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Daular Bilala

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Daular Bilala

Daular Bilala ita ce zuriyar sarauta ta shugabannin gargajiya na Mutanen Bilala, wata kabilanci a yau da ke kewaye da Tafkin Fitri a Chadi. Sarakunan Bilala a tarihi sun mallaki yankuna daban-daban, kuma sun bambanta da iko da lakabi da aka yi amfani da su. Jerin sarakunan Bilala, waɗanda aka adana ta hanyar al'adar baki, ba su dace ba kuma sun sabawa juna kafin ƙarshen karni na 19.

A cikin karni na 14, Bilala ta ci Kanem, yankin da ke arewa Mayu gabashin Tafkin Chadi, daga Daular Sayfawa na Daular Kanem-Bornu. Ana kiran sarakunan Bilala na Kanem da lakabi kamar mai, sarkin, da Sultan a cikin tushe, lakabi kuma ana amfani da su ga sarakunan Sayfawa. Bilala sun rasa Kanem a karni na 17, bayan haka suka yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasashensu na yanzu a kusa da Tafkin Fitri. Babban birnin gargajiya na Bilala tun daga wannan lokacin shine garin Yao. Shugabannin Bilala tun daga karni na 17 ana kiransu da sarakunan Yao, [1] kodayake ana amfani da Mayu lakabi a wasu lokuta, kamar mai na Fitri ko sultan na Fitri. [2]

Adadin kakanninmu

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Labaran asalin gargajiya na sarakunan Bilala suna kama da, kuma galibi suna da alaƙa da, labaran asali ko sarakuna na Daular Sayfawa, wanda ya mallaki Daular Kanem-Bornu. Kamar Sayfawa, Bilala daga lokacin da suka tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci sun yi iƙirarin asalin Larabawa na almara a matsayin tushen daraja.[1] Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban na asalin labarin, tare da sunaye daban-daban da aka ba wa kakan daular Bilala:

  • Ɗaya daga cikin sassan ya yi iƙirarin cewa Bilala sun fito ne daga wani kakannin da ake kira Bilal ko Balal . An ce Bilal ya kasance dan Afirka na farko da ya tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci, watakila abokin farko na annabi.[3] An ruwaito cewa zuriyar Bilal "sun haɗu da Larabawa".[3] Wani sashi kuma ya ƙunshi Bilal, amma ya sanya shi a cikin wani Kanembu na gida, wanda ya shirya karfi don adawa da mulkin Sayfawa.[4]
  • Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar ya ba kakannin Yemen na Bilala sunan Muhammad al-Kabir al-Yamani. An ce annabin ya sanya Al-Yamani a matsayin sarki kuma ya rayu shekaru ɗari biyu. A cewar wannan labarin, al-Yamani ya yi tafiya sosai kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya maida al'ummomi daban-daban zuwa Islama, gami da mutanen da ke kewaye da Bahar Maliya, kafin ya zauna a Chadi na zamani.[5]
  • Ɗaya daga cikin sassan ya yi iƙirarin cewa Bilala sun kasance zuriyar "sultan na Bagadaza" kuma sun "suke da iko a Bagadaza na ɗan lokaci. A cewar wannan labarin, Sef (tsohon Sayfawa) ya kai wa Bilala hari a Bagadaza bayan ya bar Yemen; An ce Sef ya ci Bilala kuma ya zama sultan na Bagadaza. Sef daga ƙarshe ya bar Bagadaza ya yi tafiya zuwa "Badinimguro", inda ya kasance na shekaru 333, sannan ya yi tafiya til "N'gibi N'gabulo", inda shi ma yana da shekaru 333, kafin ya isa Njimi a Kanem. Bilala sun zo Kanem daga baya kuma an raba ƙasar tsakanin su da Sayfawa.[6]
  • Mayu daga cikin sassan ya ambaci mai mulkin farko na Bilala a matsayin Jil Sukumami ko Djil Sjikomeni. Heinrich Barth (1857) ya yi imanin cewa Jil ɗan Sayfawa mai Dunama II Dibalemi ne.[7] Richmond Palmer (1936) ya sanya shi daga Mayu, a matsayin zamani na karni na 14 Sayfawa mais Idris I Nikalemi da Dawud Nikalemi . [8]

Tarihin baki

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Tarihin tarihi

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Za a iya samar da cikakken bayani game da tarihin Bilala ta hanyar Bilala da kuma kafofin waje. An fara rubuta Bilala a matsayin waɗanda suka yi rikici da Sayfawa a zamanin Sayfawa mai Dawud Nikalemi na ƙarni na 14. Bilala ta kayar da Dawud kuma ta kashe shi c. ta 1363, [lower-alpha 1] kuma Bilala ta sami damar kama Njimi, babban birnin Kanem . Magajin Dawud, Uthman I, ya sake kwace Njimi, [9] amma ya sake shan kashi ga Bilala bayan wasu shekaru, a zamanin Sayfawa mai Umar I Idrismi, c. 1380. Rashin Kanem ya sa Sayfawa suka sake kafa kansu a yammacin Tafkin Chad, a yankin Bornu . [9]

Bilala sun kafa nasu mulkin a Kanem, wanda ya yi gasa da na Sayfawa a Bornu. Bilala sun mallaki Kanem har sai sun rasa ƙasar a shekara ta 1630, bayan haka suka koma ƙasashensu na yanzu a kusa da Tafkin Fitri.

Shugabannin da aka ambata a cikin Sayfawa Girgam

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Tarihin Daular Kanem-Bornu da shugabanninta galibi an rubuta su a cikin Girgam, tarihin sarauta da aka kiyaye a cikin ƙarni galibi ta hanyar Tarihin baki. Girgam da ke yin rikodin layin sarakunan Sayfawa sun kuma ambaci sarakunan Bilala da yawa, kodayake ba a rubuta cikakken layin sarakuna ba. An ba da irin waɗannan sunaye da cikakkun bayanai game da waɗannan sarakuna a cikin Girgam wanda Heinrich Barth ya fassara a 1857 da Richmond Palmer a 1928:

Sunan (Barth, 1857) Sunan (Palmer, 1928) Sayfawa na zamani [9] Bayani[9]
ʿAbd el Jélil Abd ul Jalil na zuriyar Ume (Jilmi) [lower-alpha 2] Dawud Nikalemi Daoud ya mutu a yaƙi
Muhammadu, ɗan ʿAbd Allah "Eanemma" Gaji An kashe Gaji a yaƙi
Selma ko ʿAbd el Jélil Ba a ambaci shi ba Ali I Gaji Barth ya bayyana cewa Leo Africanus na zamani ya gano wannan mai mulki a matsayin ʿOmár .[lower-alpha 3]
Dunama, ɗan Selma ko ʿAbd el Jélil Ba a ambaci shi ba Idris na Uku Katagarmabe Dan Selma, wanda Idris III ya ci nasara
A'dim, ɗan'uwan Dunama Ba a ambaci shi ba) Idris na Uku Katagarmabe Ya hau gadon sarauta bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa Dunama, wanda Idris III ya ci nasara
Kadé, ɗan ʿAbd el Jélil da Lifiya Kadai ibn Lefia Muhammad na shida Aminami Rose ya yi wa Muhammad VI kuma an ci shi
ʿAbd el Jélil, ɗan Kade Abd ul Jalil ibn Gumsu Dunama na shida Muhammadu
Abdullah IV Dunamami		 Dan Kadé, ya tayar da Dunama VI kuma an ci shi
ʿAbd Allah, ɗan ʿAbbd el Jélil Ba a ambaci shi ba Abdullah IV Dunamami
Aissa Koli
Idris na IV Alooma		 Dan ʿAbd el Jélil, ya kammala yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Idris IV
Muhammadu, ɗan ʿAbd Allah Ba a ambaci shi ba Idris na IV Alooma Dan ʿAbd Allah, ya mutu bayan ɗan gajeren sarauta
ʿAbd el Jélil ben ʿAbda el Jélil Abd ul Jalil ɗan 'yar Gargar Idris na IV Alooma Kakan Muhammadu, ya karya tattaunawar da Idris IV kuma ya yi yaƙi da shi

Bilala Girgam da tarihi

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Bilala suna da al'adun su don yin rikodin layin sarauta, kodayake jerin sarakuna sun bambanta sosai tsakanin nau'o'i daban-daban. Wasu gajerun tarihin gargajiya na takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Bilala suma sun rubuta wasu sarakuna. Richmond Palmer ya fassara jerin sarauta da gajerun tarihi da yawa a cikin Sudanese Memoirs (1928).

Tarihi

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Ɗaya daga cikin labarun da Palmer ya fassara (a cikin nau'o'i da yawa) shine The Bilala Secession daga Mais na Kanem, wanda ya rubuta nasarar Bilala na Kanem da shekarun da suka biyo baya. Dangane da sigar, The Bilala Secession ya rubuta mai mulkin Bilala guda ɗaya (mai suna "Bilala" ko "Bulala") kamar yadda ya ci Kanem kuma ya yi mulki na ƙarni ɗaya, ko kuma maye gurbin sarakuna uku:

  • Sultan Bilala (ko Lefia) na Fitri, wanda ya ci Kanem daga Sayfawa mai Dawud kuma ya yi mulki na shekaru 25.
  • Sultan Sowi, wanda ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 32.[10]
  • Sultan Yari bin Sowi, wanda ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 19 kuma Sayfawa mai "Ali Gaji" ya ci shi.[10]

Don yin jerin lokuta, Palmer ya gano "Ali Gaji" ba a matsayin Sayfawa mai ba in ba haka ba an rubuta shi a matsayin Ali I Gaji ba, amma a matsayin mai mulkin Sayfawa na Mayu Gaji, wanda Sayfawa Girgam ya bayyana shi da rikici kamar yadda mai mulkin Bilala mai suna Mohammed ya kashe shi. Palmer ya ba da shawarar cewa Yari da Mohammed sunaye ne guda biyu ga mai mulki ɗaya, kuma duka sunayen sunaye ne daga baya.[10]

Wani labari, The War Between the Bilala and Sayfawa, ya rubuta tarihin Bilala a lokacin Sayfawa mai Idris IV Alooma . Wannan labarin ya haɗa da labarin rikice-rikice na tarihin Sayfawa; Sayfawa 'Mayu' Ali I Gaji (mai gina Ngazargamu) da Ali II Zainami (mahaifin Idris) an yi kuskuren daidaita su da mutum ɗaya kuma Aissa Koli an gano shi a matsayin 'yar Dunama II Dibalemi.[6] 'Yaƙin Tsakanin Bilala da Sayfawa' ya rubuta cewa Ali ya auri Amsa, 'yar mai mulkin Bilala Umr (Umar), wanda shine mahaifiyar Idris.[lower-alpha 4] Idris daga ƙarshe ya zama mai mulkin Sayfawa kuma daga baya ya jagoranci kamfen inda ya ci nasara kuma ya kashe kakan mahaifiyarsa Umr, wanda ya zama mai mulki na Bilala.[6] Bayan Idris, Mai Kunuma (ko Mai Mala Ganami), ɗan Umr, ya zama mai mulkin Bilala kuma Bilala ya koma yankin Tafkin Fitri.[6]

Jerin (mace)

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A cikin Sudanese Memoirs, Palmer ya fassara jerin sunayen sarakunan Bilala guda uku. Wadannan jerin sun hada da Bilala Girgam, tare da shekarun sarauta da wasu bayanan kula, da kuma jerin sunayen sarakuna guda biyu. Palmer ya lakafta jerin sunayen guda biyu a matsayin Jerin Bilala Mais na Kanem (List A) da Asalin Sarakunan Bilala na Fitri A cewar Manuscript na Sarkin Gulfei (List B). Jerin ba su bambanta tsakanin kakanninmu ba, sarakunan Bilala na Kanem, da sarakunan Bilara na Yao (Fitri).

Girgam na Bilala Jerin B Jerin A
  1. Muhammad al-Yamani, mai mulkin Bilala na farko, ya zo "Bahr Sau" kuma ya mutu a can.[lower-alpha 5]
  2. Salih (shekaru 12)
  3. Muhammad al-Wan (shekaru 24)
  4. Abdul Jalil al-Kabir (shekaru 47), ya yi yaƙi da "Idris na Bornu" kuma ya ci Lake Fitri, na farko da ya yi mulki daga Yao[lower-alpha 6]
  5. Muhammad Alwan (shekaru 19), ɗan Abdul Jalil al-Kabir
  6. Muhammad Rishad (shekara 21), ɗan Muhammad Alwan
  7. Muhammad Adil Saghir (shekaru 7 da watanni 6), ɗan'uwan Muhammad Rishad
  8. Muhammad Adil al-Kabir (shekaru 19), ɗan Muhammad Adil Saghir
  9. Muhammad Beyad (shekaru 4 da watanni 4), ɗan Muhammad Adil al-Kabir
  10. Muhammad Umr (shekaru 30), ɗan'uwan Muhammad Beyad
  11. Muhammad Jeli al-Saghir (shekaru 3), ɗan Muhammad Umr
  12. Muhammad Abd al-Jalil al-Kabir (shekaru 5), ɗan Muhammad Jeli al-Saghir
  13. Muhamamd N'gâri (shekaru 15), ɗan Muhammad Abd al-Jalil al-Kabir
  14. Abdurahman (ko Abd ar-Rahman) (shekaru 25), ɗan Muhammad N'gâri, ya yi yaƙi da ƙungiyar Toubo
  15. Muhammad Sowi (shekaru 49), ɗan Abdurahman, mai mulki mai adalci
  16. Muhammad Abd al-Jalil al-Kabir (shekaru 32), ɗan Muhamamd Sowi
  17. Muhammad Abd al-Jalil al-Saghir (shekaru 47), ɗan'uwan Muhammad Abd al'Jalil a Kabir, yunwa da rashin lafiya a mulkinsa
  18. Muhammad Shawi (shekaru 29), ɗan Muhammad Abd al-Jalil al-Kabir
  19. Idris (shekaru 37), ɗan Muhammad Shawi, yaƙi da Bagirmi akan hauren giwa
  20. Muhammad Bekuma al-Kabir (shekaru 39), ɗan Idris
  21. Jurab al-Fil (shekaru 40), ɗan'uwan Muhammad Bekuma al-Kabir
  22. Musa (shekaru 24), yakin basasa da ɗan'uwansa Jurab al-Saghir, wanda ya tsere daga ƙasar amma ya dawo ya kashe Musa bayan Musa ya yi mulki shekaru 24.
  23. Jurab al-Saghir (shekaru 38), ɗan'uwan Musa
  24. Hassan Bekuma (shekaru 7), yakin basasa da ɗan'uwansa Gudei, wanda ya tsere daga ƙasar zuwa Wadai
  25. Maina Jiri (shekaru 3), ɗan'uwan Hassan Bekuma, wanda Yusuf na Wadai ya kai masa hari, ya ci nasara, kuma ya kama shi a kurkuku
  26. Gudei (shekaru 13), ɗan'uwan Maina Jiri da Hassan Bekuma, wanda Yusuf na Wadai ya sanya, ya fuskanci yakin basasa da 'ya'yan Musa suka kashe, wanda Faransanci suka kashe
  27. Hassan (shekaru 20), magajin Gudei
  28. Chiroma, ɗan Hassan, ya zama mai mulki a 1922
  1. Muhammad al-Kabir al-Yamani
  2. Muhammadu
  3. Muhammadu
  4. Muhammadu
  5. Moama Mahmud
  6. Muhammadu
  7. Muhammadu
  8. Muhammad al-Bulalai, "a lokacin da rabuwa ta faru"[lower-alpha 7]
  9. Muhammadu
  10. Muhammad Tsilin (Al Aswad) "mai arziki"
  11. Muhammadu
  12. Muhammadu
  13. Abd al-Kârim
  14. Abd al-Jalil
  15. Abd al-Jalil
  16. Abdalla Fahanam
  17. Jili (Abd al-Jalil)
  18. Muhammad Chiroma
  19. Muhammad Wali, an binne shi a "Seita"
  20. Abdalla (Abdullahi)
  21. Muhammad Jurab al-Kabir
  22. Muhammad Abu Sakkin
  23. Sultan Muhammad Jurab
  24. Muhammad Kade
  1. Othman ibn Affan
  2. Hakkiyi
  3. Umr
  4. Khuri
  5. Hadari
  6. Tadu
  7. Hari
  8. Kudu ko Kiwada
  9. Kunna ko Kinâ
  10. Gadig ko Gadga
  11. Mai Koma ko Mai Gana
  12. Sadiyi ko Sadi
  13. Lefia
  14. Gemu ko Jimu
  15. Jurab
  16. Abu Sakkin
  17. Baliyi ko Baliya
  18. K'ala
  19. Haj Halihan ko Haj Jil
  20. Behama
  21. Asawa ko Asawi
  22. Dahu ko Dahi
  23. Lihu ko Lihi
  24. Hamr ko Umr
  25. Adamu
  26. Bikur
  27. Tadu
  28. Haj Umr
  29. Adam Kai
  30. Abdurrahman
  31. Ahmad ko Hamad
  32. Sowi ko Sawi (Asawi)
  33. Sultan Yari
  34. Lefia (Maina Muhammad ibn Yari)
  35. Dala
  36. Daward (Khalifa Daudumi)
  37. Lefia
  38. Dala
  39. Umr
  40. Chiroma
  41. Medu ko Maidugu
  42. Kademi ko Kazgin
  43. Kâlah ko Kâle
  44. Shattima "wanda shine Mahir-asal-Sheikh"

A cewar Palmer, bambance-bambance a ƙarshen Jerin A saboda rabuwa ne a cikin zuriyar Bilala, tare da Jerin A wanda ke wakiltar reshen yarima Bilala mai suna Shettima, ba na babban layin ba. Palmer ya yi imanin cewa duka Jerin A da Jerin B sun yi kuskure amma sun bayyana cewa sun kara da juna, suna da'awar cewa za'a iya ƙirƙirar kusan cikakken jerin ta hanyar haɗa su biyu. Palmer kuma ya kirkiro jerin kwatankwacin, inda aka gano adadi da yawa kamar su Othman ibn Affan a cikin Jerin A watakila yana da adadi ɗaya da Muhammad el-Yamani a cikin Jeren B.[5]

Jerin Hagenbucher

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Frank Hagenbucher ya rubuta jerin sarakunan Bilala a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1968 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin bayanan rubutu da abubuwan lura akan Bilala. [1] Jerin Hagenbucher ya iyakance ga sarakunan Bilala na Yao, watau bayan tserewa daga Kanem. Jerin Hagenbucher ya fara ne da Mahamat Djil Essa Tubo, wanda Hagenbuch ya bayyana a matsayin sultan na farko na Yao. [1]

Sunan Shekaru na sarauta Dangantaka, bayanin kula Kujerar
Mahamat Djil Wannan Tubo Shekaru 40 Sultan na farko na Yao Yao
Tshéroma Mahamat Shekaru 23 Ɗan wanda ya riga shi Yao
Mahamat Madgashé Shekaru 30 Ɗan wanda ya riga shi Yao
a.k.a. Saxair (an.k.a. Mat Kurtu) Shekaru 18 Ɗan wanda ya riga shi Yao
Mahamat Djourab el Kabir Shekaru 28 Ɗan wanda ya riga shi Yao
Mahamat Mortcho Shekaru 80 Ɗan wanda ya riga shi Yao
Djourab el Mongo Shekaru 3 Ɗan wanda ya riga shi Yao
Dogo Arma Shekaru 3 Ɗan Mahamat Mortcho Am Sawasil[lower-alpha 8]
Mahamat Balkashé Shekaru 60 Ɗan Mahamat Djourab el Kabir Yao
Djourab Saxair (an.k.a. Bob Gumsu) Shekara 1 da watanni 6 Ɗan wanda ya riga shi Yao
Moussa Mortcho Watanni 7 Ɗan Mahamat Mortcho Am Sawasil[h]
Djourab Saxair (sarauta ta biyu) Shekaru 3 Komawa ga kursiyin Yao
Bayé Mortcho Shekaru 15 Ɗan Moussa Mortcho Yao
Djourab Saxair (sarauta ta uku) Shekaru 38 Komawa ga kursiyin Yao
Hassan Baïkouma Shekaru 7 Ɗan wanda ya riga shi Yao
Djili Shekaru 3 Ɗan Djourab Saxair Yao
Mahamat Gaddai Shekaru 12 Ɗan Djourab Saxair Yao
Hassan Absakin Shekaru 22 Dan Tschéroma Abdallah, ɗan'uwan Mahamat Balkashé Yao
Mahamat Hassan Abba Shekaru 23 Ɗan Hassan Absakin Yao
Oumar Mahamat Abba Shekaru 24 Ɗan wanda ya riga shi Yao
Hassan Absakin Ya zama mai mulki a shekarar 1967 Yao

Shugabannin baya-bayan nan (ƙarshen karni na 19 zuwa yanzu)

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Jerin sarakunan Bilala sun fi dacewa da mutuwar Djourab Saxaïr (Jurab al-Saghir) a ƙarshen karni na 19, kodayake kwanakin ba su dace ba kuma sun sabawa juna.

Wannan lokacin ya fara ne da yakin basasa a kan kursiyin tsakanin 'ya'yan Djourab guda biyu, Hassan Baïkouma (Hassan Bekuma) da Mahamat Gadaï (Muhammad Gadai). Gadaï, wanda ke zaune a "Auni (kusa da Meto) ", ya kasa karbar kursiyin kuma ya kasance a gudun hijira a cikin Wadai Sultanate na tsawon shekaru bakwai har sai Wadai sultan Yusuf ya ci dan Hassan Djili kuma ya sanya Gadaï a matsayin mai mulki. Gadaï ya yi mulki har zuwa mulkin mallaka na Faransa.[11] Tun daga wannan lokacin kursiyin ya kasance a hannun dangin Gadaï Hassan Absakine.[1]

Sunan Sarauta Dangantaka da wanda ya riga shi
Hassan Baïkouma (ko Hassan Bekuma) "Shekaru 7" [1] Ɗan Djourab Saxair (Jurab al-Saghir)
Djili (ko Jiri) "3 shekaru"[1][11] Ɗa [1] ko ɗan'uwa [11]
Mahamat Gadai (ko Gudei, Kadai, Kade) "Shekaru 12", [1] "shekaru 13", [11] an kashe shi a 1909? [lower-alpha 9][i] Kakan ko ɗan'uwa[lower-alpha 10]
Hassan Absakine (ko Hassan Absakin) "Shekaru 20", [1] "shekaru 22", [11] mai mulki a 1917 Dan uwan farko, da zarar an cire shi[lower-alpha 11]
Mahamat Hassan Abba (ko Tchoroma) "Shekaru 23", [1] ya zama sultan a 1922 [11] Ɗan
Oumar Mahamat Abba "Shekaru 24" [1] Ɗan
Hassan Absakine Oumar Mahamat Abba 1967[1]–1973 Ɗan
Tchoroma Hassane Absakine [2] 1973-yanzu Ɗan

Bayani

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  1. ↑ The dates vary between sources. See Dawud Nikalemi's article for other suggested dates for the end of his reign.
  2. ↑ Ume Jilmi is one of several alternate names sometimes used for the Sayfawa mai Hummay.
  3. ↑ Barth doubted that ʿOmár was the correct name here since he believed this Bilala ruler to have been the father of the Bilala ruler who was defeated by Idris III Katagarmabe, Ali I Gaji's heir. Idris III's defeated rival was the son of "Selma or ʿAbd el Jélil". Barth also stated that the name ʿOmár is not otherwise known from the sequence of Bilala rulers.[9]
  4. ↑ Amsa is in some other accounts identified as Amsa Aliram, i.e. "Amsa, daughter of Ali".
  5. ↑ Bahr Sau was identified by Palmer as "In Bideyat country. East of N'galaka."[11]
  6. ↑ Three rulers of Bornu bore the name Idris: Idris III Katagarmabe, Idris IV Alooma, and Idris V.
  7. ↑ The separation of the Sayfawa and Bilala realms, i.e. the conquest of Kanem by the Bilala.
  8. ↑ Located near Ati.[1]
  9. ↑ Mahamat Gadaï is said in one girgam to have been defeated and killed by the French at Mulabis.[11] The Lake Fitri region was occupied and colonized by France in May 1909.[4]
  10. ↑ Son of Djourab Saxaïr (Jurab al-Saghir)
  11. ↑ Hagenbucher states that Hassan Absakine was a son of Tschéroma Abdallah, a nephew of Mahamat Balkashé.[1]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hagenbucher, F. (1968). "Notes sur les Bilala du fitri" (PDF). Cahiers ORSTOM: Sciences humaines (in Turanci). 5 (4): 50–51. Archived from the original on 2005-10-16. Retrieved 2025-12-31.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  2. 1 2 Lionel, Bedoum (2023-10-23). "Le Sultan du Fitri sa majesté Tchoroma Hassane Absakine, est allé se recueillir sur la tombe du feu président Maréchal du Tchad Idriss Déby Itno. - Tchad24 TV" (in Faransanci). Retrieved 2025-11-16.
  3. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :02
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