Demokradiyya a Spain

 

In containing the right and keeping the army loyal to the government the support of the King, as commander-in-chief of the army, was critical, enabling the government to retire factious generals who regarded it as their duty to maintain the existing constitution.

Mutanen Espanya zuwa dimokuradiyya, wanda aka sani a Spain da la Transición ( [la tɾansiˈθjon]; 'Canjin') ko la Transición española ('Canjin Mutanen Spain'), lokaci ne na Tarihin Mutanen Espanya na zamani wanda ya ƙunshi Canjin mulkin kama-karya wanda ya tashi daga mulkin kama-hadar Francoist zuwa karfafa tsarin majalisa, a cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka a karkashin Juan Carlos I.eseses

Canjin dimokuradiyya ya fara ne kwana biyu bayan mutuwar Francisco Franco, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1975. Da farko, "masu siyasa da suka rage daga Francoism" sun yi ƙoƙari "don sake fasalin cibiyoyin mulkin kama-karya" ta hanyar hanyoyin shari'a da ke akwai, amma matsin lamba na zamantakewa da siyasa sun ga kafa majalisar dimokuradiyya a cikin Babban zaben 1977, wanda ke da ikon rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda aka amince da shi ta hanyar raba gardama a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1978. Shekaru masu zuwa sun ga farkon ci gaban mulkin doka da kafa Gwamnatin yanki, a cikin ta'addanci mai gudana, yunkurin <i id="mwLw">juyin mulki</i> da matsalolin tattalin arzikin duniya. An ce an kammala canjin ne bayan nasarar da jam'iyyar Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) ta samu a Babban zaben 1982 da kuma sauya ikon zartarwa na farko. Dimokuradiyya tana kan hanyar karfafawa.

Sakamakon ƙarshe na Canjin a cewar Casanova shine "akalla daga 1982 zuwa gaba, mulkin mallaka na majalisa, wanda ya dogara da kundin tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya, tare da adadi mai yawa na haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci, sakamakon sauyawa mai rikitarwa, cike da rikice-rikice, abubuwan da ba a tsammani da kuma matsalolin da ba a yi tsammani ba, a cikin yanayin rikicin tattalin arziki da rashin tabbas na siyasa. " , kamar yadda Firayim Minista González ya ce daga baya, "An riƙe kayan aikin jihar, gaba ɗaya, daga mulkin kama karya.

Abu mai mahimmanci, yawancin muhimman al'amura a cikin Canjin an karbe su ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci da 'yan adawa. Baya ga wannan jagorancin pragmatic, na jama'a, "a-nationalist" a Madrid, abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga nasarar Canjin sun kasance mulkin mallaka a matsayin alama mai haɗin kai da kuma kawar da tasirin Sojoji a rayuwar siyasa. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin aikin tashin hankali na Basque da kuma zaman lafiya na Catalonia, ya sami nasarar canza siyasar Spain a lokacin Canjin.

Duk da yake sau da yawa ana ambaton shi a matsayin misali na sauyawa na zaman lafiya, tattaunawar sauyawa, tashin hankali na siyasa a lokacin sauyawa na Mutanen Espanya ya fi yawa fiye da lokacin tsarin dimokuradiyya a Girka ko Portugal, tare da fitowar ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci masu rabuwa, hagu, fascist da masu tsaro da tashin hankali na 'yan sanda.

Sake dimokuradiyya ya kuma haifar da hadewar Spain cikin Turai, mafarki na masu ilimi na Spain tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19. Kokarin da ya gabata na dimokuradiyya ya haɗa da Jamhuriyar Mutanen Espanya ta farko da Jamhuryar Mutanen Spain ta biyu .

Matsayin siyasa na Juan Carlos I

Juan Carlos I a gaban Cortes Españolas, yayin da ya yi shelar zama Sarki a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1975

Janar Francisco Franco ya zo mulki a shekara ta 1939, bayan Yaƙin basasar Spain (a shekara ta 1936 da' shekarar 1939), kuma ya yi mulki a matsayin mai mulkin kama karya har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1975. A shekara ta 1969, ya nada Yarima Juan Carlos, jikan Sarkin Spain na baya-bayan nan, Alfonso XIII, a matsayin magajinsa. Shekaru shida masu zuwa, Yarima Juan Carlos ya kasance a bango yayin bayyanar jama'a kuma ya zama a shirye ya bi sawun Franco. Da zarar ya hau mulki a matsayin Sarkin Spain, duk da haka, ya sauƙaƙa ci gaban mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki kamar yadda mahaifinsa, Don Juan de Borbón, ya ba da shawara tun Shekarar 1946.

Sarki Juan Carlos na fara mulkinsa a matsayin shugaban kasa ba tare da barin iyakokin tsarin shari'ar Franco ba. Saboda haka, ya rantse da aminci ga ka'idodin Movimiento Nacional (National Movement), tsarin siyasa na zamanin Franco; ya mallaki kambin a gaban Francoist Cortes Españolas; kuma ya girmama Dokar Organic ta Jiha don nadin shugaban gwamnati na farko. Sai kawai a cikin jawabinsa a gaban Cortes ya nuna goyon bayansa ga canjin tsarin siyasar Spain. Wannan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Juan Carlos da dakarun siyasa da ke adawa da kiyaye halin da ake ciki ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga nasarar sauyawa ta Spain zuwa dimokuradiyya.

The transition was an ambitious plan that counted on ample support both within and outside of Spain. Western governments, headed by the United States, now favoured a Spanish constitutional monarchy, as did many Spanish and international liberal capitalists. The spectre of the Civil War still haunted Spain. Francoists on the far right enjoyed considerable support within the Spanish Army, and people of the left distrusted a king who owed his position to Franco. The King's legitimacy rested on this appointment; his father, Don Juan, did not renounce his claim until 14 May 1977. Liberal opinion at the time held therefore, that the throne's legitimacy could only be saved by establishing a democratic, constitutional and parliamentary monarchy.

Don sauyawa ya yi nasara, sojojin sun buƙaci guje wa shiga cikin tsarin siyasa a madadin bangarorin Francoist a cikin gwamnatin da ke akwai. Kamar yadda Raymond Carr ya bayyana,

Gwamnatin Carlos Arias Navarro (Nuwamba 1975 - Yuli 1976)

Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Ministan da ya fi muhimmanci a gwamnatin Arias Navarro

Sarki bai fara nada sabon Firayim Minista ba, ya bar shugaban gwamnati a karkashin Franco, Carlos Arias Navarro. Arias Navarro bai fara shirin sake fasalin mulkin Francoist ba; a cikin Majalisar Ƙasa ta Motsi, taron ba da shawara na jam'iyyar FET y de las JONS (Falange) mai mulki da sauran kungiyoyi a cikin Movimiento Nacional, ya bayyana cewa manufar gwamnatinsa ita ce ci gaba da Francoism ta hanyar "dimokuradiyya a hanyar Mutanen Espanya" (Spanish: democracia a la española). Ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a iyakance canje-canjen siyasa: zai ba majalisa, Cortes Españolas, aikin "sabunta dokokinmu da cibiyoyinmu kamar yadda Franco zai so".

Shirin sake fasalin da gwamnati ta karɓa shine wanda Manuel Fraga ya gabatar, ya ki amincewa da shirin Antonio Garrigues na zabar majalisa dokoki. Shirin Fraga ya yi niyyar cimma "dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi" wanda "ya dace da sauran ƙasashen Yammacin Turai" ta hanyar "tsarin sannu a hankali da sarrafawa", ta hanyar jerin gyare-gyare na Dokokin Tushen Masarautar. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa aka kira shawararsa "canji a ci gaba", kuma goyon bayansa ya fito ne galibi daga waɗanda suka kare tsarin zamantakewar Francoist.

Domin gyara ya yi nasara, dole ne ya sami goyon bayan ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Francoist da aka sani da Búnker, wanda ke da babban matsayi a cikin Cortes da Majalisar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa, cibiyoyin biyu da za su amince da sake fasalin Dokokin. Hakanan dole ne ta sami tallafi a cikin Sojoji da kuma cikin Kungiyar Kwadago ta Spain. Har ila yau, akwai bukatar a farantawa 'yan adawar demokradiyyar Francoism. Hanyar da aka bi wajen masu adawa da ita ita ce, ba za su kasance cikin tsarin gyara ba, amma za a ba su damar shiga harkokin siyasa gabaɗaya, ban da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Spain (Partido Comunista de España, PCE).[1] Wannan gyare-gyaren ra'ayin mazan jiya an yi shi ne ta wani bangare na tarihi na Maido da Demokaradiyya ta Bourbon (a shekara ta 1876 da' shekarar 1931), kuma an soki shi saboda rashin la'akari da yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa na lokacin.[1]

Aikin ya haɗu a cikin wani tsari don sake fasalin uku daga cikin Dokokin Muhimmanci, amma ainihin canje-canje za a ƙayyade su ta hanyar hadin gwiwar Gwamnati da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Motsi, kamar yadda Torcuato Fernández-Miranda da Adolfo Suárez suka gabatar. Halitta hukumar ta nuna cewa Fraga da masu gyara sun rasa iko da yawancin tsarin majalisa na kasar; masu gyarawa suna shirin sabuntawa "Dokar Majalisar da Kungiya", wanda ya haɗa da sake fasalin Dokar Laifin Mutanen Espanya. Duk da haka, sabuwar Dokar Majalisar ta wuce ta Cortes ta Francoist a ranar 25 ga Watan Mayu, shekara ta 1976, ta ba da damar zanga-zangar jama'a tare da izinin gwamnati. A wannan rana an kuma amince da Dokar Tarayyar Siyasa, tare da goyon bayan Suárez, wanda ya tabbatar a zaman majalisar cewa "idan Spain ta kasance da yawa, Cortes ba za ta iya musanta shi ba". Harkokin da Suárez ya yi don tallafawa wannan gyare-gyare ya girgiza mutane da yawa, ciki har da Juan Carlos I. Wannan shiga tsakani shine mabuɗin shawarar Juan Carlos na nada Suárez a matsayin Firayim Minista a cikin wata mai zuwa.

Canjin Arias-Fraga ya rushe a ranar 11 ga Yuni, lokacin da Cortes ta ki amincewa da canje-canje ga Dokar Laifuka, wanda a baya ya sanya shi laifi a haɗa shi da wata jam'iyya ta siyasa ban da FET y de las JONS. Mambobin Cortes, wadanda suka yi tsayayya da halatta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, sun kara da gyare-gyare ga dokar da ta haramta kungiyoyin siyasa da suka "yi biyayya ga horo na kasa da kasa" kuma "sun yi kira ga kafa mulkin kama karya". Javier Tusell ya nuna cewa "waɗanda a baya suka kasance a cikin gado tare da mulkin kama karya yanzu sun ji sun cancanci hana mulkin kama karya na wasu". Sauye-sauyen Dokokin Tushen da ke kula da maye gurbin sarauta da kuma abun da ke cikin Cortes, wanda Fraga ya tsara, suma sun gaza. Fraga ya yi niyyar sanya Cortes bicameral, tare da ɗayan ɗakin da aka zaba ta hanyar zaɓen duniya ɗayan kuma yana da halin "organic".

Gwamnatin farko ta Adolfo Suárez (A watan Yulin shekarar 1976 da' Yunin shekarar 1977)

Adolfo Suárez a cikin 1980

Torcuato Fernández-Miranda, shugaban Majalisar Masarautar, ya sanya Adolfo Suárez a cikin jerin 'yan takara uku ga Sarki Juan Carlos don zaɓar zama sabon shugaban gwamnati, ya maye gurbin Arias Navarro. Sarkin ya zaɓi Suárez saboda ya ji zai iya fuskantar ƙalubalen tsarin siyasa mai wuya da ke gaba: ya rinjayi Cortes, wanda ya kunshi 'yan siyasa na Francoist, don rushe tsarin Franco. Ta wannan hanyar, zai yi aiki a cikin tsarin shari'a na Francoist don haka ya guje wa yiwuwar shiga tsakani na soja a cikin tsarin siyasa. Juan Carlos ya nada Suárez a matsayin Firayim Minista na 138 na Spain a ranar 3 ga Yulin shekarar 1976, wani yunkuri wanda, saboda tarihin Francoist, 'yan hagu da wasu masu tsakiya sun yi adawa da shi.

A matsayinsa na Firayim Minista, Suárez da sauri ya gabatar da shirin siyasa mai kyau wanda ya danganci maki biyu:

• Ci gaban dokar sake fasalin siyasa, wanda, da zarar Cortes da jama'ar Spain sun amince da shi a cikin raba gardama, zai buɗe tsarin tsarin mulki don ƙirƙirar dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi a Spain.
• Za a gudanar da zaben dimokuradiyya a watan Yunin shekarar 1977 don zabar Cortes da ake tuhuma da tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulkin dimokuradiyar

Wannan shirin ya kasance a bayyane kuma ba tare da wata shakka ba, amma cikar sa ta gwada ikon siyasa na Suárez. Dole ne ya shawo kan 'yan adawa su shiga cikin shirinsa da kuma sojoji don ba da damar aiwatar da shi ba tare da katsewa ba, kuma a lokaci guda ana buƙatar kawo halin da ake ciki a cikin Basque Country a ƙarƙashin iko.

Duk da wadannan kalubalen, an gudanar da aikin Suárez ba tare da bata lokaci ba tsakanin Yuli 1976 da Yuni 1977. Dole ne ya yi aiki a bangarori da yawa a cikin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci don cimma burinsa.

Federica Montseny tana magana a taron CNT a Barcelona a 1977, bayan shekaru 36 na gudun hijira

Torcuato Fernández-Miranda, mai magana da yawun Cortes, ne ya rubuta daftarin Dokar Canjin Siyasa (Ley para la Reforma Política), wanda ya mika shi ga gwamnatin Suárez a watan Yulin shekarar 1976. Gwamnatin Suarez ta amince da aikin a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1976. Don buɗe ƙofar dimokuradiyya ta majalisa a Spain, wannan dokar ba za ta iya ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin siyasa ba ta hanyar kawar da cikas da gwamnatin Franco ta sanya game da dimokuradiya: dole ne ta kawar da tsarin Francoist ta hanyar Cortes na Francoist kanta. Cortes, a karkashin shugabancin Fernández-Miranda, sun yi muhawara game da wannan lissafin a cikin watan Nuwamba; daga ƙarshe sun amince da shi, tare da kuri'u 425 da suka goyi bayan, 59 da suka ƙi, da kuma 13 da suka guje.

Gwamnatin Suárez ta nemi samun karin halatta don canje-canjen ta hanyar raba gardama. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1976, tare da kashi 77.72%, kashi 94% na masu jefa kuri'a sun nuna goyon bayansu ga canje-canjen. Daga wannan lokacin, yana yiwuwa a fara tsarin zabe (bangare na biyu na shirin Suárez), wanda zai yi amfani da shi don zabar mambobin Cortes na Tsarin Mulki, jikin da zai kasance da alhakin ƙirƙirar kundin tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya.

Tare da wannan ɓangaren shirinsa ya cika, Suárez dole ne ya warware wani batu: ya kamata ya haɗa da kungiyoyin adawa waɗanda ba su shiga ba a farkon canjin? Suárez kuma dole ne ya magance matsala ta uku: ya zo da yarjejeniya tare da adawar Francoist.

Dangantakar gwamnatin Suárez da sojojin Spain

Suárez ya ɗauki jerin manufofi masu ma'ana don ƙara amintacce ga aikinsa. Ya ba da afuwa ta siyasa a watan Yulin 1976, inda ya saki fursunoni 400; sannan ya tsawaita wannan a watan Maris na shekara ta 1977, kuma a ƙarshe ya ba da afuta a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1976, an rushe Tribunal de Orden Público (TOP), wani nau'in 'Yan sanda na sirri na Francoist. An halatta haƙƙin yajin aiki a watan Maris na shekara ta 1977, tare da haƙƙin ƙungiyar kwadago a watan da ya biyo baya. Har ila yau, a watan Maris, sabon tsarin tsarin zaɓe (Dokar Zaɓe) ya gabatar da tsarin da ake buƙata don tsarin zaɓe na Spain ya dace da na wasu ƙasashe waɗanda suka kasance masu sassaucin ra'ayi na majalisa.

Ta hanyar waɗannan da sauran matakan gwamnati, Suárez ya bi ka'idodin da kungiyoyin adawa suka fara nema a shekara ta 1974. Wadannan dakarun adawa sun hadu a watan Nuwamba 1976 don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin dimokuradiyya da ake kira Democratic Convergence Platform .

Suárez ya fara hulɗar siyasa da 'yan adawa ta hanyar ganawa da Felipe González, babban sakatare na Jam'iyyar Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), a watan Agustan shekara ta 1976. Halin kirki na shugaban gurguzu ya ba da ƙarin goyon baya ga Suárez don ci gaba da sauye-sauyensa, amma kowa ya fahimci cewa babban matsala ga daidaitawar siyasa na kasar zai zama halatta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis (PCE), wanda a lokacin yana da masu gwagwarmaya da yawa kuma ya fi tsari fiye da kowane rukuni a cikin 'yan adawar siyasa. Koyaya, a wani taro tsakanin Suárez da manyan shugabannin soja a watan Satumba, jami'an sun bayyana adawa da halatta PCE.

PCE, a bangarensa, ta ci gaba da yin aiki a fili don bayyana ra'ayoyinta. A cewar 'yan Kwaminisanci, Dokar Gyara Siyasa ta kasance mai adawa da dimokuradiyya kuma ya kamata gwamnati ta wucin gadi ta kira zaben Cortes na Tsarin Mulki ciki har da mambobin 'yan adawa. Kwaminisanci musamman da 'yan adawa gabaɗaya ba su nuna ƙwazo ga Dokar Canjin Siyasa ba. Suárez ya yi hadari sosai don shigar da sojojin adawa a cikin shirinsa.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1976, PSOE ta yi bikin majalisa ta 27 a Madrid, kuma ta fara ware kanta daga bukatun PCE, tana tabbatar da cewa za ta shiga cikin kiran da za a yi na gaba don zaben Cortes. A farkon shekara ta 1977, shekarar zaben, Suárez ya fuskanci matsalar halatta PCE. Bayan fushin jama'a game da masu adawa da sake fasalin da aka tayar da shi ta hanyar Kisan kiyashi na Atocha a watan Janairun shekarar 1977, lokacin da 'yan ta'adda masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka kashe shugabannin ma'aikata da suka haɗa kai da PCE, Suárez ya buɗe tattaunawa tare da shugaban Kwaminisanci Santiago Carrillo a watan Fabrairu. Shirye-shiryen Carrillo na hadin kai ba tare da buƙatun da suka gabata ba da kuma tayin da ya bayar na "yarjejeniyar zamantakewa" na lokacin bayan zaben ya tura Suárez ya ɗauki mataki mafi haɗari na sauyawa: halatta PCE a watan Afrilu 1977. Koyaya, a cikin wannan mawuyacin lokaci gwamnati ta fara dabarun samar da sararin samaniya ga ƙungiyar Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), mafi matsakaici kuma yana da alaƙa da Socialists, idan aka kwatanta da CCOO mai kula da Kwaminisanci. Hanyar da aka kalubalanci ƙungiyar kwadago ta hadin kai ta hanyar dabarun ita ce muhimmiyar fasalin sauyawar Mutanen Espanya, saboda ta iyakance adawa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma ta haifar da tushen tsarin alaƙar masana'antu.

Dangantakar gwamnatin Suárez da sojojin Spain

  Adolfo Suárez ya san cewa Búnker - ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Francoist karkashin jagorancin José Antonio Girón da Blas Piñar, ta amfani da jaridu El Alcázar da Arriba a matsayin bakinsu - suna da hulɗa ta kusa da jami'ai a cikin sojoji kuma suna da tasiri a kan muhimman bangarorin soja. Barazanar da ke faruwa na juyin mulki daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun buƙaci kewayawa a hankali.

Don warware batun, Suárez ya yi niyyar tallafa wa kansa tare da ƙungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin soja, wanda ke da alaƙa da Janar Díez Alegría. Suárez ya ba wa membobin wannan rukuni matsayi na iko tare da mafi yawan alhakin. Mafi shahararren mutum na wannan rukuni a cikin sojojin shine Janar Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado . Koyaya, a watan Yulin 1976, Mataimakin Shugaban Harkokin Tsaro shine Janar Fernando na Santiago, memba ne na ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin sojoji. De Santiago ya nuna rashin kwanciyar hankali a baya, a lokacin afuwa ta farko a watan Yulin 1976. Ya yi adawa da dokar da ta ba da damar yin aiki. Suárez ya kori Fernando de Santiago, ya zabi Gutiérrez Mellado a maimakon haka. Wannan rikici da Janar de Santiago ya sa babban bangare na sojojin su yi adawa da Suárez, adawa da ta kara tsanantawa lokacin da aka halatta PCE.

A halin yanzu, Gutiérrez Mellado ya inganta jami'an da suka goyi bayan sake fasalin siyasa kuma ya cire waɗancan kwamandojin dakarun tsaro (Policía Armada da Guardia Civil) waɗanda suka yi kama da suna tallafawa kiyaye mulkin Francoist.

Suárez ya so ya nuna wa sojoji cewa daidaitawar siyasa ta kasar ba ta nufin rikici ko juyin juya hali ba. A cikin wannan, ya dogara da hadin gwiwar Santiago Carrillo, amma ba zai iya dogaro da hadin kan kungiyoyin ta'addanci ba.

Maido da ayyukan ta'addanci

Kasar Basque ta kasance, a mafi kyawun wannan lokacin, a cikin yanayin rikice-rikicen siyasa. Suárez ya ba da afuwa ga fursunonin siyasa da yawa na Basque, amma rikice-rikicen ya ci gaba tsakanin 'yan sanda da masu zanga-zangar. Kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta ETA, wacce a tsakiyar shekara ta 1976 ta yi kama da budewa ga iyakantaccen tsagaita wuta bayan mutuwar Franco, ta sake komawa cikin rikici a watan Oktoba. Lokaci daga 1978 zuwa 1980 zai zama shekaru uku mafi muni na ETA. Koyaya, tsakanin Disamban shekarar 1976 da Janairun shekarar 1977 ne jerin hare-haren suka haifar da halin da ake ciki na tashin hankali a Spain.

Maoist GRAPO (Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre) ya fara gwagwarmayarsa ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a wuraren jama'a, sannan ya ci gaba da satar manyan mutane biyu na gwamnatin: Shugaban Majalisar Jiha José María de Oriol, da Janar Villaescusa, Shugaban Babban Kwamitin Shari'ar Soja. Daga dama, a lokacin wadannan satar mutane, mambobin kungiyar neo-fascist Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista sun gudanar da kisan kiyashi na Atocha, uku daga cikinsu lauyoyin aiki ne, a wani ofishi a titin Atocha a Madrid, a watan Janairun 1977. 

A tsakiyar wadannan tayar da hankali, Suárez ya shirya taron sa na farko tare da manyan shugabannin adawa, wadanda suka wallafa wani zargi na ta'addanci kuma suka ba da goyon baya ga ayyukan Suárez. A wannan lokacin tashin hankali, Búnker ya yi amfani da rashin kwanciyar hankali kuma ya bayyana cewa kasar tana kan iyakar rikici.

Zaben farko da kuma kundin tsarin mulki

Mutanen da ke jiran yin zabe a Babban zaben 1977, zaben farko na kyauta tun 1936.

Da yake jinkirin koma bayan tattalin arziki na 1973-1975, ma'aikata sun shiga yajin aiki a duk faɗin Spain. Wannan mutumin ya nemi gudummawa ga masu yajin aiki a bangaren taron a Biscay a shekarar 1977.

Hotuna na siyasa a cikin nune-nunen, bikin cika shekaru 20 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Spain na 1978

Zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1977 ya tabbatar da wanzuwar manyan dakarun siyasa guda hudu, a matakin kasa. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun ragu kamar haka:

• Union of the Democratic Center (UCD, Unión de Centro Democrático): 34.61% da kujeru 165
• Jam'iyyar Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE, Partido Socialista Obrero Español): 29.27% da kujeru 119
• Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Spain (PCE, Jam'iyyar Kwamaminisanci na Spain): 9.38% da kujeru 19
• People's Alliance (AP, Alianza Popular): 8.33% da kujeru 16

Tare da nasarar Basque_Nationalist_Party" id="mwAZU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Basque Nationalist Party">Jam'iyyar Basque Nationalist Party (Basque: EAJ, Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea; Mutanen Espanya: PNV, Partido Nacionalista Vasco) ta lashe kujeru 8 da kuma Yarjejeniyar Democrat don Catalonia (PDC, Pacte Democrátic per Catalunya) ta lashe gojeru 11 a yankunansu, jam'iyyun 'yan kasa sun fara nuna ƙarfin siyasa a cikin waɗannan zaɓen.

Cortes na Tsarin Mulki (wanda aka zaba a majalisar dokokin Spain) sannan ya fara tsara kundin tsarin mulki, a tsakiyar shekara ta 1977. A shekara ta 1978, an zartar da Yarjejeniyar Moncloa: yarjejeniya tsakanin 'yan siyasa, jam'iyyun siyasa, da kungiyoyin kwadago don tsara yadda za a gudanar da tattalin arziki, a lokacin sauyawa. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Mutanen Espanya na shekarar 1978 ya ci gaba da amincewa a cikin raba gardama, a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1978.

Gwamnatocin UCD

Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez's party, the UCD, received a plurality, but not an absolute majority, in both the June 1977 and March 1979 elections. To exercise power, the UCD had to form parliamentary coalitions with other political parties. From 1979, the government spent much of its time working to hold together the many factions within the party itself, as well as their coalitions. In 1980, the Suárez government had, for the most part, accomplished its goal of a transition to democracy and lacked a further clear agenda. Many UCD members were fairly conservative and did not want further change. For example, a bill to legalize divorce caused much dissension inside the UCD, in spite of being supported by the majority of the populace. The UCD coalition fell apart.

Rikicin tsakanin bangarori da yawa, a cikin jam'iyyar, ya lalata ikon Suárez da matsayinsa na jagora. Rikicin ya fashe a shekarar 1981: Suárez ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban gwamnati, kuma an nada Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo, na farko don jagorantar sabuwar majalisar ministoci, sannan daga baya, zuwa shugabancin UCD; 'yan jam'iyyar Social Democrat karkashin jagorancin Francisco Fernández Ordóñez sun fice daga hadin gwiwa, daga baya suka shiga PSOE, yayin da' yan jam'iyyar Christian Democrat suka bar su kafa Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party.

Duk da yake daidaitawar dimokuradiyya ta yi nasara wajen shawo kan ETA (pm) , bangaren " siyasa da soja" na ETA, don barin makamai kuma shiga siyasar majalisa, bai dakatar da ci gaba da hare-haren ta'addanci da ETA (m) (ETA Military; daga baya kawai ETA) ko kuma ƙarami, GRAPO ba. A halin yanzu, tashin hankali a sassa daban-daban na sojojin ya haifar da tsoron juyin mulkin soja mai zuwa. Masu adawa a cikin sojoji sun yi yunkurin juyin mulki da aka sani da 23-F, wanda Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero ya jagoranci mamayewar ƙungiyar Guardia Civil na Majalisa, a yammacin 23 ga Fabrairu 1981. Shugabannin juyin mulkin sun yi iƙirarin yin aiki a cikin sunan sarki. Koyaya, da sassafe, Juan Carlos ya ba da jawabi a duk faɗin ƙasar da ke adawa da shi, yana mai cewa "Crown, alama ce ta dindindin da hadin kan al'umma, ba za ta yarda ba, a kowane mataki, ayyukan ko halayyar kowa da ke ƙoƙarin, ta hanyar amfani da karfi, don katse tsarin dimokuradiyya. " An karya juyin mulki daga baya a wannan rana, amma ya nuna kasancewar abubuwan tayar da kayar baya a cikin sojoji.

Gwamnatin farko ta Felipe González (1982-1986)

Calvo Sotelo ya rushe majalisa kuma ya yi kira ga zabe a watan Oktoba 1982. A cikin zaben 1979, UCD ta sami rinjaye, amma a shekarar 1982, ta sha wahala mai ban mamaki tare da kujeru 11 kawai a majalisar. Zaben 1982 ya ba da cikakken rinjaye ga PSOE, wanda ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana shirya hotonsa na madadin gwamnati.

A taron majalisa na 28 na PSOE a watan Mayu 1979, Sakatare Janar Felipe González ya yi murabus, maimakon ya haɗa kansa da masu karfi na juyin juya hali waɗanda suka mamaye jam'iyyar. An kira taron na musamman a wannan watan Satumba, kuma ya sake daidaita jam'iyyar tare da layin matsakaici, ya yi watsi da Marxism kuma ya ba González damar sake karɓar alhakin. A cikin shekara ta 1982, PSOE ta tabbatar da matsakaiciyar daidaitawa kuma ta kawo 'yan dimokuradiyya, wadanda suka fice daga UCD.

PSOE ta lashe mafi rinjaye a majalisa a zabuka biyu a jere (1982 da 1986) kuma daidai rabin kujerun a 1989, wanda ya ba su damar cimma burin shirin siyasa, "el cambio" ("canji"). A lokaci guda, PSOE ta jagoranci gwamnatocin gida da na yanki da yawa. Wannan mafi rinjaye na siyasa ya ba da damar PSOE ta ba kasar dogon lokaci na kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali, bayan shekaru masu tsanani na sauyawa.

Idan aka ba da alaƙa da al'adu, kamanceceniya a cikin tarihin siyasarsu na baya-bayan nan da tasirin Francoism a cikin gwamnatin Chile González ya ɗauki sha'awa ta musamman a cikin Canjin Chile zuwa dimokuradiyya.

Tarihin mahimman abubuwan da suka faru

Ranar	Abin da ya faru
20 ga Nuwamba 1975	Franco ya mutu
22 ga Nuwamba 1975	Juan Carlos ya rantsar da shi a matsayin sarki da shugaban kasa; ya gafarta wa fursunonin siyasa 9,000. Arias Navarro ya ci gaba a matsayin Firayim Minista.
Janairu-Maris 1976	zanga-zangar dimokuradiyya ta hada da yajin aiki 17,455, zanga-zambe 1672 da kuma zama 283 kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta rubuta
29 ga Mayu 1976	Dokar Hakkin Majalisar ta ba da damar zanga-zangar jama'a
14 Yuni 1976	Dokar Tarayyar Siyasa ta ba da izinin jam'iyyun siyasa
1 ga Yulin 1976	Suarez ya nada Firayim Minista, ya kafa sabuwar gwamnati kuma ya sanar da niyyarsa ta kirkirar dimokuradiyya ta zamani
19 ga Yuli 1976	Dokar Shari'a da aka sake fasalin don kawar da haƙƙin taro, ƙungiya, bayyana ra'ayoyi da 'yancin aiki
30 ga Yuli 1976	Amnesty ga wasu fursunonin siyasa (amma ya cire "laifukan jini")
18 ga Nuwamba 1976	Dokar Gyara Siyasa ta wuce, wanda ya sake kafa dimokuradiyya
18 ga Disamba 1976	Dokar Gyara Siyasa da aka tabbatar ta hanyar raba gardama
4 ga Maris 1977	Dokar Dangantaka ta Aiki ta ba da izinin yin yajin aiki
18 Maris 1977	Dokar Tsarin Zabe ta wuce
1 ga Afrilu 1977	Dokar Kungiyar Kwadago ta ba da izini ga haƙƙin shirya
9 ga Afrilu 1977	Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta halatta
22 ga Afrilu 1977	Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da yunkurin Spain zuwa dimokuradiyya.
14 ga Mayu 1977	Don Juan ya yi watsi da ikirarin sarauta.
15 Yuni 1977	Zaben farko na kyauta da aka gudanar a Spain tun 1936. Suna da izinin rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulki
21 Yuni 1977	Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Spain a gudun hijira ta rushe kanta
15 ga Oktoba 1977	Dokar Amnesty ta 'yantar da fursunonin siyasa, gami da "laifukan jini" (yana nufin ETA) kuma ta ba da izinin waɗanda aka kwashe su koma Spain kuma ta tabbatar da kariya ga waɗanda suka shiga cikin laifuka a lokacin yakin basasa da kuma Francoist Spain
29 Satumba 1977	Maido da Generalitat, gwamnatin Catalonia mai cin gashin kanta, kawai cibiyar Jamhuriyar Spain ta Biyu da za a sake dawowa
25 ga Oktoba 1977	Yarjejeniyar Moncloa da aka sanya hannu
6 ga Disamba 1978	Sabon kundin tsarin mulki da aka tabbatar ta hanyar raba gardama
29 Janairu 1981	Suarez ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista
23 Fabrairu 1981	Yunkurin juyin mulki da aka sani da 23-F
30 ga Mayu 1982	Spain ta shiga NATO
28 ga Oktoba 1982	Gwamnatin Socialist da aka zaba

 

Dubi kuma

• Metapolitefsi
• Canjin Portuguese zuwa dimokuradiyya
• Al'ummar Mutanen Espanya bayan canjin dimokuradiyya
• Harkokin zamantakewa na Franco
• 'Yan gudun hijira na Jamhuriyar Spain
• Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Spain a gudun hijira
• Gwamnatin da ke gudun hijira ta José Giral

Haɗin waje

• LOC Nazarin Kasar-Spain Post-Franco Era
• Muryoyin Canjin - Tarihin Siyasa na Spain, 1975-1982 Archived 2009-05-03 at the Wayback Machine An adana shi 2009-05-03 a
• Spain: Dictatorship zuwa Dimokuradiyya da Bayan, 1975-2007
• Tattalin arzikin a lokacin sauyawa An adana shi 2016-09-07 a