Death and the King's Horseman

Death and the King's Horseman
Asali
Mawallafi	Wole Soyinka
Lokacin bugawa	1993
Bugawa	Methuen Publishing (mul)
Characteristics
Genre (en)	fiction literature (en)
Harshe	Turanci

Death and the King's Horseman wasa ne da Wole Soyinka ya yi bisa wani lamari na gaske da ya faru a Najeriya a zamanin mulkin mallaka : hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun hana mai doki na wani Sarkin Yarabawa yin kisan kai na al'ada . Baya ga shiga tsakani da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka yi, Soyinka ya kira rashin tabbas kan hukuncin mai doki na kashe kansa, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsala da ke jefa al'umma cikin rashin daidaito.

Soyinka ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo a Cambridge, inda ya kasance abokin aikinsa a Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin da yake gudun hijira daga Najeriya. Ya kuma rubuta gabatarwar wasan kwaikwayo, yana bayyana abin da yake gani a matsayin mafi girman kuskuren fahimta a fahimtarsa. Musamman ma, ya ce bai kamata a ɗauki wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin "rikicin al'adu ba." Maimakon haka, wasan kwaikwayon yana nuna buƙatar hulɗa tsakanin al'adun Afirka da na Turai, kamar yadda falsafar al'adun bayan Biafra ta Soyinka ta nuna.

Labari

Mutuwa da Mai Hawan Sarki ya gina a kan labarin gaskiya wanda Soyinka ya kafa wasan, don mayar da hankali kan halin Elesin, Mai Hawan Sarkin na taken. A cewar wasu hadisai na Yoruba, mutuwar sarki dole ne a bi ta da kisan kai na al'ada na mahayin sarki da kare da doki na sarki, saboda ruhun mahayin yana da mahimmanci don taimakawa ruhun Sarki ya hau zuwa bayan rayuwa. In ba haka ba, ruhun sarki zai yawo a duniya kuma ya cutar da mutanensa. Rabin farko na wasan kwaikwayon ya rubuta tsarin wannan al'ada, tare da mai iko, mai son rayuwa Elesin yana rayuwa a ranarsa ta ƙarshe a cikin bikin kafin a fara aikin al'ada. A cikin minti na ƙarshe, mai kula mai mulkin mallaka na yankin, Simon Pilkings, ya shiga tsakani, hukumomin mulkin mallaka suna kallon kashe kansa a matsayin ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba dole ba.

A cikin wasan kwaikwayo, sakamakon al'umma ya zama bala'i, domin karya al'adar yana nufin wargaza tsarin sararin samaniya na duniya, don haka jin daɗin jama'a da makomar taron jama'a suna cikin shakku. Al'umma tana zargin Elesin kamar Pilkings, tana zarginsa da cewa ya fi sha'awar duniya don ya cika wajibai na ruhaniya. Abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da bala'i lokacin da ɗan Elesin, Olunde, wanda ya dawo Najeriya daga karatun likitanci a Turai, ya ɗauki nauyin mahaifinsa kuma ya kashe kansa a madadinsa don dawo da mutuncin iyalinsa da tsarin duniya. Saboda haka, Elesin ya kashe kansa, yana la'antar ransa ga rayuwa mara kyau a duniya mai zuwa. Bugu da ƙari, tattaunawar ɗan asalin ƙasar ta nuna cewa wannan ƙila bai isa ba kuma yanzu duniya ta "ɓace a cikin kogo".

Wani marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, Duro Ladipo, ya riga ya rubuta wani wasan kwaikwayo a cikin harshen Yarbanci bisa ga wannan lamari, mai suna Oba waja ("Sarki ya Mutu").

Jigogi da kuma siffofi

• Aiki
• Wasu masana suna ɗaukar adawa da mulkin mallaka a matsayin jigo bisa ga ɓangarorin rubutun, amma Soyinka ya kira shi musamman da shiga tsakani da mai mulkin mallaka ya yi "wani lamari, wani lamari mai tayar da hankali kawai" a cikin "Bayanin Marubuci" wanda aka shirya don wasan kwaikwayo.

Karin maganar Yarbawa

Kusan kowanne hali a cikin fim ɗin Death and the King's Horseman a wani lokaci yana amfani da karin maganar gargajiya ta Yarbawa. Ta hanyar iliminsa mai yawa game da karin maganar Yarbawa, Soyinka ya sami damar ba wa wasansa wani ra'ayi mai ƙarfi na Yarbawa.

Sau da yawa haruffa suna amfani da karin maganar Yarbawa a matsayin hanyar ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsu da kuma shawo kan wasu su ɗauki ra'ayinsu.

Mawakin ya yi fushi da Elesin saboda shawarar da ya yanke na auren sabuwar mata kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin hana shi yin hakan:

Domin mutumin ya kusanci sabuwar amarya, ya manta da tsohuwar uwar 'ya'yansa.

Ariyawo-ko-iyale

Hakazalika, Iyaloja yana ƙoƙarin gargaɗi Elesin game da sha'awarsa ta duniya da kuma bin al'adar da albarkun al'ummarsa suka dogara a kanta:

Cin goron awusa ba shi da wahala kamar shan ruwa bayan haka.

Ati je asala [awusa] ko to ati mu omi si i .

Wata hanyar da Soyinka ya saba amfani da karin magana ita ce ta hanyar Elesin . Elesin da kansa ya yi amfani da karin magana da dama domin ya shawo kan takwarorinsa cewa zai bi al'adarsu ta haka ya shiga cikin kakanninsu a Orun :

Kite ɗin yana samar da sarari mai faɗi kuma iska tana ratsawa a bayan wutsiyarsa; shin kite ɗin zai iya cewa ƙasa da na gode, da sauri zai fi kyau?

Awodi to'o nre Ibara, efufu ta a n'idi pa o ni Ise kuku ya .

Giwa ba ta bin sawu ba; wannan sarkin bai riga ya sami kambin sarauta ba wanda zai yi wa giwa kambi.

Ajanaku kuro ninn 'mo ri nkan firi, bi a ba ri erin ki a ni a ri erin

Kogin ba ya taɓa yin tsayi sosai har idanun kifi a rufe suke.

Odu ki ikun bo eja l'oju

Hanya ta ƙarshe da karin magana ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ita ce lokacin da Iyaloja da mawaƙin Yabo suka tursasa Elesin yayin da yake tsare saboda rashin kammala rawar da ya taka a cikin al'adar:

Bai kamata a riƙe abin da ba mu da niyyar ci a hanci ba.

Ohun ti a ki i je a ki ifif run imu

Mun ce kai ne mafarauci da ke dawowa gida cikin nasara, barewa da aka kashe yana matse wuyansa; ka ce jira, dole ne in fara buɗe wannan ramin kurket da yatsun kafata.

A ki i ru eran erin lori ki a maa f’ese wa ire n’ile

Kogin da ke cika a gaban idanunmu ba ya ɗauke mu cikin ambaliyar ruwansa.

Odo ti a t'oju eni kun ki igbe 'ni lo

Wasanni

Rikodin wani yanayi a cikin fim ɗin Mutuwa da Mai Dokin Sarki wanda aka nuna a TerraKulture

Rikodin wani yanayi a cikin fim ɗin Mutuwa da Mai Dokin Sarki wanda aka nuna a TerraKulture

An rubuta shi a cikin fage biyar, kuma ana yin sa ba tare da katsewa ba. Soyinka da kansa ya jagoranci muhimman shirye-shiryen Amurka, a Chicago a 1976 da kuma a Lincoln Center da ke New York a 1987, amma a cewar Andrew Gumbel, wasan kwaikwayon "an yaba shi sosai fiye da yadda aka yi shi".

Phyllida Lloyd ce ta ba da umarnin fara wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya a Royal Exchange Theatre da ke Manchester a shekarar 1990. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin fitattun jarumai irin su George Harris da Claire Benedict .

An yi wasan kwaikwayo a Royal National Theatre na London tun daga watan Afrilun 2009, wanda Rufus Norris ya jagoranta, tare da rawar da Javier de Frutos ya taka, kuma Lucian Msamati ya fito a matsayin jarumi. Haka kuma, St. Louis Black Repertory Theatre ya shirya wasan kwaikwayo a watan Fabrairun 2008, wanda Olusegun Ojewuyi ya jagoranta, wanda ya kasance mai taka rawa a cikin shirin Oregon Shakespeare. An yi wasan kwaikwayon a bikin Oregon Shakespeare daga 14 ga Fabrairu zuwa 5 ga Yuli, 2009. An kuma yi fassarar Yarbanci Iku Olokun Esin a National Theatre, Lagos, Najeriya, wanda Olusegun Ojewuyi ya jagoranta (don haka ya sanya shi darakta na farko kuma tilo da ya shirya wasan kwaikwayo a Turanci da Yarbanci - harshe da al'adun wasan kwaikwayo).

A shekarar 2021, an yi wasan kwaikwayo a kan dandamali a Terra Kulture, wanda Bolanle Austen-Peters ya ba da umarni tare da haɗin gwiwar MTN Foundation. Ya fito a cikin jerin jaruman Olarotimi Michael Fakunle a matsayin Elesin Oba da Mawuyon Ogun a matsayin Iyaloja.

A shekarar 2021, Kamfanin Wasan Kwaikwayo na Crane Creations ya jagoranci wani taron Wasan Kwaikwayo na Mutuwa da Mai Dokin Sarki. Wannan karatun wasan kwaikwayo na wata-wata ana gudanar da shi ne ta ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masu fasahar wasan kwaikwayo don manufar yaɗawa da ƙara godiya ga marubutan wasan kwaikwayo daga ko'ina cikin duniya.

An haɗa shi cikin shirin bikin Stratford na Kanada na 2022, kuma Tawiah M'Carthy ce ta ba da umarni.

A shekarar 2025, Utopia Theatre da Sheffield Theatres sun shirya wani shiri daga ranar 3-8 ga Fabrairu a The Crucible Theatre, Sheffield, wanda Mojisola Kareem ya ba da umarni, kuma ya nuna Wale Ojo a matsayin Elesin da Kehinde Bankole a matsayin Iyaloja.

Fassarori

Rashanci: na Andrey Kistyakovsky, 1987

Yorùbá: by Akinwunmi Ishola, 1994

Yorùbá (don daidaitawar allo ) na Kola Tubosun, 2022

Daidaitawa

An shirya fim ɗin ne ta hanyar marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Biyi Bandele (tare da rubutun da aka fassara zuwa Yaren mutanen Ingila ta hanyar ƙwararren masanin harsunan Najeriya Kola Tubosun ) kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar Netflix da Ebonylife TV mai suna Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman ya sami babban fim ɗinsa na duniya a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Toronto a watan Satumba na 2022. Fim ɗin ya fito a cikin taurarin Odunlade Adekola, Shaffy Bello, Brymo, Deyemi Okanlawon, Omowunmi Dada, Jide Kosoko, Kevin Ushi, Jenny Stead, Mark Elderkin, Langley Kirkwood, Taiwo Ajai-Lycett, da Joke Silva .