2000.
- ↑ Schmitt 1994.
- ↑ Badian 2015.
- ↑ Eilers & Herrenschmidt 1988.
- ↑ Waters 2014, p. 198.
- ↑ Waters 2014.
- ↑ Dandamaev 1989.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Schmitt 1986.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 LeCoq 1986.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Briant 2002.
- ↑ Heckel 2020.