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Delgamuukw da British Columbia

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Delgamuukw da British Columbia
decision of the Supreme Court of Canada (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Bangare na Canadian Aboriginal law (en) Fassara
Laƙabi Delgamuukw, also known as Earl Muldoe, suing on his own behalf and on behalf of all the members of the Houses of Delgamuukw and Haaxw (and others) v. Her Majesty The Queen in Right of the Province of British Columbia and The Attorney General of Canada, Delgamuukw, conne également sous le nom d'Earl Muldoe, en son propre nom et au nom de tous les membres des maisons Delgamuukw et Haaxw (et autres) c. Sa Majesté la Reine du chef de la province de la Colombie-Britannique et Le Procureur général du Canada da Delgamuukw v. British Columbia
Ƙasa Kanada
Applies to jurisdiction (en) Fassara Kanada
Ranar wallafa 11 Disamba 1997
Kwanan wata 11 Disamba 1997
Work available at URL (en) Fassara canlii.org…, scc-csc.lexum.com…, canlii.org… da canlii.ca…
Legal citation of this text (en) Fassara [1997] 3 S.C.R. 1010 da 1997 CanLII 302 (SCC)
Court (en) Fassara Supreme Court of Canada (en) Fassara

Delgamuukw v British Columbia, [1997] 3 SCR 1010, kuma aka sani da Delgamuukw v The Sarauniya, Delgamuukw-Gisday'wa, ko kuma a sauƙaƙe Delgamuukw, hukunci ne da Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yi wanda ya ƙunshi cikakken asusunsa na farko na lakabin Aboriginal (wani nau'i na musamman) na Abori a Kanada . :99Mutanen Gitxsan da Wet'suwet'en sun yi iƙirarin taken Aboriginal da iko sama da murabba'in kilomita 58,000 a arewa maso yammacin British Columbia . Masu gabatar da kara sun yi rashin nasara a shari’ar, amma Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta amince da daukaka karar a wani bangare kuma ta ba da umarnin a sake yin shari’a saboda gazawar da ta shafi roko da kuma kula da shaida. A cikin wannan shawarar, Kotun ta ci gaba da bayyana "yanayi da iyakokin" na kariyar da aka ba wa lakabi na Aboriginal a karkashin sashe na 35 na Dokar Kundin Tsarin Mulki, 1982, ta bayyana yadda mai da'awar zai iya tabbatar da lakabi na Aboriginal, kuma ya fayyace yadda gwajin gaskatawa daga R v Sparrow ya shafi lokacin da aka keta sunan Aboriginal. :para 16Shawarar kuma tana da mahimmanci don kula da shaidar baka a matsayin shaida na aikin tarihi. [1] :91

Duk da yake yawancin yanke shawara na fasaha ne na fasaha (tun lokacin da aka ba da umarnin sabon gwaji saboda kurakuran yadda aka bi da shaida da kararraki), an sake maimaita ka'idodin Delgamuukw kuma an taƙaita su a cikin Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia, 2014 SCC 44. [2] :100,104Har yanzu dai ba a sake yin shari'a ta biyu a wannan shari'ar ba.

Fage

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Mutanen Gitxsan da Wet'suwet'en sun yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwari game da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, amincewa da ikon mallaka, da kuma mulkin kai tun lokacin da Turawa suka fara zama a ƙasashensu na gargajiya a cikin 1800s. [3] :540[4] Gwamnatin tarayya ta Kanada ta karɓi sanarwar Gitxsan na da'awar a cikin 1977, amma British Columbia ba za ta shiga cikin tsarin da'awar ƙasa ba. [5] [6] A shekara ta 1984, British Columbia ta fara ba da izinin shiga tsakani a yankin Gitxsan da Wet'suwet'en ba tare da izini daga shugabannin gado ba. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1984, Gitxsan talatin da biyar da sarakunan gado na Wet'suwet'en goma sha uku sun shigar da sanarwar da'awarsu ga Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya. [5] [4]

Pre- Delgamuukw kwatancin taken Aboriginal

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A cikin shekarun 1970s, kotuna sun "fara amincewa da wanzuwar haƙƙin Dokokin Aboriginal a cikin ƙasar banda waɗanda aka tanadar ta yarjejeniya ko doka." [7] A Calder v British Columbia (AG), Kotun Koli ta amince da cewa lakabin Aboriginal na ƙasa ya dogara ne akan "ma'auni na tarihi da mallaka" na yankunansu na al'ada kuma "ba ya dogara da yarjejeniya, odar zartarwa ko aiwatar da doka." [8] [9]

A cikin Guerin v The Queen, Kotun ta bayyana taken Aboriginal a matsayin haƙƙin sui generis, ba a samu a wani wuri a cikin dokar mallakar ba.[9] A cikin Canadian Pacific Ltd v Paul, Kotun ta bayyana, "ya fi haƙƙin jin daɗi da zama, kodayake, ... yana da wahala a bayyana abin da ya fi dacewa a cikin kalmomin dokar mallakar gargajiya. " A cikin R da Adams, Kotun sun ce taken Aboriginal wani nau'i ne na haƙƙin Aboriginal. [10][11][12]

Har sai Delgamuukw, babu wata kotun Kanada da ta bayyana dalla-dalla ma'anar taken Aboriginal. [6] Kuma, a farkon wannan shari'ar a cikin 1984, Sashe na 35 na <i id="mwrw">Dokar Tsarin Mulki, 1982</i> ya kasance sabo ne. Har yanzu kotuna ba su ba da ma'ana ga sashe na (1): "An gane da kuma tabbatar da haƙƙin Aboriginal da na yarjejeniya na mutanen Aboriginal na Kanada", kodayake ma'anar ta inganta sosai lokacin da shari'ar ta kai ga Kotun Koli a 1997.

Wanda ake tuhuma a madadin Wet'suwet'en da Gitxsan Nations

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Wanda ake tuhuma, an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1936, a matsayin 'Delgamuukw', ya yi aiki a matsayin jagoran 'yancin 'yan asalin Gitxsan, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan gado a ofishin shugabannin gado na Wetʼsuwetʼen, kuma a matsayin wakilin Majalisar Haɗin gwiwar Ƙabila ta Gitxsan da Wet'suwet'en ƙasashe. [13] A cikin 1997, saboda dalilin shari'ar kotu, 'Delgamuukw', sannan 61, an sanya sunansa anglicized da 'Earl Muldoe'. A cikin 2010, Muldoe kuma an nada shi a matsayin ' Sahabi na Order of Canada ' don zane-zane da fasaha. Delgamuukw ya rasu a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2022, yana da shekaru 85. [14] [15]

Kotunan British Columbia

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Da'awar

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A cikin 1984, shugabannin gadon Gitxsan da Wet'suwet'en sun yi iƙirarin, a madadin Gidajensu, taken Aboriginal da ba a kashe ba da ikon yanki a arewa maso yammacin British Columbia wanda ya kai murabba'in kilomita 58,000, da kuma biyan diyya ga ƙasar da ta riga ta keɓe . [7] [16] [17] Delgamuukw (sunan Ingilishi Earl Muldoe) ya kasance mai da'awar Gitxsan, yayin da Gisday'wa (Alfred Joseph) yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ke wakiltar Wet'suwet'en. Da'awar ikon mulki labari ne. Idan wannan da'awar ta yi nasara, dokokin 'yan asalin za su yi nasara idan aka yi karo da dokar lardi. [6] BC yayi jayayya cewa "masu gabatar da kara ba su da wani hakki ko sha'awa a cikin ƙasa, kuma cewa da'awar su ta diyya ya kamata ta kasance a kan gwamnatin tarayya." [7]

Shari'a da shawarar Babban Mai Shari'a McEachern (1991)

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Shari'ar ta ɗauki kwanaki 374 (kwanaki 318 na shaida da kwanaki 56 na muhawara), wanda ya wuce Mayu 11, 1987, zuwa Yuni 30, 1990, a Vancouver da Smithers, British Columbia . [11] [16] [17]

Gitxsan da Wet'suwet'en sun dogara da tarihin baka a matsayin shaida game da dangantakarsu ta tarihi da ƙasar. [18] [17] [16] [19] Shaidu sittin da daya sun ba da shaida a lokacin shari’a, da yawa a cikin yarukansu, ta amfani da masu fassara. [17] Wasu shaidu sun rera ko bayyana waƙoƙin biki da wasan kwaikwayon da suka shafi adaawḵ (tarihin jini na mutum) na Gitxsan da kungax (waƙa ko waƙoƙi game da hanyoyi tsakanin yankuna) [17] [20] na Wet'suwet'en. [16] [17] An fassara wasu daga cikin wannan ilimin zuwa taswira. [16]

An saki hukuncin da Alkalin Alkalai Allan McEachern ya yi a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1991. Sabanin ka'idojin shari'a irin su Calder v British Columbia (AG), Alkali McEachern ya yi watsi da da'awar masu gabatar da kara ga taken Aboriginal, ikon (gwamnatin kai), da haƙƙin Aboriginal a cikin yankuna. [7] [17] Duk da gano cewa an kashe haƙƙin Aboriginal na Gitxsan da Wet'suwet'en, Babban Mai Shari'a McEachern ya gano cewa Crown ya yi alkawurra tun daga 1859 da 1860 wanda ya haifar da aikin amana: "don ba da izinin ƴan ƙabila, amma bisa ga ƙa'idar gama gari don amfani da duk wani yunƙuri na lardi, ba tare da izini ba. har sai lokacin da aka keɓe ƙasar ga wata manufa. [17] Ya kuma yi watsi da ikirari na lardin saboda sanarwar cewa Gitxsan da Wet'suwet'en ba su da wani hakki ko sha'awa a cikin yankin kuma don ayyana cewa kawai da'awarsu ta diyya na iya kasancewa kan Kanada. [17]

An soki wannan shawarar saboda yadda take bi da shaidar baka da kuma sautin sa. [7] :100Babban mai shari'a McEachern ya bayyana rayuwar tuntuɓar Gitxsan da Wet'suwet'en a matsayin "m, mara hankali, kuma gajere." [1] :100[21] Bai gane "cibiyoyin" da aka riga aka yi tuntuɓar ba kuma a maimakon haka ya ce "sun fi dacewa suyi aiki kamar yadda suka yi saboda ilhami na rayuwa." [17] [21] "bai iya yarda da adawk, kungax da al'adun baka a matsayin amintattun tushe don cikakken tarihi amma suna iya tabbatar da binciken bisa wasu shaidun da aka yarda." [17] Ya bayyana matsayin Gitxsan da Wet'suwet'en a matsayin "idyllic" da "romantic". [20] Kungiyar al'ummar Kanada Anthroology ta ce hukuncin "Godatous yayi watsi da shaidar kimiyya, an kore shi da imanin mulkin mallaka kuma ya kafe shi a cikin mulkin mallaka cewa Furi'a Al'umma cewa Farar fataucin mutane ne marasa hankali." [22] Babban Mai Shari'a Lamer, ya rubuta wa masu rinjaye a Kotun Koli na Kanada, ya yarda cewa Babban Mai Shari'a McEachern ba shi da amfani ga dalilai daga R v Van der Peet, wanda ya ce "kotu ba dole ba ne su yi watsi da shaidar da masu da'awar asali suka gabatar kawai saboda shaidar ba ta dace daidai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su a wasu ka'idoji ba."

Kotun daukaka kara ta British Columbia (1993)

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Gitxsan da Wet'suwet'en sun daukaka kara. A cikin lokaci tsakanin shari'ar shari'ar da kuma roko, gwamnatin British Columbia ta canza jam'iyyun, daga Social Credit Party zuwa New Democratic Party . Sabuwar gwamnati ta yi watsi da matsayin da aka dauka a shari'a kan batun kashe wuta, don haka aka nada amici curiae don taimaka wa kotun a kan wannan batu. [7] [23]

A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1993, mambobi biyar na Kotun Daukaka Kara na British Columbia sun yi watsi da hukuncin Mai shari'a McEachern na cewa an kashe duk wani haƙƙin Aboriginal na masu ƙara. [7] Kotun daukaka kara ta ba da umarnin mayar da shari’ar zuwa shari’a don tantance yanayi da iyakokin waɗancan haƙƙoƙin Aboriginal. Biyu daga cikin alkalan, da ba su yarda ba, da sun yi gaba don su ba da damar daukaka kara kan batun taken 'yan kabilar Aborigin da kuma mayar da tambayar a gaban shari'a. [7] [23] [11]

Kotun Koli ta Kanada

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A cikin Maris 1994, Gitxsan da Wet'suwet'en da lardin British Columbia an ba su izinin daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli ta Kanada. Duk da haka, sun sami dage zaman don ci gaba da sasantawa a maimakon haka. Lardin ya dakatar da waɗannan shawarwarin a watan Fabrairun 1996 kuma bangarorin sun farfado da shari'arsu. [7] [24]

An saurari karar a Kotun Koli na Kanada a ranar 16 da 17 ga Yuni, 1997. Alkalan shida sun sanar da yanke hukuncin a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 1997. [7] [11] Ra'ayin Babban Mai Shari'a Lamer ya jawo mafi rinjaye: Justices Cory da Major sun shiga; Justice McLachlin ya amince. Ra'ayin da ya dace na Justice La Forest ya haɗu da Justice L'Heureux-Dubé ; Mai shari'a McLachlin ya kasance cikin yarjejeniya mai mahimmanci. [11]

Duka masu rinjaye da haɗin kai sun yarda cewa kuskure ne don "[amalgama] da'awar mutum guda 51 da Gitksan da Wet'suwet'en Houses suka kawo cikin da'awar gama gari guda biyu, ɗaya ta kowace ƙasa, don taken Aboriginal da mulkin kai." Kotun ta sami wannan kuskuren ya isa ya kira sabon gwaji. Don haka, sauran ra'ayi na fasaha ne na fasaha, amma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci saboda an sake maimaita shi kuma an taƙaita shi a cikin Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia . [3] :100,104

Mafi rinjaye kuma sun gano cewa binciken gaskiya na kotun shari'a ba zai iya tsayawa ba saboda tsarin shari'a McEachern bai cika ka'idodin da aka shimfida a R v Van der Peet ba.

Sunan na asali

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Alkalin Alkalai Lamer ya takaita abin da ke cikin taken Aborigine:


Mafi rinjaye sun tabbatar da cewa wannan haƙƙi ne na sui generis wanda ya samo asali daga mamayar ƙasar da 'yan asalin ƙasar suka yi; [25] ba kuɗi mai sauƙi ba ne. Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun (cewa amfani da kariya ba zai iya daidaitawa ba tare da yanayin haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar zuwa ƙasa) an samo shi daga ɗaya daga cikin dalilan lakabi na Aboriginal: kiyaye "dangantakar al'umma na asali da ƙasarta a nan shi ne cewa ya shafi ba kawai a baya ba, amma ga nan gaba kuma." [11] [25]

Yawancin suna sanya taken Aboriginal akan bakan tare da wasu haƙƙoƙin Aborigin: :138

  • ayyuka, al'adu, da al'adun da ke da alaƙa da al'adun ƙungiyar, ba tare da alaƙa da wani yanki na musamman ba, wanda har yanzu yana haifar da haƙƙin Aboriginal na waɗannan ayyukan.
  • ayyukan da ke faruwa a kan kuma suna da kusanci da wani yanki na musamman, wanda zai iya haifar da takamaiman haƙƙin Aboriginal, da kuma
  • Taken Aboriginal, wanda ya dace da ƙasar kanta, kuma wanda ke ƙunshe da haƙƙin amfani da yawa, kawai ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun amfani waɗanda ba a daidaita su da yanayin haɗin ƙungiyar zuwa ƙasar. [25]

Mafi rinjaye kuma sun fitar da gwajin tabbatar da kambun Babila: "(i) dole ne a mallaki ƙasar kafin ikon mallakar ƙasa, (ii) idan aka dogara da sana'ar da ake yi a yanzu a matsayin shaidar zama gabanin mulkin mallaka, dole ne a sami ci gaba tsakanin aikin na yanzu da na gabanin sarauta, kuma (iii) a wannan mulkin dole ne ya kasance na musamman." :para 143Wannan zai isa ya nuna cewa zama na ƙasar yana da "mahimmanci mai mahimmanci don zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga al'adun masu da'awar."

Cin zarafi da hujja

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Kamar yadda yake da sauran haƙƙoƙin Aborijin, ana iya cin zarafin take na Aborijin. Mafi rinjaye a Delgamuukw sun fayyace yadda gwajin gaskatawa ya samo asali a cikin R v Sparrow kuma wanda aka gyara a cikin R v Gladstone ya shafi lokacin da aka keta taken Aboriginal.

Mafi rinjaye sun tabbatar da faffadan sifa mai karfi da maƙasudin majalisu waɗanda za su iya haifar da ƙeta: "Halatta manufofin gwamnati sun haɗa da neman daidaiton tattalin arziki da yanki da kuma amincewa da dogaron tarihi akansa, da kuma shiga cikin kimun kifin da ƙungiyoyin da ba 'yan asalin ba." Sannan yaci gaba da cewa:


Hanya na biyu na gwajin gaskatawa yana tambaya ko cin zarafi ya kasance "daidai da dangantakar aminci ta musamman tsakanin Crown da mutanen asali." Wannan dangantaka ta aminci ta haifar da ƙarin ƙarin abubuwa biyu lokacin da aka keta taken Aboriginal: aikin tuntuɓar (wanda ya bambanta da matakin cin zarafi), da buƙatun bayar da diyya mai kyau. :paras 168,169

Mulkin kai

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Kotun ta ce shari’ar ba ta samar da isassun shaidun da za su ba da wani ra’ayi dangane da ‘yancin cin gashin kai ba.

Kashewa ta lardin

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Kotun ta yi imanin cewa lardin ba shi da ikon kashe haƙƙin Aboriginal, ko kai tsaye (saboda Sashe na 91 (24) na <i id="mwAiM">Kundin Tsarin Mulki, 1867</i> ) ko kuma a kaikaice ta hanyar dokoki na aikace-aikacen gabaɗaya (saboda ba za su iya nuna manufa ta zahiri ba).

Ƙarfafawa don yin shawarwari

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Dukkanin ra'ayoyin biyu sun ƙare ta hanyar ƙarfafa dukkan bangarorin da su bi yarjejeniyar da aka yi ta hanyar shawarwari na gaskiya.

Tasiri da magani na gaba

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Ka'idodin da Delgamuukw ya kafa an sake maimaita su kuma an taƙaita su a cikin Tsilhqot'in kuma an sake sake fasalin ƙayyadaddun iyaka. A can ne Kotun ta ce ba za a iya raba lakabin 'yan kabilar Ibo ba sai ga Sarauta ko kuma a sanya su ta hanyoyin da za su hana al'ummomin da ke gaba na kungiyar yin amfani da ita da kuma jin dadin ta. :105[26]

Shari'a ta biyu da aka ba da umarnin ba ta taɓa faruwa ba, don haka da'awar a cikin wannan har yanzu ba a warware ba. A cikin shekaru da yawa bayan yanke shawarar, lardin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin tattaunawa, kawai canza shi kadan. [27] Shawarar ba ta umarci gwamnati ta canza matsayinta ba kuma shawarar ta bayyana yadda take da daraja ta Aboriginal. [27] Gwamnati ta ɗauki wasu matakan wucin gadi waɗanda ke raba wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin da aka samu sakamakon haɓaka albarkatu a yankunan da ake da'awar ƙasa. [27] Amsa daga kasashe daban-daban na farko a British Columbia sun bambanta: wasu masu sha'awar tsarin shawarwarin yarjejeniya, wasu a cikin haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki ta hanyar matakan wucin gadi, wasu kuma suna la'akari da ƙarin ƙararraki. [27]

Delgamuukw ya fito a cikin tattaunawa game da bututun mai na Kanada na 2020 da zanga-zangar layin dogo, wanda aka fara cikin haɗin kai tare da shugabannin gadon Wet'suwet'en da ke adawa da haɓaka bututun iskar gas na Coastal ta hanyar yankin da suke da'awar haƙƙi da take.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Reynolds
  2. ↑ Burrows, John (Fall 1999). "Sovereignty's Alchemy: An Analysis of Delgamuukw v British Columbia". Osgoode Hall Law Journal. 37.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Burrows, John (Fall 1999). "Sovereignty's Alchemy: An Analysis of Delgamuukw v British Columbia". Osgoode Hall Law Journal. 37. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Burrows" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Recent History". gitxsan.com. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Smith Thesis Appendix E
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "A Lay Person's Guide to Delgamuukw" (PDF). BC Treaty Commission. November 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2019-02-22. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "BC Treaty" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 Hurley, Mary (Feb 2000). "Aboriginal Title: The Supreme Court of Canada Decision in Delgamuukw v. BC". Library of Parliament. Retrieved 2019-02-18. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "hurley" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ .Text
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 .Text
  10. ↑ .Text
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 .Text
  12. ↑ .Text
  13. ↑ "Legendary Gitxsan Indigenous rights leader dies at age 85". North Delta Reporter (in Turanci). 2022-01-05. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  14. ↑ Blagden, Jeff. "Legendary Gitxsan Artist and Indigenous Rights Icon Delgamuukw (Earl Muldon) Passes Away". CFNR Network (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  15. ↑ Stueck, Wendy (20 January 2022). "Gitxsan hereditary chief was lead plaintiff in famous Supreme Court case". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 31 October 2022. Mr. Muldon died in Hazelton, B.C., on Jan.3, at the age of 85, after a lengthy illness.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Spike, Matthew (1998). "A Map that Roared and an Original Atlas: Canada, Cartography, and the Narration of Nation". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 88 (3): 463–495. doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00109. S2CID 7663303. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Spike" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 .Text
  18. ↑ "Delgamuukw Case". The Canadian Encyclopedia. January 11, 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  19. ↑ "The Delgamuukw Court Action". Gitxsan. nd. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Cruikshank, Julie (1992). "Invention of Anthropology in British Columbia's Supreme Court: Oral Tradition as Evidence in Delgamuukw v. B.C." BC Studies. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Cruikshank" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Waldram, James; Berringer, Pat; Warry, Wayne (1992). ""Nasty, Brutish and Short": Anthropology and the Gitksan-Wet'suwet'en Decision" (PDF). The Canadian Journal of Native Studies. 12 (2): 309–311. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mulgrew
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 .Text
  24. ↑ "Province Suspends Treaty Negotiations with Gitxsan". BC Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs. February 1, 1996. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Joffe, Paul (2000). "Assessing the Delgamuukw Principles:National Implications and Potential Effects in Quebec" (PDF). McGill Law Journal. 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  26. ↑ .Text
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Dacks, Gurston (2002). "British Columbia after the Delgamuukw Decision: Land Claims and other Processes" (PDF). Canadian Public Policy. 28 (2): 239–255. doi:10.2307/3552327. JSTOR 3552327. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-24. Retrieved 2019-02-23.
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