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Dausayi

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Dausayi
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na landscape (en) Fassara, ecosystem (en) Fassara, Jikin Ruwa, natural geographic object (en) Fassara da habitat (en) Fassara
Karatun ta wetland ecology (en) Fassara, wetland science (en) Fassara da Telmatology
Digital Atlas of Idaho URL (en) Fassara https://digitalatlas.cose.isu.edu/hydr/main/images/wetland.jpg
Hannun riga da unknown value

Yankin dausayi Wani yanayi ne na musamman na yanayin ruwa wanda rufin ƙasa ke cikewa ko kuma cike shi da ruwa, ko dai na dindindin, tsawon shekaru ko shekaru da dama, ko kuma a yanayi kawai. Ambaliyar ruwa tana haifar da rashin isashshen iskar oxygen ( anoxycious ), musamman a cikin ƙasa . Yankunan dausayi suna samar da wani yanki na canji tsakanin jikin ruwa da ƙasa busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma sun bambanta da sauran yanayin halittu na ƙasa ko na ruwa saboda tushen ciyayinsu ya daidaita da ƙasa mai ƙarancin iskar oxygen. [1] Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mafi bambancin halittu a cikin dukkan yanayin halittu, suna aiki a matsayin wurin zama ga nau'ikan shuke-shuke da dabbobi na ruwa da na ruwa, tare da ingantaccen ingancin ruwa sau da yawa saboda cire abubuwan gina jiki masu yawa kamar nitrates da phosphorus .

Dausayi yana wanzuwa a kowace nahiya, banda Antarctica . [2] Ruwan da ke cikin dausayi ko dai ruwan ruwa ne mai tsafta, ruwan teku ko ruwan gishiri . [1] Ana ayyana manyan nau'ikan dausayi bisa ga shuke-shuken da suka fi yawa da kuma tushen ruwan. Misali, dausayi wurare ne masu dausayi da ciyayi masu tasowa kamar su ciyayi, cattails, da sedges ke mamaye su. Dausayi suna mamaye da ciyayi masu dausayi, kamar bishiyoyi da shrubs (kodayake dausayi a Turai suna mamaye da ciyayi, ba bishiyoyi ba). Dausayi na Mangrove wurare ne masu dausayi da ciyayi masu dausayi da ciyayi masu dausayi waɗanda suka samo asali don jure wa ruwan gishiri .

Misalan wuraren dausayi da tushen ruwa ya rarraba sun haɗa da wuraren dausayi na ruwa, inda tushen ruwa yake a teku ; magudanar ruwa, tushen ruwa shine gaurayen ruwan teku da ruwan kogi; filayen ambaliyar ruwa, tushen ruwa shine ruwa mai yawa daga koguna ko tafkuna da suka cika; da fadama da tafkuna na vernal, tushen ruwa shine ruwan sama ko ruwan narkewa, wani lokacin ana yin sa ta hanyar maɓuɓɓugan ruwan ƙasa. [3] Manyan wuraren dausayi na duniya sun haɗa da kogin Amazon, Yammacin Siberian Plain, [4] Pantanal a Kudancin Amurka, [5] da Sundarbans a cikin Ganges - Brahmaputra delta. [6]

Yankunan dausayi suna ba da gudummawa ga ayyuka da yawa na yanayin muhalli waɗanda ke amfanar da mutane. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, misali, tsarkake ruwa, daidaita bakin teku, kariyar guguwa da kuma kula da ambaliyar ruwa . Bugu da ƙari, yankunan dausayi kuma suna sarrafawa da kuma tattara carbon (a cikin hanyoyin da ake kira gyara carbon da sequestration ), da sauran abubuwan gina jiki da gurɓataccen ruwa . Yankunan dausayi na iya aiki a matsayin wurin nutsewa ko tushen carbon, ya danganta da takamaiman yankin dausayi. Idan suna aiki a matsayin wurin nutsewar carbon, suna iya taimakawa wajen rage sauyin yanayi . Duk da haka, yankunan dausayi na iya zama babban tushen hayakin methane saboda rugujewar dausayi mai narkewa, kuma wasu kuma suna fitar da nitrous oxide . [7] [8]

Mutane suna damun da kuma lalata dausayi ta hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da haƙo mai da iskar gas, gina ababen more rayuwa, kiwo fiye da kima, kamun kifi fiye da kima, sauya dausayi gami da haƙowa da magudanar ruwa, gurɓatar sinadarai masu gina jiki, da gurɓatar ruwa . Dausayi yana fuskantar barazanar lalacewar muhalli fiye da kowace yanayin halitta a Duniya, a cewar Millennium Ecosystem Assessment daga 2005. Akwai hanyoyi don tantance lafiyar muhalli a dausayi. Waɗannan hanyoyin sun ba da gudummawa ga kiyaye dausayi ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a game da ayyukan dausayi zai iya bayarwa. [4] Tun daga 1971, aiki a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa yana neman gano da kuma kare " dausayi masu mahimmanci na duniya ."


Ma'anoni da kalmomi

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Ana yawan samun fadama (marshlands) a cikin dausayi (wetlands), kamar yadda ake gani anan a Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge da ke New York City.

Ma'anoni na kwararru

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Saukakkiyar ma'anar dausayi (wetland) ita ce "yanki na kasa wanda yawanci yake cike da ruwa".[9] Idan za a fada daki-daki, dausayi yankuna ne inda "ruwa ke rufe kasa, ko kuma yake samuwa a saman kasa ko kusa da saman kasar a tsawon shekara ko kuma na wasu lokuta daban-daban a cikin shekara, har da lokacin dashe da girbi".[10] Wani bangare na kasa da ke tara ruwa bayan an yi ruwan sama ba lallai ba ne a dauke shi a matsayin "dausayi", koda ace kasar tana da jikoki. Dausayi yana da siffofi na musamman: yawanci ana bambanta shi da sauran rukunonin ruwa ko siffofin kasa dangane da matakin ruwansa da kuma nau'ikan tsire-tsire da ke rayuwa a ciki. Musamman ma, ana siffanta dausayi a matsayin mai matakin ruwan karkashin kasa da ke tsaye a saman kasa ko kusa da saman kasar na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo a kowace shekara don dorewar tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa.[11][12]

Kusantacciyar ma'anar ita ce al'umma da ta kunshi lallausan laka mai ruwa (hydric soil) da tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa (hydrophytes).[13]

An kuma bayyana dausayi a matsayin ecotones, wanda ke zama mahaɗa ko mika sheka tsakanin busasshiyar kasa da rukunonin ruwa.[14] Dausayi yana wanzuwa "...a daidai tsakiyar mahaɗar tsarin halittu na kasa na gaskiya da kuma tsarin mazaunin ruwa, wanda hakan ke sa su kasance mabanbanta da juna, duka da haka suna dogara ga juna sosai."[15]

Wajen yanke shawara game da muhalli, akwai wasu rukunonin ma'anoni da aka amince da su don yin dokoki da yanke shawara na manufofi.

Karkashin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta Ramsar Convention kan kiyaye dausayi, an bayyana dausayi kamar haka:[16]

  • Sashi na 1.1: "...dausayi yankuna ne na fadama, lallausan dausayi (fen), wuraren bishiyoyin peat (peatland) ko ruwa, na dabi'a ne ko na jukin mutane, na dindindin ko na wucin gadi, tare da ruwan da ke tsaye ko mai gudana, ruwa mai dadi, ruwan gishiri-gishiri (brackish) ko ruwan gishiri na teku, har da yankunan ruwan teku wadanda zurfinsu lokacin da ruwa ya koma baya bai wuce mita shida ba."
  • Sashi na 2.1: "[Dausayi] na iya hadawa da yankunan dake gefen koguna da gaɓar teku kusa da dausayin, da tsibirai ko rukunonin ruwan teku masu zurfi fiye da mita shida lokacin da ruwa ya koma baya (low tide) wadanda ke cikin dausayin."

Ma'anar dausayi ta fannin tsarin halittu ita ce "tsarin halittu da ke tasowa lokacin da mamayewar ruwa ya samar da kasa mai cike da hanyoyin anaerobic da aerobic, wanda hakan ke tilastawa abubuwan dake raye (biota), musamman tsire-tsire masu saiwa, su saba da ambaliyar ruwa".[13]

Wani lokaci ana bukatar takaitacciyar ma'anar shari'a ta dausayi. Ma'anar da gwamnatin Amurka ke amfani da ita don tsara dokoki ita ce: 'Kalmar "wetlands" na nufin waɗancan yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye ko kuma suka jike da ruwan sama ko na karkashin kasa a wani lokaci da tsawon lokacin da zai iya dorewa, kuma a karkashin yanayi na yau da kullum suna dorewa, tare da yawan tsire-tsire da suka saba da rayuwa a cikin yanayin kasa mai jiki. Dausayi yawanci ya hada da danyen daji (swamps), fadama (marshes), bogs, da makamantansu.'[17]

Ga kowace daya daga cikin wadannan ma'anoni da sauran su, ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, ana jaddada yanayin ruwa (hydrology) (ruwaye marasa zurfi, kasashen da ruwa ya kazaƙa). Siffofin kasa da tsire-tsire da dabbobin da ke karkashin ikon yanayin ruwan dausayin galibi sune sassan da ke cika wadannan ma'anoni.[18]

Nau'ika

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Hantsi a Viru Bog, Estonia

Dausayi na iya kasancewa mai nasaba da kwararar igiyar ruwa (tidal) (da ambaliyar teku ke mamayewa) ko kuma maras nasaba da igiyar ruwa (non-tidal).[10] Ruwan da ke cikin dausayi yana iya kasancewa ruwa mai dadi (freshwater), ruwan gishiri-gishiri (brackish), ruwan gishiri (saline), ko ruwa mai sinadarin alkali (alkaline).[1] Akwai manyan nau'ika hudu na dausayi – fadama (marsh), danyen daji mai ruwa (swamp), bog, da fen (bogs da fens nau'ika ne na kasashen peatlands ko mires). Wasu masana kuma suna amincewa da jikakkun makiyaya (wet meadows) da tsarin halittu na ruwa (aquatic ecosystems) a matsayin kararin nau'ikan dausayi.[13] Kananan nau'ikan sun hada da dajin mangroves (mangrove swamps), carrs, pocosins, filayen ambaliya (floodplains),[13] peatlands, tafkunan hunturu (vernal pools), madatsun ruwa na kasa (sinks), da sauran su da dama.[19]

Ana amfani da rukuni guda uku masu zuwa a cikin kasar Australia don rarraba dausayi ta nau'i: Dausayi na teku da na gaɓar teku, dausayi na cikin kasa, da kuma dausayi da mutane suka gina.[20] A kasar Amurka, rabe-raben da aka fi sani sune tsarin rarraba na Cowardin[21] da kuma tsarin rarraba na hydrogeomorphic (HGM). Tsarin Cowardin ya kunshi manyan nau'ikan dausayi guda biyar: na teku (marine) (mai nasaba da teku), estuarine (hade da teku da kogi), riverine (a cikin magudanun koguna), lacustrine (mai nasaba da tafki) da kuma palustrine (mazaunan cikin kasa marasa igiyar ruwa).

Peatlands

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Peatlands nau'i ne na musamman na dausayi inda bunkasar tsire-tsire masu yawa da kuma jinkirin rubewar matattun tsire-tsire (karkashin yanayin rashin iska na oxygen) ke haifar da taruwar danyen takin dabi'a (organic peat); bogs, fens, da mires sunaye ne daban-daban na peatlands.

Sunayen dausayi

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Bambance-bambancen sunaye na tsarin dausayi:

  • Bayou
  • Filayen ciyawa da savannas masu ambaliya
  • Fadama (Marsh)
    • Fadama mai ruwan gishiri-gishiri
    • Fadama mai ruwa mai dadi
  • Mire
    • Fen
    • Bog
  • Yankin gefen kogi (Riparian zone)
  • Danyen daji mai ruwa (Swamp)
    • Dajin swamp mai ruwa mai dadi
    • Dajin igiyar ruwa mai dadi (Tidal Freshwater forest)
    • Coniferous swamp
    • Dajin swamp na peat
    • Danyen daji na mangrove
  • Tafkin hunturu (Vernal pool)

Wasu dausayi suna da sunayen gida na musamman ga wani yanki kamar prairie potholes na arewacin filayen Arewacin Amurka, pocosins, Carolina bays da baygalls[22][23] na Kudu maso Gabashin Amurka, mallines na kasar Argentina, tafkunan lokaci na Bahar Rum na Turai da California, turloughs na kasar Ireland, billabongs na kasar Australia, da sauran su da dama.

Wurare

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Ta yankin yanayin zafi

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Dausayi ya sha bambam da busasshiyar kasar da ke kewaye da Middle Spring, Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge, Utah.

Ana samun dausayi a daukacin fadin duniya a cikin yanayi daban-daban.[10] Yanayin zafi yana da bambanci sosai dangane da inda dausayin yake. Yawancin dausayin duniya suna cikin yankuna masu dumi (temperate zones), tsakanin Pole na Arewa ko na Kudu da kuma layin daidaita duniya (equator). A wadannan yankuna, lokacin rani yana da dumi sannan lokacin sanyi yana da sanyi, amma yanayin zafi ba ya wuce kima. A dausayin yankunan subtropical, kamar a gefen Gulf of Mexico, matsakaicin yanayin zafi na iya zama 11 °C. Dausayi a yankunan masu zafi (tropics) yana fuskantar yanayin zafi mafi girma a babban bangare na shekara. Yanayin zafi na dausayi a yankin Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula) na iya wuce 50 °C kuma wadannan mazaunansu za su fuskanci saurin kafewar ruwa saboda tururi. A arewa maso gabashin Siberia, wanda ke da yanayin sanyi na polar, yanayin zafi na dausayi na iya yin kasa har zuwa −50 °C. Peatlands a yankunan arctic da subarctic suna kare daskararriyar kasar karkashin kasa (permafrost), ta haka suna jinkirta ko hana narkewarta lokacin rani, gami da taimakawa wajen samuwarta.[24]

Ta yawan ruwan sama

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Yawan ruwan sama da dausayi ke samu ya banbanta kwarai da gaske gwargwadon girmansa. Dausayi a Wales, Scotland, da yammacin Ireland yawanci suna samun kusan 1500 mm a kowace shekara.[Ana bukatan hujja] A wasu wurare a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, inda ake samun mamakon ruwan sama, suna iya samun har zuwa 10000 mm.[Ana bukatan hujja] A wasu yankuna mafi bushewa, dausayi yana wanzuwa inda ake samun karancin ruwan sama da bai wuce 180 mm ba a kowace shekara.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Bambance-bambancen lokaci:[25]:15

  • Tsarin dindindin (Perennial)
  • Tsarin lokaci (Seasonal)
  • Tsarin lokaci-lokaci ko mai katsewa (Episodic)
  • Tsarin mai gajeren lokaci (Ephemeral)

Gudun ruwa na sama na iya faruwa a wasu sassan, tare da gudun ruwa na karkashin kasa a sauran sassan.

Hanyoyin Gudana (Processes)

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Dausayi ya banbanta kwarai da gaske saboda sauyin yanayi na gida da na yanki a fannin fasalin kasa (topography), yanayin ruwa (hydrology), tsire-tsire (vegetation), da sauran abubuwa, had da sa hannun dan adam. Sauran muhimman abubuwa sun had da albarkar kasa, hargitsewar dabi'a, gasa, cin ganyayyaki na dabbobi (herbivory), birnewa da gishiri.[13] Lokacin da takin dabi'a (peat) ya taru, bogs da fens suna tasowa.

Yanayin Ruwa (Hydrology)

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Dausayin Cape May, New Jersey, a kasar Amurka ya kunshi rukunin sadarwar ruwa mai faɗi wanda hakan ya sa ya zama wuri mai mahimmanci a fannin nazarin tsuntsaye (ornithology) don binciken tsuntsaye da dama da ke amfani da dakin kariya a matsayin wurin yin sheka.
Wani dausayi a cikin kwararon magudanar ruwa na Chesapeake Bay a Mallows Bay Park da ke Charles County, Maryland, a kasar Amurka.

Mafi mahimmancin abu da ke samar da dausayi shine yanayin ruwa, ko ambaliyar ruwa. Tsawon lokacin ambaliyar ruwa ko dorewar jikin kasa ta hanyar ruwan karkashin kasa ke tantance ko dausayin da zai fito yana da tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa, na fadama (marsh) ko na danyen daji mai ruwa (swamp). Sauran muhimman abubuwa sun had da albarkar kasa, hargitsewar dabi'a, gasa, cin ganyayyaki na dabbobi, birnewa, da gishiri.[13] Lokacin da peat daga matattun tsire-tsire ya taru, bogs da fens suna bunkasa.

Yanayin ruwan dausayi yana da alaka da yaduwar sarari da lokaci, gudanarwa, da siffofin sinadarai da na jiki na ruwan sama da na karkashin kasa. Hanyoyin kwararar ruwa zuwa cikin dausayi mafi yawanci sune ruwan sama (precipitation), ruwan sama na dake saman kasa (ruwan gishiri ko ruwa mai dadi), da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa. Ruwa yana fita daga dausayi ta hanyar tiruri da iska (evapotranspiration), kwararar ruwa na saman kasa da igiyoyin ruwa na teku (tides), da kuma kwararar ruwa na karkashin kasa. Hydrodynamics (motsin ruwa ta ciki da kuma daga dausayi) yana shafar tsawon lokacin ruwa (hydro-periods - sauyin lokaci na matakan ruwa) ta hanyar sarrafa daidaiton ruwa da ajiyar ruwa a cikin dausayi.[26]

Siffofin shimfidar kasa suna sarrafa yanayin ruwan dausayi da sinadaran ruwan. Taruwar oxygen (O2) da carbon dioxide (CO2) na ruwa ya dogara ne akan yanayin zafi, karfin iska na sararin samaniya (atmospheric pressure) da kuma haduwar iska (daga iska mai kadawa ko kwararar ruwa). Ana tantance sinadaran ruwa a cikin dausayi ta hanyar pH, gishiri, sinadaran abinci (nutrients), ikon gudanar da wutar lantarki (conductivity), tsarin kasa, taurin ruwa (hardness), da kuma hanyoyin samun ruwa. Sinadaran ruwa sun banbanta a fadin shimfidar kasa da yankunan yanayi. Dausayi yawanci minerotrophic ne (ruwaye suna dauke da narkar da abubuwa daga kasa) ban da bogs na ombrotrophic wadanda ke samun ruwa kawai daga ruwan sama.

Saboda bogs suna samun mafi yawan ruwansu ne daga ruwan sama da danshi daga sararin samaniya, ruwansu yawanci yana da karancin sinadaran mineral ionic. Sabanin haka, dausayin da ke samun ruwa daga ruwan karkashin kasa ko igiyoyin ruwa na teku suna da mafi girman taruwar narkar da sinadaran abinci da ma'adanai (minerals).

Fen peatlands suna samun ruwa daga ruwan sama da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa a daban-daban na yawa, don haka sinadaran ruwansu yana kama daga acidic tare da karancin narkar da ma'adanai zuwa alkaline tare da babban taruwar sinadarin calcium da magnesium.[27]

Rawar da gishiri ke takawa

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Gishiri yana da tasiri mai karfi akan sinadaran ruwan dausayi, musamman a dausayi na gaɓar teku[13][28] da kuma a yankuna masu bushewa da rabi-bushewa wadanda ke da karancin ruwan sama mai yawa. Ana sarrafa gishiri na dabi'a ta hanyar mu'amala tsakanin ruwan karkashin kasa da na saman kasa, wanda hakan na iya kasancewa karkashin tasirin ayyukan dan adam.[29]

Kasa

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Carbon shine babban zagayowar sinadarin abinci (nutrient cycle) a cikin dausayi. Yawancin sinadaran abinci, kamar sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, da nitrogen ana samun su ne a cikin kasar dausayi. Numfashi na Anaerobic (marar oxygen) da aerobic (mai oxygen) a cikin kasa yana shafar zagayowar sinadaran abinci na carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, da nitrogen,[30] da kuma narkewar phosphorus[31] ta haka yana taimakawa ga sauye-sauyen sinadarai a cikin ruwansa. Dausayi mai karancin pH da gudanarwa na gishiri na iya nuna kasancewar acid sulfates[32] kuma dausayi mai matsakaicin matakan gishiri na iya kasancewa karkashin babban tasirin calcium ko magnesium. Ana tantance hanyoyin biogeochemical a cikin dausayi ta hanyar kasashe masu karancin karfin redox.[33]

Kimiyyar Rayuwa (Biology)

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Siffofin rayuwa na tsarin dausayi sun had da tsire-tsire (flora), dabbobi (fauna) da kananan halittu masu rai (microbes) kamar kwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da fungi. Mafi mahimmancin abu shine tsawon lokacin ambaliyar dausayin.[13] Sauran muhimman abubuwa sun had da albarka da gishiri na ruwa ko na kasa. Sinadaran ruwan da ke kwarara zuwa dausayi ya dogara ne akan tushen ruwan, kayan kasa na kasa (geological material) da ruwan ke ratsawa ta cikinsu[34] da kuma sinadaran abinci (nutrients) da ke fitowa daga abubuwan dabi'a (organic matter) a cikin kasa da tsire-tsire a yankuna mafi tsayi.[35] Tsire-tsire da dabbobi na iya canzawa a cikin dausayi dangane da yanayi ko kuma sakamakon tsarin ambaliyar ruwa.

Dausayi mai danshi a Pennsylvania kafin ruwan sama

Tsire-tsire (Flora)

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Kwaragon furen lotus na ruwa (Nelumbo nucifera), wani tsiro na cikin ruwa

Akwai manyan rukunoni guda hudu na tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa (hydrophytes) wadanda ake samun su a tsarin dausayi a fadin duniya.[36]

Tsire-tsire na dausayi da ke nutsewa a cikin ruwa (submerged vegetation) na iya girma a cikin yanayin ruwan gishiri da ruwa mai dadi. Wasu nau'ikan suna da furanni a karkashin ruwa, yayin da wasu ke da dogayen bishiyoyi don ba da damar furannin su isa saman ruwa.[37] Nau'ikan da ke nutsewa suna samar da tushen abinci ga dabbobin gida, muhalli ga halittun da ba su da kashin baya (invertebrates), sune kuma suna da ikon tace ruwa. Misalai sun had da ciyawar teku (seagrasses) da ciyawar eelgrass.

Tsire-tsire na ruwa masu iyo (floating vegetation) yawanci kanana ne, kamar wadanda ke cikin dangin Lemnoideae (duckweeds). Tsire-tsire masu fitowa fili (emergent vegetation) kamar cattails (Typha spp.), sedges (Carex spp.) da arrow arum (Peltandra virginica) suna tasowa sama da saman ruwa.

Lokacin da bishiyoyi da kuraye suka mamaye yawancin korayen tsire-tsire a cikin kasa mai dorewar ruwa, wadannan wurare mafi yawanci ana kiran su da swamp (fadamar kurmi).[13] Iyakokin tudu na swamps ana tantance su ne wani bangare ta hanyar matakan ruwa. Wannan na iya kasancewa karkashin tasirin madatsun ruwa (dams).[38] Wasu swamps din na iya kasancewa karkashin mamayar nau'in tsiro guda daya kacal, kamar swamps na silver maple da ke kewayen Great Lakes.[39] Wasu kuma, kamar wadanda ke cikin kwaron Amazon, suna da adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban.[40] Sauran misalai sun had da bishiyar cypress (Taxodium) da swamps na mangrove (itacen daddoya).

Dabbobi (Fauna)

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Nau'ikan kwadi da dama suna rayuwa ne a dausayi, yayin da wasu ke ziyartar wurin kowace shekara don yin kwai.
Kunkurun snapping sune daya daga cikin nau'ikan kunkuru da yawa da ake samu a dausayi.

Nau'ikan kifi da dama sun dogara kwarai da gaske akan tsarin muhallin dausayi.[41][42] Kashi saba'in da biyar na kifin kasuwanci da na katsifofi na kasar Amurka sun dogara ne kawai akan kwararon gaɓar teku (estuaries) don rayuwa.[43]

Dabbobin dake rayuwa a kasa da cikin ruwa (amphibians) kamar kwadi da shafukan ruwa (salamanders) suna bukatar muhallin kasa da na ruwa baki daya don hayayyafa da kuma ciyar da kansu. Saboda amphibians galibi suna zama ne a dausayi mai rami kamar prairie potholes da Carolina bays, sadarwa tsakanin wadannan keɓaɓɓun dausayi shine muhimmin iko na yawan jama'ar yankin.[44] Yayin da 'ya'yan kwadi (tadpoles) ke cin ganyayyakin ruwa (algae), manyan kwadi suna farautar kwari ne. Wani lokaci ana amfani da kwadi a matsayin mai nuna lafiyar muhalli (ecosystem health) saboda bakin fatarsu yana ba da damar tsotse sinadaran abinci da guba daga muhallin da ke kewaye da su, wanda hakan ke haifar da karuwar mace-mace a yanayin muhalli marar kyau da gurbatacce.[45]

Dabbobi masu rarrafe (reptiles) kamar macizai, kadangaru, kunkuru, kada gajeru (alligators) da manyan kada (crocodiles) sun zama ruwan dare a dausayi na wasu yankuna. A cikin dausayi na ruwa mai dadi na Kudu maso Gabashin Amurka, alligators sun zama ruwan dare, kuma wani nau'in kada na ruwa mai dadi yana samuwa a Kudancin Florida. Florida Everglades shine kadai wuri a duniya inda American crocodiles da American alligators ke zama tare.[46] Kadan ruwan gishiri (saltwater crocodile) yana zama ne a kwararon gaɓar teku da mangroves.[47] Kunkurun snapping (snapping turtles) su ma suna zama a dausayi.[48]

Tsuntsaye, musamman tsuntsayen ruwa (waterfowl) da masu tafiya a cikin ruwa (waders) suna amfani da dausayi sosai.[49]


Dabbobi masu shayarwa (mammals) na dausayi sun kunshi nau'ikan kanana da matsakaita da dama kamar bera na gona (voles), jemagu (bats),[50] bera na ruwa (muskrats)[51] da platypus, baya ga manyan nau'ikan masu cin ganyayyaki da manyan mafarauta (apex predators) kamar dabbobin beavers,[52] coypu, zomon fadama, damisan Florida,[53] damisa mai digo (jaguar),[54] da babban barewa na moose. Dausayi yana janyo hankalin dabbobi masu shayarwa da dama saboda yawan kwayoyin shuka, 'ya'yan itace, da sauran korayen tsire-tsire a matsayin abinci ga masu cin ganyayyaki, da kuma yawan halittun da ba su da kashin baya, kananan dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians a matsayin abincin mafarauta.[55]

Halittun da ba su da kashin baya (invertebrates) na dausayi sun had da kwari na cikin ruwa kamar dragonflies, saurosauro na cikin ruwa da gunduwa (beetles), midges, sauki (mosquitoes), halittu masu bawon gishiri (crustaceans) kamar kaguwa, crayfish, shrimp, microcrustaceans, mollusks kamar katsifofi, mussels, katantanwa da tsutsotsi. Halittun da ba su da kashin baya sun kai fiye da rabin nau'ikan dabbobin da aka sani a dausayi, kuma ana daukar su a matsayin babban hanyar haɗin yanar gizo na abinci tsakanin tsire-tsire da manyan dabbobi (kamar kifi da tsuntsaye).[56]

Ayyukan Ma'aikatar Muhalli (Ecosystem services)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangane da yanayin kasa da fasalin dausayi,[57] ayyukan da yake gudanarwa na iya tallafawa ayyukan ma'aikatar muhalli da dama, dabi'u, ko fa'idodi. Hukumar Binciken Muhalli ta Millennium na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) da Yarjejeniyar Ramsar sun bayyana dausayi gaba daya a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci ga sararin samaniya (biosphere) da kuma al'umma a fannonin rayuwa kamar haka:[58]

  • Sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa (Kula da ambaliya)
  • Cika ruwan karkashin kasa (Groundwater replenishment)
  • Tabbatar da gabar teku da kariya daga hadari
  • Tace ruwa da tsabtace shi (Water purification)
  • Kula da gurbataccen ruwa (a cikin dausayi da aka gina)
  • Rukunonin ajiyar abubuwan rayuwa daban-daban (Biodiversity)
  • Barbada fure (Pollination)
  • Kayayyakin da ake samu a dausayi
  • Kimar al'adu
  • Shakatawa da yawon shakatawa na muhalli (Eco tourism)
  • Rage tasirin sauyin yanayi da daidaitawa dashi

A cewar Yarjejeniyar Ramsar:[Ana bukatan hujja]

Darajar tattalin arziki na ayyukan muhalli da dausayi ke samarwa al'umma a cikin yanayinsa na dabi'a da aiki, sau da yawa ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba fiye da fa'idodin da ake gani na canza su zuwa amfani da kasa mai tsanani – musamman duba da cewa ribar da ake samu daga amfani marar dorewa galibi tana tafiya ne ga kalilan na daidaikun mutane ko kamfanoni, maimakon a raba ta ga al'umma baki daya.

Don maye gurbin wadannan ayyuka na muhallin dausayi, za a bukaci kashe makudan kudade a madatsun ruwa na tace ruwa, ginin madatsun ruwa, ginin kariya na levee, da sauran ababen more rayuwa na injiniya, kuma da yawa daga cikin ayyukan ba zai taba yiwuwa a iya maye gurbinsu ba.

Madatsun ajiya da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fadama da dausayi mai rami na iya samar da ayyuka na madatsun ajiya da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa. Tsarin dausayi na fadama (floodplains) yana samuwa ne daga manyan korama na kasa zuwa kasa daga tushen ruwansu. "Fadamomin manyan korama suna aiki ne a matsayin madatsun ajiya na dabi'a, suna ba da damar ruwa mai yawa ya yadu a kan wani yanki mai fadi, wanda hakan ke rage zurfinsa da gudunsa. Dausayi na kusa da tushen ruwa na kananan korama da rafuka na iya rage gudun kwararar ruwan sama da narkewar kankara na lokacin bazara domin kada ya kwarara kai tsaye daga kasa zuwa cikin magudanar ruwa. Wannan na iya taimakawa wajen hana aukuwar ambaliyar ruwa ba zato ba tsammani mai barna a can kasa."[43]

Muhimman tsarin korama wadanda ke samar da fadamomi masu fadi sun had da Kogin Nile, yankin delta na cikin gida na kogin Niger, fadamar Kogin Zambezi, delta na cikin gida na Kogin Okavango, fadamar Kogin Kafue, fadamar Tafkin Bangweulu (Afirka), Kogin Mississippi (Amurka), Kogin Amazon (Kudancin Amurka), Kogin Yangtze (China), Kogin Danube (Tsakiyar Turai) da Kogin Murray-Darling (Australia).

Cika ruwan karkashin kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya samun cika ruwan karkashin kasa misali ta hanyar fadama (marsh), swamp, da kuma tsarin ruwa na karkashin kasa na karst da kogo. Ruwan saman kasa da ake gani a sarari a cikin dausayi yana wakiltar wani bangare ne kawai na daukacin zagayowar ruwa, wanda kuma ya kunshi ruwan sararin samaniya (ruwan sama) da ruwan karkashin kasa. Dausayi da dama suna da alaka kai tsaye da ruwan karkashin kasa kuma suna iya zama muhimmin mai sarrafa yawa da ingancin ruwan da ake samu a karkashin kasa. Dausayi da ke da shimfidar kasa mai ratsawa (permeable) kamar dutsen alli (limestone) ko kuma wadanda ke aukuwa a wuraren da matakan ruwa ke sauyawa akai-akai suna da muhimmiyar rawa musamman wajen cika ruwan karkashin kasa ko sake cika ruwa.[59] Shimfidar kasa masu kofofi (porous) suna ba da damar ruwa ya tace ta cikin kasa da duwatsun da ke karkashinta zuwa cikin aquifers wadanda sune tushen mafi yawan ruwan sha na duniya. Dausayi kuma na iya aiki a matsayin wuraren cika ruwa lokacin da ruwan karkashin kasa da ke kewaye ya yi kasa, da kuma a matsayin wurin fitar da ruwa lokacin da ya yi yawa.

Tabbatar da gabar teku da kariya daga hadari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mangroves (itacen daddoya), magabun teku (coral reefs), da fadamar gishiri (salt marsh) na iya taimakawa wajen tabbatar da gabar teku da kariya daga hadari. Tsarin dausayi na igiyoyin ruwa na teku yana karewa da kuma daidaita yankunan gabar teku.[60] Coral reefs suna samar da garkuwar kariya ga gabar teku. Mangroves suna daidaita yankin gabar teku daga ciki kuma za su yi kaura tare da gabar teku don kasancewa kusa da iyakar ruwan. Babban fa'idar kiyayewa da wadannan tsarin ke da shi akan hadari da hawan igiyar ruwa shine ikon rage gudu da tsayin igiyoyin ruwa da ruwan ambaliya.

Kasar Burtaniya (United Kingdom) ta fara bullo da dabarar sake daidaita gabar teku karkashin kulawa. Wannan fasahar gudanarwa tana ba da kariya ga gabar teku ta hanyar maido da dausayi na dabi'a maimakon ta hanyar injiniya da aka yi amfani da ita. A Gabashin Asiya, kwace dausayi na gabar teku ya haifar da canji mai yawa a yankin gabar teku, kuma har kashi 65% na dausayi na gabar teku an lalata su ta hanyar ci gaban gabar teku.[61][62] Wani bincike guda daya da yayi amfani da tasirin guguwa idan aka kwatanta da kariya daga hadari da dausayi ke samarwa ta dabi'a ya kiyasta darajar wannan aiki akan dala $33,000 ga kowane hekta a kowace shekara.[63]

Tace ruwa da tsabtace shi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hanyoyin tace ruwa ana iya samun su ta hanyar fadamar ruwa, dausayi mai rami, fadamar laka (mudflat), fadamar ruwa mai dadi (freshwater marsh), fadamar gishiri, da mangroves. Dausayi yana zagayawa da duka laka da sinadaran abinci, wani lokacin yana aiki azaman garkuwa tsakanin muhallin kasa da na ruwa. Aikin dabi'a na tsire-tsire na dausayi shine tsotsewa, adanawa, da kuma cire sinadaran abinci (kamar nitrate) da ake samu a cikin ruwan sama da ke kwararowa daga shimfidar kasa da ke kewaye.[64]

Ruwan sama da kwararar ruwa na saman kasa yana haifar da zaizayar kasa, yana jigilar laka da ke yawo a cikin ruwa zuwa cikin magudanar ruwa. Dukkan nau'ikan laka ko na yumbu ne, laka mai laushi, yashi ko tsakuwa da duwatsu ana iya kwashe su zuwa tsarin dausayi ta hanyar zaizayar kasa. Tsire-tsire na dausayi suna aiki azaman shinge na zahiri don rage gudun kwararar ruwa sannan su kama laka na gajeren lokaci ko na dogon lokaci. Laka da ke yawo na iya dauke da karafa masu nauyi (heavy metals) wadanda su ma ake rike dasu lokacin da dausayi ya kama lakar.

Ikon tsarin dausayi na adanawa ko cire sinadaran abinci da kama laka yana da inganci sosai kuma yana da tasiri amma kowane tsarin yana da iyakarsa. Yawan shigar sinadaran abinci daga takin zamani na gona, gurbataccen ruwan bayan gida, ko gurbatawa daga wurare daban-daban zai haifar da eutrophication (yawaitar sinadaran abinci a ruwa da ke kashe kifi). Zaizayar kasa a can sama sakamakon sare bishiyoyi (deforestation) na iya mamaye dausayi ta yadda zai sa su takure a girma kuma ya haifar da mummunan asarar abubuwan rayuwa daban-daban (biodiversity loss) ta hanyar yawan laka mai yawa.

Kula da gurbataccen ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dausayi da aka gina (constructed wetlands) ana yin su ne don kula da gurbataccen ruwa (wastewater treatment). Misali na yadda ake amfani da dausayi na dabi'a don samar da wani mataki na kula da gurbataccen ruwan bayan gida shine East Kolkata Wetlands a Kolkata, kasar India. Dausayin ya mamaye fadin murabba'in kilomita 125, kuma ana amfani dashi don kula da gurbataccen ruwan Kolkata. Sinadaran abinci da ke cikin gurbataccen ruwan suna ciyar da gonakin kifi da aikin gona.

Rukunonin ajiyar abubuwan rayuwa daban-daban

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawaitar abubuwan rayuwa daban-daban (biodiversity) na tsarin dausayi ya zama babban abin da Yarjejeniyar Ramsar da Asusun Kula da Dabbobin Daji na Duniya (World Wildlife Fund) suka taimaka wajen bunkasa shi.[65] Tasirin kiyaye biodiversity ana ganinsa a matakin gida ta hanyar samar da ayyukan yi, dorewa, da kuma samar da amfanin al'umma. Misali mai kyau shine kwararon Lower Mekong wanda ke ratsawa ta Cambodia, Laos, da Vietnam, yana tallafawa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 55.

Wani muhimmin nau'in kifi da ake yin kamunsa fiye da kima, kifin Piramutaba catfish, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii, yana yin kaura sama da kilomita 3,300 daga wuraren renonsa na kusa da bakin Kogin Amazon zuwa wuraren yin kwai a rassan duwatsun Andean, mita 400 sama da matakin teku, yana rarraba kwayoyin shuka a kan hanyarsa.

Fadamar laka ta gabar teku (intertidal mudflats) tana da matakin samar da amfani mai kama da na wasu dausayi koda bashi da yawan nau'ikan halittu masu yawa. Taruwar halittun da ba su da kashin baya (invertebrates) da ake samu a cikin lakar sune tushen abinci ga tsuntsayen ruwa masu kaura.[66]

Fadamar laka, fadamar gishiri, mangroves, da gadajen ciyawar teku suna da manyan matakai na wadatar nau'ikan halittu da samar da amfani, sune kuma gida ga muhimman wuraren renon kifi na kasuwanci da dama.

Yawan jama'ar nau'ikan halittu da dama sun takaitu ne a fannin kasa ga tsarin dausayi guda daya ko kadan kacal, sau da yawa saboda tsawon lokacin da dausayin ya kasance a keɓe a zahiri daga sauran tushen ruwa. Misali, adadin nau'ikan halittu na musamman na yankin (endemic species) a Delta na Kogin Selenga na Tafkin Baikal a kasar Russia ya sanya shi zama wuri mai zafi don biodiversity da daya daga cikin dausayi mafi yawan halittu daban-daban a daukacin duniya.[67] Dausayi a dabi'ance yana samar da rukunin tsire-tsire da sauran kayayyakin muhalli wadanda za a iya girbe su don amfanin kai da na kasuwanci.[68] Kifi da dama suna da duka ko wani bangare na tsarin rayuwarsu a cikin tsarin dausayi. Kifin ruwa mai dadi da na ruwan gishiri sune babban tushen gina jiki (protein) ga kimanin mutane biliyan daya[69] kuma ya kunshi kashi 15% na kararin abincin gina jiki na mutane biliyan 3.5.[70] Wani babban abincin da ake samu a tsarin dausayi shine shinkafa, sanannen hatsi da ake amfani dashi a matakin kashi daya cikin biyar na daukacin adadin kuzari (calories) na duniya. A kasashen Bangladesh, Cambodia da Vietnam, inda gonakin shinkafa suka mamaye shimfidar kasa, amfani da shinkafa ya kai kashi 70%.[71] Wasu tsire-tsire na dausayi na asali a Caribbean da Australia ana girbe su dorewa don magunguna; wadannan sun had da red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) wanda ke da tasirin yaki da kwayoyin cuta, warkar da miki, maganin gyambon ciki (anti-ulcer), da sinadaran antioxidant.[71]

Sauran kayayyakin da ake samu daga mangrove sun had da itacen wuta, gishiri (wanda ake samarwa ta hanyar tatar ruwan teku), abincin dabbobi, magungunan gargajiya (misali daga bawon itacen mangrove), zaruruwa don tufafi da rini da tannins.[72]

Karin ayyuka da amfanin dausayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu nau'ikan dausayi na iya zama azaman shingen wuta (fire breaks) wadanda ke taimakawa wajen rage gudu ko yaduwar gobara ta daji. Tsarin dausayi mafi girma na iya yin tasiri akan tsarin ruwan sama na gida. Wasu tsarin dausayi na boreal a tushen ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen tsawaita lokacin kwarara da kuma kula da yanayin zafi na ruwa a cikin korama da ke da alaka a can kasa.[73] Ayyukan barbada fure (pollination) suna samun tallafi daga dausayi da dama wadanda zasu iya samar da daidai muhalli guda daya tilo mai dacewa ga kwari masu barbada fure, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu shayarwa a wuraren da aka riga aka inganta sosai.[74]

Kayayyakin dausayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dausayi a Broadmoor Wildlife Sanctuary a Massachusetts, Kasar Amurka, a watan Fabrairu

Tarwatsawa da tasirin dan adam

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dausayi, ayyuka da hidimomin da yake samarwa gami da tsire-tsire da dabbobinsa, na iya fuskantar tasiri daga nau'ikan tarwatsawa da dama.[75] Wadannan tarwatsawa (wadanda wani lokacin ake kira abubuwan matsin lamba ko canje-canje) na iya kasancewa da alaka da ayyukan dan adam ko na dabi'a, na kai tsaye ko na faka-faka, masu iya juyuwa ko maras iya juyuwa, kuma na keɓe ko masu taruwa.

Tarwatsawar sun hada da abubuwa na waje (exogenous) kamar su ambaliyar ruwa ko fari.[76] Mutane suna tarwatsawa da lalata dausayi misali ta hanyar hakar mai da iskar gas, ginin ababen more rayuwa, kiwon dabbobi fiye da kima, kamun kifi fiye da kima, canza fasalin dausayi ta hanyar hakar laka (dredging) da janyewar ruwa, gurbatawa ta hanyar yawaitar sinadarai (nutrient pollution) da gurbataccen ruwa.[76][15] Tarwatsawa yana sanya matakan matsin lamba daban-daban a kan muhalli dangane da nau'i da tsawon lokacin tarwatsawar.[76]

Fitattun tarwatsawa na dausayi sun hada da:[77][78]

  • Wadatar sinadaran abinci/eutrophication
  • Lodi na sinadaran dabi'a da raguwar iskar oxygen da ke narke a ruwa
  • Guba ta abubuwan gurbatawa
  • Sanya ruwa ya zama mai tsami (Acidification)
  • Samar da gishiri a ruwa (Salinization)
  • Taruwar laka (Sedimentation)
  • Canjin shigar hasken rana (gurbacewar haske/inuwa)
  • Cire tsire-tsire
  • Canjin yanayin zafi (Thermal alteration)
  • Bushewa/aridification
  • Ambaliya/rufe baki daya da ruwa
  • Rarrabuwar mazauni (Habitat fragmentation)
  • Sauran tasirin dan adam

Za a iya kara kasafta tarwatsawa kamar haka:

  • Kadanar tarwatsawa: Matsin lamba wanda ke kiyaye dorewar tsarin muhalli.[76]
  • Matsakaiciyar tarwatsawa: Tsarin muhalli yana lalacewa amma yana iya farfadowa cikin lokaci ba guda ba tare da taimako ba.[76]
  • Lalacewa ko babban tarwatsawa: Ana iya bukatar tsoma baki na dan adam domin tsarin muhallin ya farfado.[76]

Gurbatawa ta hanyar yawaitar sinadarai tana fitowa ne daga shigar sinadarin nitrogen cikin tsarin ruwa kuma hakan ya yi tasiri sosai a kan abun ciki na nitrogen da ke narke a dausayi, yana kawo wadatar sinadarai mafi girma wanda ke kaiwa ga eutrophication.[79]

Asarar abubuwan rayuwa daban-daban (biodiversity loss) tana aukuwa a cikin tsarin dausayi ta hanyar canje-canjen amfani da kasa, lalata mazauni, gurbatawa, amfani da albarkatu fiye da kima, da kuma nau'ikan halittu masu mamaya (invasive species). Misali, shigar da water hyacinth (shukan tsasgagi), tsiron asali na Kudancin Amurka cikin Tafkin Victoria a Gabashin Afirka gami da duckweed cikin yankunan da ba na asalinsu ba na Queensland, Australia, sun mamaye daukacin tsarin dausayi suna danne mazaunan tare da rage nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi na asali.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Canzawa zuwa busasshiyar kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Don kara yawan amfanin tattalin arziki, galibi ana canza dausayi zuwa busasshiyar kasa ta hanyar gina shingen dakon ruwa (dykes) da magudanar ruwa (drains) kuma ana amfani dasu don ayyukan noma. Gina shingen dykes, da madatsun ruwa, yana da mummunan sakamako ga dausayi guda daya da ma daukacin fadamomi baki daya.[13]:497 Kasancewarsu kusa da tafkuna da koramu yana nufin cewa galibi ana bunkasa su don mazaunin dan adam.[80] Da zarar an gina mazaunai kuma aka kare su da shingen dykes, mazaunan sai su zama masu rauni ga matsalar nitsewar kasa da kuma barazanar ambaliyar ruwa da ke kara karuwa akai-akai.[13]:497 Delta na Kogin Mississippi da ke kewayen New Orleans, Louisiana babban misali ne da aka sani;[81] Delta na Danube a Turai kuma wani misalin ne.[82]

Gurbataccen ruwa wani babban saba ne daban na canza dausayi zuwa busasshiyar kasa. Tunda dausayi yakan rike ruwa tare da karancin shigar ruwa ko fitarsa idan aka kwanta da sauran rukunonin ruwa, suna iya tara abubuwa masu guba da sauri wadanda ke fitowa daga abubuwan gurbatawa.[83] Wannan taruwar abubuwa masu guba zata sa biodiversity na dausayi ya canza, musamman tunda abubuwan guba zasu kasance masu cutarwa ga halittun ruwa na asali.[84] Asarar biodiversity na dausayi tana da alaka da lalacewar dausayi, kamar yadda lamarin dausayi na tsaunuka (alpine wetlands) ya nuna.[85]

Shanyar da ruwan fadamomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shanyar da ruwan fadamomi (floodplains) ko ayyukan cigaba da ke kunkuntar hanyoyin fadamar (kamar ginin katangar levee) yana rage ikon hadakar tsarin korama da fadamar wajen sarrafa barna na ambaliya. Wannan saboda sauyuka da kuma karancin fadin tsarin dole ne har yanzu su tafiyar da daidai adadin ruwan sama, yana sa kololuwar ambaliyar ta kasance mafi girma ko zurfi sannan ruwan ambaliyar ya yi tafiya cikin sauri.

Ci gaban aikin injiniyan sarrafa ruwa a cikin karnin da ya gabata ya lalata dausayin fadamar ta hanyar gina shingen katanga na roba kamar su dykes, katangar kasa, levees, weirs, madatsun ruwa na barrage da dams. Dukkansu suna tattara ruwa ne zuwa cikin babban babban magudanar ruwa, kuma ruwan da a tarihi yake yaduwa a hankali a kan wani babban yanki mai fadi da maras zurfi sai ya takure. Asarar fadamar dausayi yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mafi tsanani da barna. An ga mummunan tasirin dan adam a fadamar Kogin Mississippi a cikin mutuwar daruruwan mutane yayin da wata katangar levee ta balle a New Orleans sakamakon Guguwar Katrina a shekarar 2005. Shingen katanga da mutum ya yi a fadamar Kogin Yangtze sun sa babban magudanar kogin ya kasance mai saurin fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai mai barna.[86] Wasu daga cikin wadannan abubuwa sun had da asarar tsire-tsire na gefen korama (riparian vegetation), asarar kashi 30% na murfin tsire-tsire a daukacin kwararon kogin, ninkawa na yawan kason kasar da zaizayar kasa ta shafa, da kuma raguwar karfin madatsar ruwa ta hanyar taruwar laka (siltation) a tafkunan fadamar.[43]

Kamun kifi fiye da kima

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kamun kifi fiye da kima babban kalubale ne ga dorewar amfani da dausayi. Damuwa tana tasowa game da wasu fannoni na kiwon kifi na gona, wanda ke amfani da dausayi na dabi'a da magudanar ruwa don girbe kifi domin amfanin dan adam. Aikin kiwon kifi a cikin ruwa (aquaculture) yana ci gaba da bunkasa cikin sauri a daukacin yankin Asia-Pacific musamman a kasar China inda kashi 90% na daukacin gonakin aquaculture suke, suna bayar da gudunmawar kashi 80% na darajar duniya baki daya.[71] Wasu ayyukan na aquaculture sun kawar da manyan yankuna na dausayi ta hanyar ayyuka kamar lalata mangroves da masana'antar kiwon jatan lande (shrimp farming) ke yi. Koda yake an dade da sanin mummunan tasirin kiwon jatan lande na babban sikeli a kan tsarin muhallin gabar teku a kasashen Asiya da dama, ya nuna wahalar ragewa duba da cewa sauran hanyoyin samar da ayyukan yi ga mutane suna karanta. Haka kuma bukatar jatan lande da ke karuwa a duniya ta samar da babban kasuwa mai fadi da shirye.[87]

Kiyayewa

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Hazo na tashi a kan fadamar Mukri kusa da Mukri, Estonia. Fadamar tana da fadin hekta 2,147 kuma an kiyaye ta tun shekarar 1992.

A tarihi, dausayi ya fuskanci babban yunkuri na shanyar da ruwansa don ci gaba (bunkasa gidaje da filaye ko aikin noma), da kuma ambaliya don samar da tafkunan shakatawa ko samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa (hydropower). Wasu daga cikin muhimman yankunan noma na duniya dausayi ne da aka canza su zuwa filayen noma.[88][89][90][91] Tun daga shekarun 1970, an mayar da hankali sosai kan kiyaye dausayi saboda ayyukansa na dabi'a. Tun daga shekarar 1900, kashi 65-70% na dausayin duniya ya bace.[92] Domin kula da dausayi da dorewar ayyukansa, ya kamata a rage sauye-sauye da tarwatsawa wadanda ke wajen iyakokin sauye-sauye na dabi'a.

Daidaita kiyaye dausayi da bukatun mutane

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Dausayi muhimmin tsarin halittu ne wanda ke inganta hanyoyin rayuwa ga miliyoyin mutane da ke zaune a ciki da kewaye da shi. Bincike ya nuna cewa zai iya yiwuwa a kiyaye dausayi tare da inganta hanyoyin rayuwa na mutanen da ke zaune a cikinsa. Wasu bincike na musamman da aka gudanar a Malawi da Zambia sun duba yadda za a iya yin noma mai dorewa a dambos – kwaruruka ko rami na fadamar ciyawa inda ruwa ke fitowa ta saman kasa. Sakamakon aikin ya hada da samun babban amfanin gona, bunkasa dabarun noma mai dorewa, da tsare-tsaren sarrafa ruwa wadanda ke samar da isasshen ruwa don ban ruwa (irrigation).[93]

Yarjejeniyar Ramsar

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Taswirar duniya da ke nuna fadin dausayi a matsayin kason kashi na daukacin fadin kasa da aka ayyana a matsayin dausayi kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Ramsar ta nuna a kowace kasa[94]

Yarjejeniyar Ramsar (cikakken suna: Yarjejeniyar kan Dausayi mai Muhimmancin Duniya, musamman a matsayin Mazaunin Tsuntsayen Ruwa), wata yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da aka tsara don magance damuwar duniya game da bacewa da lalacewar dausayi. Manyan manufofin yarjejeniyar sune lissafa dausayi mai muhimmancin duniya da kuma inganta amfani da su cikin hikima, tare da babban burin kiyaye dausayin duniya. Hanyoyin sun hada da takaita shiga wasu yankunan dausayi, gami da ilimantar da jama'a don yaki da kuskuren fahimta cewa dausayi wurare ne na banza marasa amfani. Yarjejeniyar tana aiki kafada da kafada da Abokan Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa guda biyar (IOPs). Wadannan sune: Birdlife International, IUCN, International Water Management Institute, Wetlands International da World Wide Fund for Nature. Abokan huldar suna ba da kwarewa ta fasaha, suna taimakawa wajen gudanarwa ko saukaka binciken fage gami da ba da tallafin kudi.

Farfadowa

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Farfadowa da masana kimiyyar farfadowa suna da niyyar mayar da dausayi zuwa ga turbar dabi'arsa ta asali ta hanyar taimakawa kai tsaye ga tsarin dabi'a na muhallin.[76] Wadannan hanyoyi na kai tsaye sun bambanta dangane da girman sauye-sauyen zahiri da ake yi wa muhallin dabi'a, kuma kowanne yana da alaka da matakan farfadowa daban-daban.[76] Ana bukatar farfadowa ne bayan an samu wargajewa ko canji (perturbation) a cikin dausayi.[76] Babu hanya guda daya kacal ta farfado da dausayi, kuma matakin farfadowar da ake bukata zai dogara ne da girman lalacewar da aka samu, kodayake kowace hanyar farfadowa tana bukatar shiri da kulawa.[76]

Matakan farfadowa

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Abubuwan da ke tasiri ga zabar hanyar da za a bi sun hada da[76] kasafi na kudi, iyakokin lokaci, burin aikin, girman lalacewa, kalubalen kasa da na muhalli, manufofin siyasa da na gudanarwa, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

Farfadowa ta dabi'a ko tare da taimako

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ga wannan tsari, babu wani sauyi na zahiri (biophysical manipulation) da ake yi, kuma ana barin tsarin muhallin ya farfado da kansa bisa tsarin sauyin dabi'a na tsawon lokaci (succession) kadai.[76] Mayar da hankali yana kasancewa ne wajen kawar da kuma hana sake aukuwar wata lalacewar a nan gaba, kuma wannan nau'in farfadowa yana bukatar bincike na farko don fahimtar yiwuwar dausayin ya farfado da kansa. Wannan shi ne mafi kusantar zama matakin farko tunda shi ne mafi karancin tsoma baki da kuma mafi karancin tsada, kodayake ana iya bukatar wasu sauye-sauye na zahiri marasa tsanani don hanzarta tsarin sauyin dabi'ar zuwa matakin da aka amince da shi.[76] Misalan hanyoyin sun hada da kona wasu kananan yankuna da aka tsara, tallafawa kwayoyin cuta na dabi'a na cikin kasa (microbiota) na takaitaccen wuri, da bunkasa girman shuke-shuke ta amfani da dabarar dashen "nucleation" inda shuke-shuke ke yaduwa daga asalin wurin da aka dasa su,[95] gami da tallafawa rarrabuwar wuraren zama (niche diversity) ko fadada kewayon wuraren zama domin karfafa amfani da su daga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban.[76] Wadannan hanyoyi zasu iya saukaka wa nau'ikan halittu na asali su habaka ta hanyar kawar da cikas na muhalli, sannan zasu iya saurin gudanar da tsarin sauyin dabi'ar.

Gyaran wani bangare

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Ga wannan tsari, ana amfani da cakuda farfadowa ta dabi'a da kuma sarrafa muhalli ta hanyar sauye-sauye. Wannan na iya bukatar wasu ayyukan injiniya, da ƙarin sauye-sauye na zahiri masu tsanani kamar hako karkashin kasa (subsoil), amfani da sinadarai na noma (agrichemical) kamar maganin kashe ganyaye ko kwari, shimfida mulch (ganyaye ko ciyawa don kare kasa), watsa irin shuke-shuke ta hanyar inji, da dashen bishiyoyi a babban sikeli.[76] A cikin wadannan yanayi, dausayin ya lalace kuma idan babu taimakon dan adam ba zai iya farfadowa ba a cikin daidai lokacin da masana kimiyyar muhalli suka kayyade. Hanyoyin farfadowa da za a amfani da su dole ne a kayyade su bisa la'akari da kowane wuri daban, tunda kowane yanki zai bukaci tsari daban dangane da matakan lalacewarsa da kuma yanayin tsarin muhallin gurin.[76] Wani nau'i na gyaran wani bangare ya hada da amfani da dausayi na kusan dabi'a, kamar gonakin shinkafa (paddy fields) wadanda filayen noma ne da ruwa ke rufe su lokacin dashen shinkafa.[96] Ana bukatar taimakon dan adam domin kula da gonakin shinkafa, tunda na aikin noma ne, amma suna da ikon rage ambaliyar ruwa a yankuna na cikin gida.[96]

Cikakken sake ginin fari

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Samfuri:Further Wannan ita ce hanya mafi tsada kuma mafi tsanani ta tsoma baki wajen sake ginin fari wanda ke bukatar aikin injiniya da sake ginawa tun daga farko. Saboda ana sake tsara daukacin tsarin muhallin, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da turbar dabi'a na tsarin muhallin kuma nau'ikan shuke-shuken da aka inganta a karshe zasu mayar da tsarin muhallin zuwa ga turbar dabi'arsa ta asali.[76]

A manyan lokuta, dausayi da mutum ya gina (constructed wetlands) galibi ana tsara su ne don tace gudanarwar ruwan sama ko gurbataccen ruwa (wastewater). Ana iya amfani da su a cikin ayyukan ci gaba a matsayin bangare na tsarin tsara birane masu kula da ruwa (water-sensitive urban design), kuma suna da fa'idodi kamar rage radadin ambaliya, cire abubuwan gurbatawa, adana carbon (carbon sequestration), samar da mazauni ga namun daji da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban a cikin yankunan da galibi birane suka mamaye ko kuma suka rarrabu.[97]

Hanyoyin da dausayi ke iya tallafawa kokarin rage radadin ambaliya suna da yawa. Saboda ikonsa na rike babban adadin ruwa yayin lokutan babban ruwan sama ko gudanarwar ruwa na cikin kasa, dausayi yana da ikon kawo raguwa a fadin ambaliya, zurfin ambaliya, da tsawon lokacin ambaliyar.[98] Bayan haka, dausayi yana da ikon rage gudun ruwa na cikin kasa, wanda hakan wata karashen hanya ce da dausayi ke rage asara ga tsarin muhalli na gurin da kadarorin da ke cikin yankunan da ke kewaye.[99]

Ilimi na gargajiya

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Tunanin da ke fitowa daga ilimin dabi'a na gargajiya za a iya amfani da shi azaman cikakkiyar hanya (holistic approach) wajen farfadowar dausayi.[100] Wadannan tunani sun fi mayar da hankali ne wajen mayar da martani ga abubuwan da aka lura da su daga muhalli duba da cewa kowane bangare na tsarin muhallin dausayi yana da alaka da juna. Yin amfani da wadannan dabarun a takaitattun wurare na dausayi yana kara yawan amfani, nau'ikan halittu, gami da inganta juriya na dausayin. Wadannan dabarun sun hada da sanya ido kan albarkatun dausayi, dasa kwayoyin shuka (propagules), da kuma kara muhimman nau'ikan halittu domin samar da tsarin muhallin dausayi mai dorewa da ke kula da kansa.[101]

Al'amuran canjin yanayi

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Fitar da iskar gas mai dumama yanayi

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A Kudancin Asiya, ana shanyar da ruwa, kona, hako abubuwa, da kuma kiwon dabbobi fiye da kima a gudunmomin daji na laka da kasa, wanda ke taimakawa ga kawo canjin yanayi.[102] Sakamakon hakar ruwan laka, carbon na dabi'a wanda ya kafu tsawon dubunnan shekaru kuma yawanci yake karkashin ruwa sai ya bayyana fili a iska ba zato ba tsammani. Lakar tana rubewa sanka ta canza zuwa carbon dioxide (CO2), wanda bayan haka ake sakinsa zuwa sararin samaniya. Gobarar laka tana sa wannan tsarin ya faru cikin sauri kuma kari a kan haka yana haifar da manyan gajimare na hayaki wadanda ke tsallake iyakokin kasa da kasa, wanda yanzu haka yana faruwa kusan duk shekara a Kudancin Asiya. Yayin da wuraren laka (peatlands) ke da kashi 3% kacal na fadin kasar duniya, lalacewarsu tana samar da kashi 7% na daukacin fitar da iskar CO2.

Rage radadin canjin yanayi

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Bincike ya gano kyakkyawan damar da dausayi na gabar teku (wanda kuma ake kira tsarin halittu na blue carbon) yake da shi wajen samar da wani mataki na rage radadin canjin yanayi ta hanyoyi biyu: ta hanyar kiyayewa, rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama yanayi da ke tasowa daga bacewa da lalacewar mazaunan, da kuma ta hanyar farfadowa, don kara jan hankalin carbon dioxide da adana shi na tsawon lokaci.[103] Sai dai kuma, cire CO2 ta hanyar amfani da farfadowar blue carbon na gabar teku yana da darajar tasirin kudin da ake shakka a kai idan aka yi la'akari da shi kawai a matsayin matakin rage radadin yanayi, ko dai don daidaita carbon ko don sanyawa a cikin Gudunmawar da Kasa ta Kayyade.[103]

Lokacin da aka farfado da dausayi, yana da tasirin rage radadi ta hanyar ikonsa na narke carbon, yana canza iskar gas mai dumama yanayi (carbon dioxide) zuwa daskararren sinadarin shuke-shuke ta hanyar tsarin photosynthesis (hada abinci da hasken rana), sannan kuma ta hanyar ikonsa na adana da daidaita ruwa.[104][105]

Dausayi yana adana kusan tan miliyan 44.6 na carbon a kowace shekara a duniya (kimantawa daga 2003).[106] A cikin gudunmomin gishiri da kurayen mangrove musamman, matsakaicin matakin adana carbon shine 210 g CO2 m−2 y−1 yayin da filayen laka ke adana kusan 20–30 g CO2 m−2 y−1.[106][107] Dausayi na gabar teku, kamar itacen mangrove na wurare masu zafi da wasu fadama na gishiri na yankuna masu sanyi, an san su da zama wuraren narke carbon wanda in ba haka ba zai taimaka ga canjin yanayi a siffofinsa na iskar gas (carbon dioxide da methane).[108] Ikon dausayi na igiyar ruwa da dama wajen adana carbon da kuma rage kwararar gas na methane daga lakar igiyar ruwa ya kai ga tallafawa shirye-shiryen blue carbon wadanda ke da nufin inganta wadannan tsare-tsare.[109][110]

Daidaitawa da canjin yanayi

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Farfadowar tsarin halittu na blue carbon na gabar teku yana da matukar fa'ida ga daidaitawa da canjin yanayi, kariyare gabar teku, samar da abinci gami da kiyaye nau'ikan halittu daban-daban.[103]

Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20, canjin yanayi da dan adam ya haifar ya haifar da sauye-sauye na zahiri a daukacin tsarin zagayowar ruwa na duniya.[111]:85 Yanayi mai dumi yana sanya aukuwar ruwa mai yawa ko bushewa mai tsanani kasancewa mafi tsanani, yana haifar da ambaliya da fari mafi muni. Saboda wannan dalili, wasu ayyukan tsarin muhalli da dausayi ke samarwa (misali adana ruwa da sarrafa ambaliya, cika ruwan karkashin kasa, tabbatar da gabar teku gami da kariya daga hadari) suna da mahimmanci ga matakan daidaitawa da canjin yanayi.[112] A mafi yawancin sassan duniya da kuma karkashin daukacin tsare-tsaren fitar da iskar gas (emissions scenarios), ana ranar cewa sauye-sauyen tsarin zagayowar ruwa da abubuwan da ke biyo baya zasu tashi cikin sauri fiye da canje-canjen matsakaicin kima.[111]:85

Kimantawa

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Kimar da dausayi yake da ita ga al'ummomin yankin yawanci ya kunshi fara tsara taswirar dausayin da ke yankin, sanka auna ayyuka da hidimomin tsarin muhalli da dausayin ke samarwa daki-daki da kuma a dunkule, kuma a karshe a duba wannan bayani domin ba da fifiko ko sanya kowane dausayi ko nau'ikan dausayi a matsayi na musamman don kiyayewa, gudanarwa, farfadowa, ko ci gaba.[113] A cikin dogon lokaci, hakan yana bukatar adana bayanan rukunoni (inventories)[114] na dausayin da aka sani gami da sanya ido kan wasu rukunoni na misali domin tantance canje-canjen da ke faruwa sanadiyar abubuwan dabi'a da na dan adam.

Aunawa

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Ana amfani da hanyoyin aunawa cikin sauri (rapid assessment methods) domin ba da maki, sanya matsayi, kiyantawa, ko kasafta ayyuka daban-daban, hidimomin tsarin muhalli, nau'ikan halittu, al'ummomi, matakan lalacewa, da/ko lafiyar muhalli na wani dausayi ko gungun dausayi.[115] Galibi ana yin wannan ne domin ba da fifiko ga wasu takaitattun dausayi don kiyayewa (kauce wa lalata su) ko kuma domin sanin matakin da ya kamata a biya diyya na rashi ko sauye-sauyen ayyukan dausayi, kamar ta hanyar farfado da gurbataccen dausayi a wani gurin daban ko samar da karin kariya ga dausayin da ke akwai. Ana kuma amfani da hanyoyin aunawa cikin sauri kafin da kuma bayan an farfado ko an canza dausayi domin taimakawa wajen sanya ido ko hango tasirin wadannan ayyuka a kan ayyukan dausayi daban-daban da hidimomin da suke samarwa. Yawanci ana daukar auna abun a matsayin "cikin sauri" lokacin da yake bukatar ziyara guda daya kacal zuwa dausayin wanda ke daukar kasa da rana guda, wanda a wasu lokutan zai iya hadawa da fassara hotunan sararin samaniya da nazarin tsarin bayanan kasa (geographic information system - GIS) na bayanan sararin samaniya da ke akwai, amma ba tare da faffadan nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje na samfuran ruwa ko na halittu bayan ziyarar ba.

Domin samun daidaito a tsakanin mutanen da ke gudanar da aikin auna abun, hanyoyin cikin sauri suna gabatar da wasu muhimman alamu a matsayin tambayoyi ko jerin abubuwan dubawa (checklists) a kan takardun bayanan da aka daidaita, kuma mafi yawancin hanyoyin suna daidaita tsarin ba da maki ko kiyantawa da ake amfani da shi wajen hada martanin tambayoyi zuwa cikin kiyasin matakan takaitattun ayyuka dangane da matakan da aka kiyanta a sauran dausayi ("wurare na nuni" ko calibration sites) da aka auna a baya a cikin wani yanki.[116] Hanyoyin aunawa cikin sauri, galibi saboda suna amfani da dumbin alamun yanayi da ke kewaye da dausayi gami da cikin dausayin kansa, suna da nufin samar da kiyasin ayyuka da hidimomin dausayi wadanda suka fi inganci da kuma iya maimaitawa fiye da kawai bayyana nau'in rukunin dausayin.[117] Bukatar gudanar da auna dausayi cikin sauri tana tasowa ne musamman lokacin da hukumomin gwamnati suka sanya iyakokin lokaci don yanke shawara da ke shafar dausayi ko kuma lokacin da adadin dausayin da ke bukatar bayanai kan ayyukansu ko yanayinsu yake da yawa.

Rajistan rukuni

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Kodayake gudanar da rajistan rukunonin dausayi na duniya (global inventory) ya kasance babban aiki mai wahala, kokari da dama a matakan gida sun yi nasara.[118] Kokarin da ake yi yanzu ya ginu ne a kan bayanan da ke akwai, amma duka biyun wato kasaftawa da kuma fadin hoton sararin samaniya (spatial resolution) wani lokacin sun nuna rashin wadatar su don yanke shawarar gudanarwar muhalli na takaitaccen yanki ko wuri na musamman. Gano kananan dausayi, masu tsawo, kuma matatattu a cikin yanayin kasa yana da wahala. Mafi yawancin tauraron dan adam na hango nesa (remote sensing) na yanzu basu da isasshen fadin hoto na sarari da na haske (spatial and spectral resolution) don sanya ido kan yanayin dausayi, kodayake bayanan multispectral na IKONOS[119] da QuickBird[120] zasu iya ba da ingantaccen fadin hoto na sarari da zaran ya kasance mita 4 ko fiye da haka. Mafi yawancin pixels din sun kasance ne kawai cakuda nau'ikan shuke-shuke ko nau'ikan tsire-tsire daban-daban. Suna da wahalar warewa, wanda hakan ke fassara zuwa rashin ikon kasafta tsire-tsire da ke ayyana dausayin. Samuwar bayanan siffar tsire-tsire na 3D da bayanan fasalin kasa daga LiDAR da ke kara karuwa ya magance wani bangare na gazawar hotunan multispectral na gargajiya, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu bincike na musamman a daukacin duniya.[121]

Sanya ido da tsara taswira

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Dausayi yana bukaci a sanya masa ido[122] a tsawon lokaci domin auna ko yana aiki a matakin dorewa na muhalli ko kuma yana fuskantar lalacewa.[123] Dausayin da ya lalace zai fuskanci rashi a ingancin ruwa, rashin nau'ikan halittu masu saurin fuskantar matsala, gami da gudanarwar da ba ta dace ba ta tsarin sinadaran kasa (soil geochemical processes).

A zahiri, dausayi na dabi'a da dama suna da wahalar sanya ido a kansu daga kasa duba da cewa sau da yawa suna da wahalar shiga sannan suna iya bukatar fuskantar hadarin shuke-shuke da dabbobi masu hatsari gami da cututtuka da kwari ko sauran halittu marasa kashin baya ke dauke da su. Hango nesa (remote sensing) kamar hotunan sararin samaniya da hoton tauraron dan adam[124] suna samar da ingantattun kayan aiki don tsara taswira da sanya ido kan dausayi a daukacin manyan yankuna na kasa gami da a tsawon lokaci. Ana iya amfani da hanyoyin hango nesa da dama don tsara taswirar dausayi. Hadakar bayanan da ke fitowa daga tushe maza daban-daban kamar LiDAR da hotunan sararin samaniya ta nuna yin tasiri sosai wajen tsara taswirar dausayi fiye da amfani da hotunan sararin samaniya kadai,[121] musamman tare da taimakon hanyoyin koyon inji na zamani (misali, deep learning - koyo mai zurfi). Gaba daya, amfani da bayanan dijital yana samar da tsarin tattara bayanai da aka daidaita gami da dama ta hadakar bayanai a cikin tsarin bayanan kasa (geographic information system).

Dokoki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙoƙarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙoƙarin Ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kowace ƙasa da yanki na da ma'anar da aka tsara ta doka game da dausayin ruwa domin dalilan shari'a. A Amurka, ana bayyana dausayin ruwa a matsayin "wuraren da ruwa daga saman ƙasa ko ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ke mamayewa ko jiƙa su akai-akai na tsawon lokacin da ya isa ya tallafa wa, kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayi na al'ada suna tallafa wa, yawancin tsirrai da suka dace da rayuwa a cikin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa. Dausayin ruwa gabaɗaya sun haɗa da fadamomi, ciyayi masu ruwa, bogs da makamantan wurare".[125] An yi amfani da wannan ma'ana wajen aiwatar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act). Wasu jihohin Amurka, kamar Massachusetts da New York, suna da ma'anoni nasu daban waɗanda za su iya bambanta da na gwamnatin tarayya.

A cikin Dokokin Amurka (United States Code), an bayyana kalmar dausayin ruwa a matsayin "ƙasar da (A) take da rinjayen ƙasashe masu ruwa (hydric soils), (B) ruwa daga saman ƙasa ko ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ke mamayewa ko jiƙa ta akai-akai na tsawon lokacin da ya isa ya tallafa wa yawaitar tsirrai masu son ruwa (hydrophytic vegetation) waɗanda suka dace da rayuwa a cikin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa, kuma (C) a ƙarƙashin yanayi na al'ada tana tallafa wa irin waɗannan tsirrai." Dangane da waɗannan ma'anonin shari'a, ana sa ran "yanayi na al'ada" ya kasance a lokacin damina na lokacin girman tsirrai a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi na yau da kullum (ba matsanancin fari ko matsanancin damina ba) kuma ba tare da wani babban tashin hankali ga muhalli ba. Ba sabon abu ba ne dausayin ruwa ya kasance busasshe na dogon lokaci a lokacin girman tsirrai. Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli na al'ada, ƙasar za ta kasance cike da ruwa har zuwa saman ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da yanayin rashin iskar oxygen (anaerobic conditions) wanda ke ci gaba a lokacin damina na lokacin girman tsirrai.[126]

Kanada

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Dausayin ruwa da manufofin dausayin ruwa a Kanada[127]
  • Sauran manufofi na kowane lardi da yanki daban-daban[127]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  98. ↑ Tang, Yun; Leon, Arturo S.; Kavvas, M. L. (2020-03-01). "Impact of Size and Location of Wetlands on Watershed-Scale Flood Control". Water Resources Management (in Turanci). 34 (5): 1693–1707. Bibcode:2020WatRM..34.1693T. doi:10.1007/s11269-020-02518-3. ISSN 1573-1650.
  99. ↑ Ferreira, Carla S. S.; Kašanin-Grubin, Milica; Solomun, Marijana Kapović; Sushkova, Svetlana; Minkina, Tatiana; Zhao, Wenwu; Kalantari, Zahra (2023-06-01). "Wetlands as nature-based solutions for water management in different environments". Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health. 33. Bibcode:2023COESH..3300476F. doi:10.1016/j.coesh.2023.100476. ISSN 2468-5844. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  100. ↑ Inglis, J. T. (1993). Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases. Ottawa, Canada: International Program on Traditional Ecological and International Development Research Centre. ISBN 978-0-88936-683-1.
  101. ↑ Craft, Christopher (2022-05-12). Creating and Restoring Wetlands: From Theory to Practice (in Turanci). Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-823982-7.
  102. ↑ "Wetlands International works to sustain and restore wetlands for people and biodiversity". Wetlands International. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  103. 1 2 3 Williamson, Phillip; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2022). "Carbon Removal Using Coastal Blue Carbon Ecosystems Is Uncertain and Unreliable, With Questionable Climatic Cost-Effectiveness". Frontiers in Climate. 4. Bibcode:2022FrCli...4.3666W. doi:10.3389/fclim.2022.853666. ISSN 2624-9553. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help) Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
  104. ↑ Synthesis of Adaptation Options for Coastal Areas. Climate Ready Estuaries Program, EPA 430-F-08-024. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. 2009.
  105. ↑ "Coastal Wetland Protection". Project Drawdown (in Turanci). 2020-02-06. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  106. 1 2 Chmura, G. L. (2003). "Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils". Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 17 (4): 1111. Bibcode:2003GBioC..17.1111C. doi:10.1029/2002GB001917. S2CID 36119878. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)[page needed]
  107. ↑ Roulet, N. T. (2000). "Peatlands, Carbon Storage, Greenhouse Gases, And The Kyoto Protocol: Prospects And Significance For Canada". Wetlands. 20 (4): 605–615. doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0605:pcsgga]2.0.co;2. S2CID 7490212.
  108. ↑ Ouyang, Xiaoguang; Lee, Shing Yip (2020-01-16). "Improved estimates on global carbon stock and carbon pools in tidal wetlands". Nature Communications (in Turanci). 11 (1): 317. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..317O. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-14120-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6965625. PMID 31949151.
  109. ↑ "Blue Carbon". Earth Times. 19 March 2019.
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  111. 1 2 Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A. Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V.  Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, et al., 2021: Technical Summary Archived 2022-07-21 at the Wayback Machine. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Archived 2021-08-09 at the Wayback Machine [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 33–144. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.002.
  112. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Blue Carbon". American University (in Turanci). Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
  113. ↑ Emerton, Lucy (2016), Finlayson, C. Max; Everard, Mark; Irvine, Kenneth; McInnes, Robert J. (eds.), "Economic Valuation of Wetlands: Total Economic Value", The Wetland Book (in Turanci), Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–6, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6172-8_301-1, ISBN 978-94-007-6172-8
  114. ↑ "A new toolkit for National Wetlands Inventories | Convention on Wetlands". www.ramsar.org. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
  115. ↑ McInnes, R.J.; Everard, M. (2017). "Rapid Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Services (RAWES): An example from Colombo, Sri Lanka". Ecosystem Services (in Turanci). 25: 89–105. Bibcode:2017EcoSv..25...89M. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.03.024. S2CID 56403914.
  116. ↑ Adamus, P. (2016). "Manual for the Wetland Ecosystem Services Protocol (WESP)" (PDF). Oregon State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-28. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  117. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "ACADEMIC PRESS".
  118. ↑ "Home | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
  119. ↑ Wei, Anhua; Chow-Fraser, Patricia (2007). "Use of IKONOS Imagery to Map Coastal Wetlands of Georgian Bay". Fisheries (in Turanci). 32 (4): 167–173. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(2007)32[167:UOIITM]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0363-2415.
  120. ↑ Cook, Bruce D.; Bolstad, Paul V.; Næsset, Erik; Anderson, Ryan S.; Garrigues, Sebastian; Morisette, Jeffrey T.; Nickeson, Jaime; Davis, Kenneth J. (2009-11-16). "Using LiDAR and quickbird data to model plant production and quantify uncertainties associated with wetland detection and land cover generalizations". Remote Sensing of Environment (in Turanci). 113 (11): 2366–2379. Bibcode:2009RSEnv.113.2366C. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.06.017.
  121. 1 2 Xu, Haiqing; Toman, Elizabeth; Zhao, Kaiguang; Baird, John (2022). "Fusion of Lidar and Aerial Imagery to Map Wetlands and Channels via Deep Convolutional Neural Network". Transportation Research Record. 2676 (12): 374–381. doi:10.1177/03611981221095522. S2CID 251780248 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  122. ↑ Stephenson, P. J.; Ntiamoa-Baidu, Yaa; Simaika, John P. (2020). "The Use of Traditional and Modern Tools for Monitoring Wetlands Biodiversity in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities". Frontiers in Environmental Science. 8. Bibcode:2020FrEnS...8...61S. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2020.00061. ISSN 2296-665X. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  123. ↑ Bhatnagar, Saheba; Gill, Laurence; Regan, Shane; Waldren, Stephen; Ghosh, Bidisha (2021-04-01). "A nested drone-satellite approach to monitoring the ecological conditions of wetlands". ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (in Turanci). 174: 151–165. Bibcode:2021JPRS..174..151B. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.01.012. ISSN 0924-2716. S2CID 233522024 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  124. ↑ Munizaga, Juan; García, Mariano; Ureta, Fernando; Novoa, Vanessa; Rojas, Octavio; Rojas, Carolina (2022). "Mapping Coastal Wetlands Using Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning in a Highly Urbanized Landscape". Sustainability (in Turanci). 14 (9): 5700. Bibcode:2022Sust...14.5700M. doi:10.3390/su14095700. ISSN 2071-1050.
  125. ↑ "EPA Regulations listed at 40 CFR 230.3(t)". US Environmental Protection Agency. March 2015. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
  126. ↑ US Government Publishing Office. (2011) 16 U.S. Code Chapter 58 Subchapter I, § 3801 – Definitions Archived 2017-02-06 at the Wayback Machine. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, Ithaca.
  127. 1 2 Rubec, C. D.A.; Hanson, A. R (2009). "Wetland mitigation and compensation: Canadian experience". Wetlands Ecol Manage. 17 (1): 3–14. Bibcode:2009WetEM..17....3R. doi:10.1007/s11273-008-9078-6. S2CID 32876048.
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