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Darlene Ka-Mook Nichols

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Darlene Ka-Mook Nichols
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Scottsbluff (en) Fassara, 1955 (70/71 shekaru)
Mazauni New Mexico
Sana'a
Sana'a gwagwarmaya
Darlene Nichols
Ka-Mook
An haife shi Darlene Pearl Nichols[1][2]1955 (shekaru 69-70) Scotts Bluff, Nebraska, Amurka[3]
 
Nebraska" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Scotts Bluff, Nebraska">Scotts Bluff, Nebraska, Amurka [1]
Ƙasar Indiyawan Amurka Oglala Sioux [2]
Ayyuka Mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama FBI Mai ba da labari Mai ba da magani [3]

Shekaru masu aiki  1972[3]–1978
Ƙungiya (s) Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka (a baya) FBI (a baya
An san shi da  Mafi Tsawon Hanyar Hanyar Hagu
Lamarin da ya faru a gwiwa
Matar aure Dennis Banks (1972-1989)
Yara Tokala Banks Tiopa BanksTasina Banks Tacanunpa Banks [4][5]


Dangi Bernie Nichols-Lafferty (yar'uwa) Barbara Robideau (yar'uwar) [6][7][4]

Darlene Nichols, wanda aka fi sani da sunayen Kamook, Ka-Mook, 'Ka-Mook Nichols' da Ka-Moak Nichols. An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka wajen shirya The Longest Walk, da kuma zama babban shaida [8] a cikin gwajin mambobin AIM Arlo Looking Cloud, Richard Marshall, da John Graham waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci a kisan Anna Mae Aquash .

Rayuwa ta farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kuma haifi Darlene "Ka-Mook" Ecoffey Darlene Pearl Nichols a cikin birnin Scotts Bluff, Nebraska . [9] Ta fito daga Pine Ridge Reservation Indian . Majiyoyi sun bambanta akan ainihin shekarun Nichols lokacin da ta fara saduwa da Dennis Banks . Wasu majiyoyi sun ce ta sadu da Banks a 17, [10] wasu kafofin sun bayyana 16, [4] wasu kuma sun bayyana cewa ya sadu da ita lokacin da take da shekaru 14. [11] Dennis Banks, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Indiyawa da kuma daya daga cikin shugabanninta, 34 a lokacin, ya fara yin jima'i tare da Nichols lokacin da ta kasance 15-shekara [11] lokacin da ta kasance ɗansu na farko.

Rayuwa ta mutum

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Nichols a baya ta zauna tare da shugaban AIM Dennis Banks na tsawon shekaru 17 kuma ita ce mahaifiyar hudu daga cikin 'ya'ya goma sha uku na Banks.[12][13] Za ta rabu da Banks a shekarar 1989. [13] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka yanke wa Arlo Looking Cloud a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2004 don kisan gillar Anna Mae Aquash, Nichols zai auri Robert Ecoffey, [14] wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora mai bincike kan kisan Aquash kuma yanzu Ofishin Harkokin Indiya mai kula da Pine Ridge Indian Reservation a watan Satumbar 2004.[15][10][16]

Al'amarin Aquash tare da Banks ya fara ne yayin da yake cikin auren doka tare da Nichols. Dangantakar Aquash da Banks an kalli ta da raini da damuwa daga mata na kabilun kabilanci daban-daban a cikin motsi, saboda sun yi imanin cewa dangantakar ta wakilci barazana ga kwanciyar hankali na AIM a lokacin da AIM ta zama "wani rikici na paranoia".[17]

A shekara ta 1973, lokacin da Nichols ya sadu da Aquash, sun zama abokai.[12][18]

A cikin 1975, an haifi 'yar Nichol ta biyu, Ta Tiyopa Maza Win (ko Matar Ƙofar Iron), yayin da aka kai Nichols kurkuku a Wichita, Kansas a kan tuhumar bindigogi.

Yunkurin fafutuka

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Nichols ya taba shiga wani gangamin Gordon, Nebraska da ke da alaka da dalilan 'yan asalin Amurka . Ɗaya daga cikin manyan alamomin aikin Nichols a matsayin mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a kuma mai shirya shi shine "The Longest Walk." A mayar da martani ga 11 takardar kudi da aka gabatar a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka an yi niyya don wargaza ikon mallakar kabilanci na Indiyawa na Indiya, ƙasashen kabilanci [19] da haƙƙin ruwa [19] a cikin 1978. [20] An yi tunanin Tafiya mafi tsayi tare da Trail of Broken Treaties na 1972, irin wannan nau'i na zanga-zangar wanda ya ƙunshi mota da mota a cikin Washington DC. Ofishin Harkokin Indiya don nuna adawa da gwamnati a lokacin tashin hankali na Zaman Karewa . [21] Tafiya mafi tsayi kuma alama ce ta ƙarshe na babban taron Red Power Movement . [19] Nichols ne suka shirya sannan kuma mijin, Dennis Banks, tsohon ya shirya fiye da 30,000 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka daga 80 kabilu daban-daban a cikin birnin Davis, California kuma sun yi tafiya mai nisan kilomita 5,800 (mil 3,600) daga Alcatraz zuwa Washington, DC a cikin tsawon watanni 5. Tafiya mafi tsayi ya ƙare a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1978 lokacin da mutane kusan 2,000 suka shiga babban birnin ƙasar Amurka, suka yi tafiya zuwa wurin shakatawa na Meridian Hill kuma suka tsaya a Babban Monument na Washington . [22] Tafiya mafi tsayi ya kasance babban nasara, yayin da zanga-zangar ta haifar da hankalin duniya da kuma nuna fushi ga ubanci na tarayya da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ke fuskanta, kuma ya haifar da cin nasara. [23]

Mai ba da labari na FBI

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Nichols da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin mai goyon bayan Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka. Ko da yayin da aka haifi ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta mata a kurkukun tarayya, Nichols ta ki yin hadin kai da FBI.[24] Koyaya, bayan kisan gwagwarmayar da abokiyar Anna Mae Aquash, ta fara sake la'akari da haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyar. Bayan karanta rahotanni na jarida game da kisan Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash, Nichols ya fara zargin cewa Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka tana da hannu a kisan AnnaMae.[25] Nichols ya tuntubi FBI, ya amince da ba da hadin kai a binciken kisan kiyashi na Aquash kuma daga baya ya sa waya don yin rikodin tattaunawa tare da Arlo Looking Cloud, Dennis Banks da sauransu.[18]

Wata tattaunawa ta musamman tare da tsohon mijin Dennis Banks ta kasance mai haske sosai. Dennis Banks ya kasance batun bincike game da mutuwar mai zanga-zangar kare hakkin bil'adama na Afirka Ray Robinson, wanda ya ɓace lokacin da ya yi tafiya zuwa Wounded Knee don shiga cikin lamarin Wounded knee da kuma ɗan'uwan AIM mai fafutuka Anna Mae Aquash">Anna Mae-Pictou Aquash. Kodayake Banks za su yi iƙirarin ba su da wani ilmi game da Robinson har sai bayan kammalawar Siege na Wounded Knee, [26] rikodin tattaunawar Banks sun bayyana sun ba da shawarar akasin haka. A shekara ta 2001, Nichols ya yi hira da Banks yayin da yake ƙoƙarin ƙarin koyo game da kisan gillar 1975 na mai fafutukar AIM Anna Mae Aquash . Kodayake Banks ya ki tattauna Aquash, ya ba da umarnin tattaunawar ga Robinson, yana mai cewa wani jami'in AIM ya harbe shi kuma ya zubar da jini har ya mutu saboda ƙungiyar tana ƙarƙashin kewaye kuma ba ta da hanyar bi da shi yadda ya kamata. Banks ya ce ya ga jikin Robinson kuma ya umarci wani matashi, Chris Westerman, ya "shawo shi inda babu wanda zai sani". Ya ce Westerman "ya tafi kusan sa'o'i biyar" kuma an binne Robinson "a kan rafin". [27] (Westerman ɗan'uwan mai fafutuka ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawaƙi Floyd Red Crow Westerman.) [28]

Kyauta

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An yaba wa Nichols-Ecoffey kuma an hukunta shi saboda hadin kai tare da gwamnatin tarayya da kuma ba da shaida a kan John Graham, Richard Marshall, da Arlo Looking Cloud. Shaidarta ta nuna Leonard Peltier a cikin kisan gillar jami'an FBI guda biyu. Har ila yau, wasu Indiyawan Amurka sun hukunta ta saboda hadin kai da FBI.[29] Barry Bachrach, daya daga cikin lauyoyin kare Leonard Peltier, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Nichols ta karɓi kuɗi daga FBI don musayar shaidarta. A cewar Bachrach, "Wannan shari'ar ba komai bane face lalata. [30] Sun horar da Kamook kuma ta yarda cewa FBI ta biya ta $ 40,000. Shaidarta bai kamata ta ga hasken rana ba. " [31] Robert Robideau, wanda ake tuhuma kuma dan uwan farko [32] ga Leonard Peltier, ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa Nichols ya karɓi $ 47,000.00 don ya ce Peltier ya yi alfahari game da kashe jami'ai biyu.[33] Akwai wasu da suka yi imanin Nichols-Ecoffey yana da dalilin kudi don yin ƙarya game da ayyukan da mambobin AIM suka yi.[34]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Testimony of Darlene Nichols in the Trial of Arlo Looking Cloud February 3, 2004".
  2. ↑ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (4 May 2012).
  3. ↑ "Meet our Counselors" Archived 2016-03-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. 1 2 3 Banks, Dennis (3 December 2010).
  5. ↑ Banks, Dennis (4 May 2012).
  6. ↑ "Leonard Peltier".
  7. ↑ "Native American Icon"[permanent dead link].
  8. ↑ "Native Sun News: Retired FBI agent takes on Peltier and AIM". Indianz. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  9. ↑ "John Graham Defense Committee". Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  10. 1 2 Konigsberg, Eric (25 April 2014). "Who Killed Anna Mae?". New York Times. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  11. 1 2 Burrows, John (14 April 1983). "Who Killed Anna Mae?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  12. 1 2 "AIM leader's former wife testifies in trial". Sioux City Journal. 5 February 2004. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  13. 1 2 "Who Killed Anna Mae?". Los Angeles Times. 5 February 2004. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  14. ↑ Roubideau, Robert. "JOHN TRUDELL, A PROFILE OF COWARDICE AN FBI INFORMANT COVERS HIS TRACKS IN THE MURDER OF A". Portland Independent Media. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  15. ↑ "Denver Man's Sentence Reduced In 1975 AIM Slaying". Denver CBS Local News. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  16. ↑ Claypoole, Antoinette Nora (16 May 2007). "Murder, Wrapped in a Blanket". Portland Independent Media. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  17. ↑ Billingsley, Lloyd (1 May 2014). "American Indian Murder, Inc". Front Page Mag. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  18. 1 2 Melmer, David (13 February 2004). "Witness at AIM trial says Peltier bragged of killings". The Lawrence World-Journal. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 "1978: 'Longest Walk' draws attention to American Indian concerns". U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  20. ↑ "The Longest Walk". Humboldt State University. Retrieved 6 March 2016.[permanent dead link]
  21. ↑ Freeman, Jo. "Indians End Longest Walk in Washington DC on July 15, 1978". Humboldt State University. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  22. ↑ "Native Americans walk from San Francisco to Washington, D.C. for U.S. civil rights, 1978". Global Nonviolent Action Database. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  23. ↑ "Commemorating "The Longest Walk"". Freedom Socialist Party. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  24. ↑ DeMain, Paul (13 June 2007). "Jury convicts man in 1975 murder of Aquash". Indian Country News. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  25. ↑ DeMain, Paul (23 February 2004). "Jury convicts man in 1975 murder of Anna Mae Pictou Aquash of Being Party to 1st Degree Murder". JFAMR. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  26. ↑ "Black Man Goes To Fight For American Indians 40 Yrs Ago, Then Disappears". NewsOne. 27 April 2012. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NYTimes".
  28. ↑ "Bernie Lafferty speaks about Ray Robinson's killing inside Wounded Knee 1973". Indian Country News. 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  29. ↑ Pictou, Denise-Maloney. "The Truth About Leonard". Indigenous Women for Justice. Archived from the original on April 2, 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2016.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  30. ↑ Gease, Heidi Bell (5 February 2004). "Wife of AIM leader says Leonard Peltier admitted killing FBI agents". Free Republic. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  31. ↑ Summers, Chris (24 April 2004). "Native American prisoner to fight on". BBC. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  32. ↑ Frosch, Dan (18 March 2004). "The Truth About Leonard". JFAMR. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  33. ↑ Claypoole, Antoinette Nora (16 May 2007). "Murder, Wrapped in a Blanket". Portland Independent Media. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  34. ↑ "FBI loses trial against former AIM member Richard Marshall". AIM-West. 12 May 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
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