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Daular mulkin mallaka ta Belgium

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Daular mulkin mallaka ta Belgium
daular mulkin mallaka
Bayanai
Farawa 30 ga Janairu, 1841
Suna a harshen gida Empire belge, Belgisch Rijk da Belgisches Reich
Addini Katolika
Wanda ya samar Leopold I of Belgium (en) Fassara
Take The Brabançonne (en) Fassara
Nahiya Turai, Afirka, Asiya da Amurka ta Kudu
Ƙasa Beljik
Babban birni Brussels
Tsarin gwamnati constitutional monarchy (en) Fassara
Fadar gwamnati/shugaban ƙasa King of the Belgians (en) Fassara
Kuɗi Belgian franc (en) Fassara
Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi Faransanci, Dutch (en) Fassara da Jamusanci
Dissolved, abolished or demolished date (en) Fassara 1 ga Yuli, 1962
Tuta flag of Belgium (en) Fassara
Kan sarki coat of arms of Belgium (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 50°N 0°E / 50°N 0°E / 50; 0

Belgium ta mallaki yankuna da dama da rangwame a lokacin mulkin mallaka, musamman Belgian Kongo ( DR Congo ta zamani) daga 1908 zuwa 1960, Ruanda-Urundi ( Ruanda na zamani da Burundi ) daga 1922 zuwa 1962, da Lado Enclave (lardin tsakiyar Equatoria na zamani a 19 Sudan ta Kudu ). Har ila yau, tana da ƙananan rangwame a Guatemala (1843-1854) da amincewar Belgian na Tianjin a China (1902-1931) kuma ya kasance mai kula da yankin Tangier a Maroko .

Kusan kashi 98 cikin 100 na yankin Beljiyam na ketare yanki ne kawai (kimanin sau 76 ya fi Belgium kanta girma) - wanda aka sani da Belgian Kongo. An kafa mulkin mallaka a cikin 1908 bayan canja wurin ikon mallaka daga Kongo Free State, wanda shine na sirri na Sarkin Belgium, Leopold II . Rikicin da jami'an Free State suka yi amfani da shi a kan 'yan asalin Kongo da kuma tsarin rashin tausayi na hakar tattalin arziki ya haifar da matsin lamba na diplomasiyya ga Belgium don karbe ikon kasar a hukumance. Mulkin Belgian a Kongo ya dogara ne akan "Triniti na mulkin mallaka" ( trinité coloniale ) na gwamnati, mishan da bukatun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A cikin 1940s da 1950s, Kongo ta sami babban birni kuma gwamnatin ta yi niyya ta mai da ta zama "mulkin mallaka". Sakamakon yaɗuwar gwagwarmayar neman yancin kai, Kongo ta sami 'yancin kai, a matsayin Jamhuriyar Kongo-Léopoldville a shekara ta 1960.

Daga cikin sauran yankunan Belgium, mafi mahimmanci shi ne Ruanda-Urundi, wani yanki na Jamus Gabashin Afirka, wanda aka bai wa Belgium a matsayin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, lokacin da Jamus ta yi hasarar dukkanin yankunanta a karshen yakin duniya na daya . Bayan juyin juya halin Ruwanda, wa'adin ya zama kasashe masu cin gashin kansu na Burundi da Ruwanda a cikin 1962. [1]

Bayanan baya a farkon karni na 19

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Belgium, masarautar tsarin mulki, ta sami ' yancin kai a shekara ta 1830 daga Burtaniya ta Netherlands . A lokacin da aka amince da wannan a duk duniya a cikin 1839, yawancin ikon Turai sun riga sun sami mallaka da kariya a wajen Turai kuma sun fara samar da tasirin tasiri .

A cikin 1840s da 50s, Sarki Leopold I ya goyi bayan shawarwari da yawa don samun yankuna a ketare. A cikin 1843, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Ladd & Co. don yin mulkin mallaka na Mulkin Hawaii, amma yarjejeniyar ta rushe lokacin da Ladd & Co. ya shiga cikin matsalolin kudi. Har ila yau, 'yan kasuwa na Belgium sun tsawaita tasirinsu a Yammacin Afirka amma wannan ma ya rushe bayan Rikicin Rio Nuñez na 1849 da kuma girma na Anglo-Faransa a yankin.

A lokacin da aka nada sarki na biyu na Belgium Leopold II, sha'awar mulkin mallaka ta Belgian ta ragu. Gwamnatoci da suka ci gaba suna kallon faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka a matsayin mai haɗari na tattalin arziki da siyasa kuma ba shi da lada, kuma sun yi imanin cewa daular ta yau da kullun, ci gaba da bunƙasa kasuwancin masana'antu na Belgium a Kudancin Amurka da Rasha, ya kasance mai ban sha'awa sosai. A sakamakon haka, Leopold ya bi burinsa na mulkin mallaka ba tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Belgium ba. Taskar tarihin ma'aikatar harkokin waje da kasuwanci ta Belgium ta nuna cewa Leopold ya binciki yiwuwar mamaye yankuna da dama. [2]

Kongo

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Ƙasar Yancin Kwango (1885-1908)

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Wani ɗan mishan yana yin hoto tare da wanda aka azabtar da shi a Kongo

Mulkin Kongo ya fara ne a ƙarshen karni na 19. Sarki Leopold na biyu, wanda ke cike da takaicin rashin karfin iko da martabar al'ummar kasarsa, ya yi kokarin shawo kan gwamnatin Beljiyam da ta goyi bayan fadada 'yan mulkin mallaka a kusa da tafkin Kongo wanda ba a gano shi ba a lokacin. Ƙin su ya sa Leopold ya ƙirƙiri ƙasa ƙarƙashin mulkin kansa. Tare da goyon bayan da dama daga kasashen yammacin duniya da suka ga Leopold a matsayin mai amfani mai amfani tsakanin masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, Leopold ya sami amincewar kasa da kasa ga Jamhuriyar Kongo a cikin 1885. [3]

Gwamnatin Jihar Free ta yi amfani da kasar Kongo don albarkatun kasa, na farko na hauren giwa, daga bisani kuma ta zama wani kaya mai daraja. Tare da goyon bayan Rundunar Sojin Free State, The Force Publique, an raba yankin zuwa masu zaman kansu. Kamfanin Abir Kongo (ABIR), da dai sauransu, sun yi amfani da karfi da zalunci wajen cin riba a yankin. Mulkin su a Kongo ya yi amfani da aikin tilastawa, da kisan kai da gallazawa ga ƴan asalin Kongo waɗanda ba su cika kaso na tara roba ba. Miliyoyin 'yan Kongo sun mutu a wannan lokacin. Ana iya danganta mace-mace da dama da sabbin cututtuka da aka bullo da su ta hanyar cudanya da Turawan mulkin mallaka, ciki har da furucin da ya kashe kusan rabin al'ummar yankunan da ke kewayen kogin Kongo .

A Force Publique soja a 1898

An sami raguwar yawan jama'ar Kongo ta hanyar mace-mace mai yawa a lokacin 'Yanci amma alkalumman adadin wadanda suka mutu ya bambanta sosai. Kodayake alkalumman alkaluma ne, an yi imanin cewa kusan miliyan goma na Kongo sun mutu a lokacin, [4] [5] kusan kashi biyar na yawan jama'a. Kamar yadda ba a yi kidayar farko ba sai a shekarar 1924, yana da wuya a iya kididdige asarar da aka yi a wannan lokacin kuma wadannan alkaluma sun yi jayayya da wasu wadanda, kamar William Rubinstein, suna da'awar cewa alkaluman da Adam Hochschild ya ambata, kiyasi ne na hasashe bisa kadan kadan.

Samfuri:Citation needed span

Yankan Lado (1894–1910)

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Yankan Lado wata mallakar Belgium ce da ta kasance daga shekara ta 1894 har zuwa 1910, a gefen yamma na Kogin Nilu na sama, a inda yanzu ya kasance lardin Central Equatoria a Kudancin Sudan da arewa maso yammacin Uganda. Birninta shi ne garin Lado.

Burinsu na Birtaniya na kafa layin dogo daga Cape zuwa Cairo ya sa suka shiga yarjejeniya da Beljiyam don musanya wannan yanki da ya zama Yankan Lado da wata karamar kunkuntar ƙasa a gabashin Kongo tsakanin Tafkuna Albert da Tanganyika. Wannan tattaunawar ta kai ga yarjejeniyar Birtaniya da Kongo ta 1894, wacce aka sanya hannu a kai a ranar 12 ga Mayu, inda Birtaniya ta ba Sarki Leopold II dukan yankin kogin Nilu dake kudu da latitude na 10° arewa haya har tsawon rayuwarsa.[6][7] Wannan yanki da aka kira Yankan Lado ya danganta Kongo da ruwan kogin Nilu da za a iya yin jirgin ruwa a kai.[8]

Yankan Lado yana da muhimmanci ga Kongo na Belgium domin yana dauke da Rejaf, wanda shine karshen tashar jiragen ruwa a Nilu, saboda rafukan da ke wurin sun zama cikas ga ci gaba da tafiya.[9] Rejaf ne ke zama ofishin kwamanda, wanda shi kaɗai ne jami’in mulkin mallaka na Turai a cikin yankan, tun daga 1897 zuwa Yuni 1910. An yi kokari na kare Lado yadda ya kamata daga yiwuwar mamaya daga wata ƙasar mulkin mallaka, inda aka kafa bindigogi masu nauyi na Krupp guda goma sha biyu a watan Nuwamba 1906.[10]

Sai dai, rashin tabbas ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yankan la'akari da cewa yana da tabbacin dawowa hannun Birtaniya bayan mutuwar Leopold. Sakamakon haka, Beljiyam ba ta samu damar kafa gwamnati mai inganci ba, lamarin da ya haifar da fitina da tashe-tashen hankula a cikin yankan.[11] Bayan mutuwar Leopold, Beljiyam ta miƙa Lado ga Birtaniya a shekara ta 1910.

Belgian Congo (1908–1960)

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Sojojin 'Force Publique' daga Belgian Congo a lokacin Yakin Duniya na Biyu

A shekarar 1885, Leopold ya samu amincewar kasa da kasa na Kongo Free State.[12] Amma daga bisani, tashin hankali daga jami’an Free State da kuma tsananin tsarin tattalin arziki da ke zaluntar ’yan Kongo ya tilasta wa Belgium karbe ikon kasar a hukumance a 1908, inda aka kirkiro Belgian Congo.[13]

Mulkin Beljiyam a Kongo ya dogara ne da “triniti na mulkin mallaka” (trinité coloniale) na gwamnati, mishan da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.[14] Bukatar kasuwancin Beljiyam ya haifar da shigar jari sosai, inda yankuna daban-daban suka samu kwarewa ta musamman. Sau da dama, gwamnati da kamfanoni sun hada kai, har ta kai gwamnati na taimakawa wajen karya yajin aiki da kawar da shingayen da mutanen gari suka kafa.[14] An raba kasar zuwa sashe-sashe na mulki, bisa tsarin “manufar 'yan asali” (politique indigène). Wannan ya bambanta da salon Birtaniyya da Faransa, wadanda ke barin shugabannin gargajiya su ci gaba da mulki a karkashin kulawa. A Yakin Duniya na Farko, sojojin Kongo sun yi yaki da Jamus a yankin da yanzu ya zama Rwanda da Burundi wadanda aka mamaye da Beljiyam. Kongo ta sha fama da wariyar launin fata. Da yawa daga cikin Fararen fata da suka zo bayan Yakin Duniya na Biyu, duk da bambancin ajin su, ana kallon su a matsayin mafi girma fiye da bakaken fata.[15]

Jami’an mulkin mallaka na Beljiyam a Léopoldville (Kinshasa), 1938

Sojojin Kongo sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a Yakin Duniya na Biyu, musamman wajen korar Italiyawa daga yankunan gabashin Afirka a yakin gabashin Afirka. A cikin shekarun 1940s da 1950s, Kongo ta samu gagarumar ci gaban birane, sannan gwamnati ta fara shirin raya kasa domin mayar da yankin zama “misalin mulkin mallaka”.[16] Sakamakon haka, an samu sabon matsayi na matsakaiciyar ajin ’yan Afirka da aka Turance a birane.[16] Zuwa shekarun 1950s, Kongo tana da ma’aikatan albashi da yawa fiye da kowace mallaka a Afirka.[17]

A 1960, saboda yaduwar motsin neman 'yancin kai, Kongo ta samu 'yancin kai ta zama Jamhuriyar Kongo-Léopoldville ƙarƙashin Patrice Lumumba da Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Rashin jituwar cikin gida, ci gaba da tsoma bakin Belgium, da shigar manyan ƙasashen Cold War ya haifar da rikicin siyasa da ya dauki shekara biyar—wanda aka kira Rikicin Kongo—daga 1960 zuwa 1965. Wannan ya kare da karbe iko daga Joseph-Désiré Mobutu.

Ruanda-Urundi

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Tambarin Belgian Congo da aka buga masa "German East Africa: Belgian Occupation" (1916)

Ruanda-Urundi wani yanki ne na Jamus Gabashin Afirka wanda Beljiyam ta mamaye da sojoji daga 1916 zuwa 1924 bayan Yakin Duniya na Farko, lokacin da wani hari na soja ya kore Jamusawa daga mulkin mallaka. Daga 1924 zuwa 1945, yanki ne da aka bai wa Beljiyam a matsayin Mandat na Rukunin B na Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa. Daga nan aka mayar da shi yanki a karkashin amincewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, har zuwa 1962, lokacin da ya rikide zuwa kasashen 'yantattu na Ruwanda da Burundi.

Bayan Belgium ta fara mulkin wannan yanki, ta ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofin da Jamusawa suka kafa, ciki har da mulkin kai tsaye ta hanyar shugabannin Tutsi na cikin gida, da kuma tsarin katin shaidar kabilanci (wanda aka ci gaba da amfani da shi a Jamhuriyar Ruwanda daga baya). Tashin hankali da tarzoma akan Tutsi, wanda aka fi sani da Juyin Juya Halin Ruwanda, ya faru a cikin abubuwan da suka kai ga samun 'yancin kai.

Ƙananan mallaka

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Santo Tomás, Guatemala (1843–1854)

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Matsugunin Belgium a Guatemala, 1845
Hoton matsugunin Belgium na Santo Thomas

A shekarar 1842, wani jirgin ruwa da Sarki Leopold I ya aiko ya isa Guatemala; 'yan Belgium sun lura da arzikin kasa na sashen Izabal kuma suka yanke shawarar zama a Santo Tomas de Castilla da gina ababen more rayuwa a yankin. Rafael Carrera ya ba su yankin a madadin peso dubu goma sha shida kowace shekara daga gwamnatin Guatemala. A ranar 4 ga Mayu 1843, majalisar dokokin Guatemala ta fitar da wata doka da ke ba da gundumar Santo Tomás "har abada" ga Compagnie belge de colonisation [fr], wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na Belgium a karkashin kariyar Leopold. Ya maye gurbin Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Noma na Gabashin Amurka na Biritaniya da ya gaza.[18] Kokarin mallaka na Belgium a Guatemala sun tsaya a 1854, saboda rashin kudade da yawan mace-mace saboda yellow fever da malaria, endemic cututtukan da ke yaduwa a yankin mai zafi.[19]

Matsayi

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Yayin da aka ba Compagnie belge de colonisation filin har abada, yardar ba ta zama yanki a ma'anar siyasa ba. Mataki na 4 na Mayu 1842 Acte de concession ya bayyana a fili cewa ba da yankin ga kamfanin Belgium bai haɗa da, a kaikaice ko a fili ba, ba da ikon mallaka kan yankin, wanda zai kasance har abada a karkashin ikon mallaka da ikon Guatemala. Mataki na 5 ya bayyana cewa bayan isowarsu a yankin, mazauna za su zama 'yan asalin Guatemala (indigènes de Guatemala) cikakke a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki da dokokin kasar da ke akwai, suna barin haƙƙinsu na haihuwa na Belgium ko na wata kasa, da kuma duk wani iƙirari na duk wata gata ko rigakafi a matsayin baƙi. Adalci za a gudanar da shi ta hanyar alkalai da gwamnati ta nada (mataki na 40). Ba za a yarda da sojojin waje a kan yardar ba kuma sojojin Guatemala za su yi sansani a sansanoni biyu da za a gina kusa da sabon garin da aka tsara. (mataki na 18–22) [20]

Yarjejeniyar Tianjin (1900–1931)

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See also: Belgian concession of Tianjin

Birnin Tianjin (Tientsin), treaty port a China (1860–1945) ya haɗa da yarjejeniyoyin kasashen waje guda tara (Samfuri:Zh). A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan Boxer Rebellion, jami'in diflomasiyya Maurice Joostens ya sasantawa da yarjejeniya ga Belgium. Yarjejeniyar Belgium an ayyana ta a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1900 kuma ta mamaye kusan 100 hectares (250 acres).[21] Ko da yake kamfanonin Belgium sun zuba jari a Tianjin, musamman a tsarin tram na birnin, yarjejeniyar Belgium ta kasance ba ta aiki. An cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatocin Belgium da China a watan Agusta 1929 don mayar da yarjejeniyar ga China.[22] Yarjejeniyar ta sami amincewar majalisar dokokin Belgium a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1931.

A ƙarshen karni na 19, an yi amfani da injiniyoyin Belgium wajen gina titin jirgin kasa na Beijing–Hankou, wanda ya sa gwamnatin Belgium ta nemi yarjejeniya ba tare da nasara ba a Hankou (Hankow). Ba a taba amincewa da da'awar Belgium a hukumance ba kuma an janye shawarar a 1908.[23]

Yankin Kasa da Kasa na Tangier (1925–1956)

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See also: Tangier International Zone

A shekarun 1880 da 1905, Belgium ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Madrid da Taron Algeciras kan Maroko. Don haka, daga 1925 zuwa 1940 da kuma daga 1945 zuwa 1956, Belgium tana daya daga cikin kasashe tara da suka gudanar da Yankin Kasa da Kasa na Tangier. Masu gudanarwa biyu na karshe (1954–1956) 'yan Belgium ne, Belgium kuma tana karkashin ikon kwastan da gudanarwar kudi da kuma 'yan sanda a Tangier.

Isola Comacina (1919)

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A shekarar 1919, an ba da tsibirin Comacina ga Sarki Albert I na shekara guda, kuma ya zama yanki a karkashin ikon Belgium. Bayan shekara guda, an mayar da shi ga kasar Italiya a 1920. Jakadan Belgium da shugaban Brera Academy sun kafa wata gidauniyar agaji da nufin gina ƙauye ga masu fasaha da otel.[24]

  1. ↑ "Belgium's role in Rwandan genocide". Le Monde Diplomatique. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  2. ↑ Ansiaux, Robert (December 2006). "Early Belgian Colonial Efforts: The Long and Fateful Shadow of Leopold I" (PDF). University of Texas at Arlington ResearchCommons. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  3. ↑ Pakenham 1992.
  4. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  5. ↑ "Congo Free State, 1885–1908". Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  6. ↑ Stenger, shafi na 277.
  7. ↑ Taylor, shafi na 53.
  8. ↑ Pakenham, shafuka 525–526.
  9. ↑ Hill, shafi na 330.
  10. ↑ "The Lado Enclave", The Mercury, 30 Nuwamba 1906, shafi na 5.
  11. ↑ Christopher, shafi na 89.
  12. ↑ Pakenham 1992, pp. 253–5.
  13. ↑ Pakenham 1992, pp. 588–9.
  14. 1 2 Turner 2007, p. 28.
  15. ↑ Turner 2007, p. 29.
  16. 1 2 Freund 1998, pp. 198–9.
  17. ↑ Freund 1998, p. 198.
  18. ↑ "New Physical, Political, Industrial and Commercial Map of Central America and the Antilles" Archived 24 ga Yuni, 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Library of Congress, World Digital Library, accessed 27 May 2013
  19. ↑ "Santo Tomas de Castilla Archived 5 ga Yuni, 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Britannica Encyclopedia
  20. ↑ Colonisation dans l'Amérique centrale du District de Santo-Tomas de Guatemala, Paris, 1843, p. 32–36.
  21. ↑ Neild 2015, p. 248.
  22. ↑ Neild 2015, pp. 248–9.
  23. ↑ Neild 2015, p. 106.
  24. ↑ Jacobs, Frank (15 May 2012). "Enclave-Hunting in Switzerland". New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
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